无汗者，寒邪中经，腠理固密，津液内渗而无汗也。风、暑、湿皆令有汗，惟
寒邪独不汗出。太阳证，无汗者，冬用麻黄汤，春秋羌活冲和汤，夏月神术汤。项背强KT KT 、无汗
者，葛根汤。阳明无汗而喘者，麻黄汤。脉弱无力，难作汗者，血虚也，黄 建中加术附汤。刚
无汗，自有本条。若夫当汗之证，与麻黄汤二三剂，汗不出者，此为难治矣。
自汗者，卫为邪干，不能固密，腠理疏而汗出，为有表里虚实之分。若恶风寒，自汗出者，皆
因太阳表证未解，冬用桂枝汤，余月加减冲和汤。若汗后恶风寒，皆为表虚，汗不止，黄 建中汤。
与夫太阳证，发汗，遂漏不止，为亡阳，术附汤。若自汗出，不恶风寒，则为表证罢而里证实也，
承气汤下之。若小便自利，汗出者，津液少也，急下之。汗出而渴，小便难者，五苓散利之。后或
汗出如油，贯珠不流，喘而不休者，卫气绝矣，皆不治也。
头汗者，邪搏诸阳之者，则汗见于头，至颈而还也。若遍身自汗出，谓之热越。今热不得越而
阳气上腾，津液上凑，故汗出于头。夫里虚不可下，内涸不可汗，既头有汗，不可再汗也。其或实
热在内，小便利而大便黑，为蓄血，头汗出者，轻则犀角地黄汤，重则桃仁承气汤选用。热入血室，
有半表里证，头汗出者，小柴胡汤。发黄，头汗出，小便难，渴引水浆者，湿也，轻则茵陈五苓散，
重则茵陈大黄汤。水结胸，心下怔忡，满而微热，头汗，与其误下湿家，额上汗出而喘，小便难，大
便利者，亦阳脱也。
无汗，是寒邪侵袭经络，导致腠理（皮肤毛孔及其附属结构）致密，津液内渗而不能外泄，因此不出汗。风、暑、湿邪通常会导致出汗，只有寒邪单独导致无汗。太阳病证中，无汗者，冬季用麻黄汤，春秋季用羌活冲和汤，夏季用神术汤。项背强直拘急、无汗者，用葛根汤。阳明病无汗且伴有气喘者，用麻黄汤。脉象微弱无力，难以出汗的，属于血虚，用黄芪建中汤加白术、附子。刚痉无汗，自有其专门条文论述。如果属于应当发汗的证候，服用麻黄汤两到三剂后仍不出汗的，这就属于难治之症了。
自汗，是卫气被邪气干扰，不能固密，腠理疏松而汗出，这有表里、虚实的区别。如果恶风寒，自然汗出的，都是因为太阳表证未解，冬季用桂枝汤，其他月份用加减冲和汤。如果发汗后仍恶风寒，都属于表虚，汗出不止，用黄芪建中汤。以及太阳病证，发汗后，汗漏不止，这是亡阳，用白术附子汤。如果自然汗出，不恶风寒，则是表证已罢而里实证已成，用承气汤攻下。如果小便自利，汗出的，是津液不足，需紧急攻下。汗出且口渴，小便困难的，用五苓散利水。后来如果出现汗出如油，像串珠一样连贯而不流动，气喘不停息的，这是卫气绝灭，都属于不治之症。
头汗，是邪气搏结于诸阳经，所以汗见于头部，至颈部而回。如果遍身自然汗出，称为热邪向外发散。现在热邪不得外越，阳气上腾，津液上聚，所以汗出于头。体内虚弱不可攻下，内部枯竭不可发汗，既然头部有汗，就不可再发汗了。或者实热在内，小便通利而大便色黑，为蓄血证，头部汗出者，轻则用犀角地黄汤，重则选用桃仁承气汤。热入血室，有半表半里证，头部汗出者，用小柴胡汤。发黄，头部汗出，小便困难，口渴想喝水浆的，是湿邪，轻则用茵陈五苓散，重则用茵陈大黄汤。水饮结于胸中，心下悸动不安，胀满且微热，头部汗出；或者是误治湿家患者，额头汗出且气喘，小便困难，大便反而通利的，也是阳气脱失的表现。
Sweatlessness refers to cold pathogenic factors invading the meridians, causing the couli (skin pores and interstices) to be tight and solid, with body fluids seeping inward rather than outward, resulting in an absence of sweating. Wind, summerheat, and dampness all typically induce sweating; only cold pathogenic factors alone cause sweatlessness. In Taiyang syndrome, for cases without sweating: use Mahuang Tang (Ephedra Decoction) in winter, Qianghuo Chonghe Tang (Notopterygium Harmonizing Decoction) in spring and autumn, and Shenzhu Tang (Divine Atractylodes Decoction) in summer. For cases with stiffness and tension in the nape and back accompanied by sweatlessness, use Gegen Tang (Kudzu Decoction). For Yangming disease presenting with sweatlessness and wheezing, use Mahuang Tang. If the pulse is weak and powerless, making it difficult to produce sweat, this indicates Blood deficiency; use Huangqi Jianzhong Tang plus Baizhu (Atractylodes Macrocephala Rhizome) and Fuzi (Prepared Aconite Lateral Root). Gang Jing (Stiff Spasm) with sweatlessness has its own specific textual discussion. Regarding conditions that should be treated with diaphoresis, if two or three doses of Mahuang Tang fail to induce sweating, the condition is considered difficult to treat.
Spontaneous sweating occurs when Wei Qi (Defensive Qi) is disturbed by pathogens, losing its ability to secure and consolidate, leading to loose couli and subsequent sweating. This presents distinctions between exterior/interior and deficiency/excess. If there is aversion to wind and cold with spontaneous sweating, it is due to the unresolved Taiyang exterior syndrome: use Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) in winter, and Jiajian Chonghe Tang (Modified Harmonizing Decoction) in other months. If aversion to wind and cold persists after sweating, it indicates Exterior Deficiency; if sweating does not stop, use Huangqi Jianzhong Tang (Astragalus Decoctum to Build the Middle). In Taiyang syndrome, if excessive sweating leads to unceasing leakage, this signifies Yang Collapse; use Baizhu Fuzi Tang (Atractylodes and Prepared Aconite Decoction). If there is spontaneous sweating without aversion to wind and cold, the exterior syndrome has resolved while interior Excess Syndrome has formed; treat with Chengqi Tang (Purgative Decoction) to purge downward. If urination is normal and sweating occurs, it indicates a shortage of body fluids; urgent purging is required. If sweating is accompanied by thirst and difficulty in urination, use Wuling San (Five-Ingredient Powder with Poria) to promote urination. Later, if sweating resembles oil, beads flowing continuously without stopping, accompanied by incessant wheezing, this indicates the extinction of Wei Qi, and such cases are untreatable.
Head sweating occurs when pathogens contend with the Yang meridians, causing sweat to appear on the head but stopping at the neck. If the entire body sweats spontaneously, it is called "Heat Ventilation" (releasing heat outward). Currently, since heat cannot vent outward, Yang Qi ascends, and body fluids gather upward, resulting in sweating on the head. Interior deficiency precludes purging, and internal dryness precludes diaphoresis; since there is already sweating on the head, further diaphoresis is contraindicated. Alternatively, if excess heat resides internally, with free urination but black stools, this is Blood Stasis; for head sweating, use Xijiao Dihuang Tang (Rhino Horn and Rehmannia Decoction) for mild cases, or Taoren Chengqi Tang (Peach Kernel and Purgative Decoction) for severe cases. When Heat enters the Blood Chamber, presenting with half-exterior/half-interior symptoms and head sweating, use Xiaochaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction). For Jaundice with head sweating, difficulty in urination, and thirst prompting intake of liquids, this is Dampness: use Yinchen Wuling San (Artemisia Capillaris Five-Ingredient Powder) for mild cases, or Yinchen Dahuang Tang (Artemisia Capillaris and Rhubarb Decoction) for severe cases. Water accumulation in the chest, with palpitations in the epigastrium, fullness, slight heat, and head sweating; or mistreatment of a Dampness patient leading to sweating on the forehead with wheezing, difficulty in urination, and free stool, also indicates Yang Collapse.