寒病宜汗者，是外感之风寒。而中寒则宜温，虽有里证，总以先汗后下为是。温病风温
慎汗，治当辛凉，湿温禁下，治宜苦寒。疫病表里双解，内外分消，偏汗偏下，两非所宜。
病证有相类者，不可不辨。湿从寒化曰痹，湿从热化曰痿。中风，寒中衰食饮，热中消
肌肉。厥冒血厥由风，气厥由痰，煎厥是风，薄厥是热，痛厥是寒，蛔厥是湿。此风痹痿厥相
类而实殊。重阳者狂，重阴者癫，阴阳相搏者痫，津液两亏者痉，此癫狂痫痉，相类而实殊。
清不升则呕，浊不降则吐，清浊不分则哕，营卫不和则噫，此呕吐哕噫，相类而实殊。气分
六聚， 癖是已，血分五积， 瘕是已，此 瘕癖，相类而实殊。虚损宜补精，劳瘵宜攻血，
蛊宜开肺，膈宜调胃，此蛊膈虚劳，各从其类。
黄瘅黄汗，湿与风别，脏结脏燥，寒与热分。咳嗽当别痰饮，消渴须分寒水。水逆火逆，少阴
手足不同。风温湿温，太阴手足各异。九痛七疝，虚实自喜按拒按而定。三冲五郁，燥湿由
善怒多恐而明。各门别类，毫厘千里，医当辨记，勿谓不然。
浮沉以审表里之虚实，迟数以审脏腑之寒热，大小以审邪气之进退，长短以审正气之
浓薄，滑涩以审血气之盛衰，左右以审生克之顺逆，合望闻问思过半矣。此所云者，聊举一
隅，是在善悟者，触类旁通可耳。
对于寒病，适宜采用发汗法的，是指外感风寒之邪。而中寒证则适宜温里，即使伴有里实证，也总以先解表后攻下为正确原则。温病和风温病要谨慎使用发汗法，治疗应当用辛凉之法；湿温病禁止使用攻下法，治疗适宜用苦寒之法。疫病需要表里双解，使内外病邪分别消散，单纯偏重发汗或单纯偏重攻下，都不适宜。
病证中有相似的情况，不可不加以辨别。湿邪从寒化称为痹证，湿邪从热化称为痿证。中风、寒邪中伤导致饮食停滞、热邪中伤导致肌肉消瘦。厥证中的冒血厥由风邪引起，气厥由痰浊引起，煎厥是风邪所致，薄厥是热邪所致，痛厥是寒邪所致，蛔厥是湿邪所致。这些风、痹、痿、厥证看似相似实则不同。阳气重叠者发为狂证，阴气重叠者发为癫证，阴阳相互搏结者发为痫证，津液两亏者发为痉证，这些癫、狂、痫、痉证看似相似实则不同。清气不升则呕吐，浊气不降则吐逆，清浊不分则呃逆，营卫不和则嗳气，这些呕吐、哕、噫证看似相似实则不同。气分有六种聚积，癖证就是其中之一；血分有五种积聚，瘕证就是其中之一，这些瘕、癖证看似相似实则不同。虚损证适宜补益精血，劳瘵证适宜攻逐瘀血，蛊胀证适宜宣开肺气，膈证适宜调理胃气，这些蛊胀、膈证、虚劳证，各自根据其类别进行治疗。
黄瘅和黄汗，需区分湿与风的不同；脏结和脏燥，需区分寒与热的差异。咳嗽应当辨别是否有痰饮，消渴必须区分是寒水还是其他类型。水逆与火逆，少阴经的手足症状各不相同。风温与湿温，太阴经的手足表现各异。九种疼痛和七种疝气，通过喜按还是拒按来判断虚实。三冲和五郁，通过是否易怒或多恐来判断燥湿属性。各门类之间区别分明，毫厘之差可能导致千里之谬，医生应当仔细辨别记忆，不要认为不是这样。
通过脉象的浮沉来审查表里证的虚实，通过脉象的迟数来审查脏腑证的寒热，通过脉象的大小来审查邪气的进退，通过脉象的长短来审查正气的强弱，通过脉象的滑涩来审查气血的盛衰，通过左右手脉象来审查五行生克的顺逆，结合望、闻、问、思四诊，已经掌握了大半要领。这里所说的，只是略微举出其中一个角落（示例），在于善于领悟的人，能够触类旁通罢了。
For cold diseases, those suitable for diaphoresis (sweating therapy) are due to external contraction of wind-cold. However, for mid-cold syndrome, warming is indicated; even if interior excess syndromes are present, the correct approach is generally to release the exterior first and purge the interior subsequently. For warm diseases and wind-warmth, caution must be exercised with diaphoresis; treatment should employ acrid-cool methods. For damp-warmth, purgation is contraindicated; treatment is suitable with bitter-cold methods. For epidemic diseases, simultaneous resolution of the exterior and interior is required, allowing internal and external pathogens to dissipate separately; relying solely on diaphoresis or solely on purgation is inappropriate.
There are disease manifestations that appear similar, which must not fail to be distinguished. When dampness transforms from cold, it is called Bi syndrome (obstruction syndrome); when dampness transforms from heat, it is called Wei syndrome (flaccidity syndrome). Stroke, food stagnation caused by cold invasion, and muscle wasting caused by heat invasion [are distinct entities]. Regarding Jue syndrome (reversal syndrome): Mao-xue Jue is caused by wind; Qi Jue is caused by phlegm; Jian Jue is caused by wind; Bo Jue is caused by heat; Tong Jue is caused by cold; Hui Jue is caused by dampness. These Wind, Bi, Wei, and Jue syndromes appear similar but are fundamentally different. Excess Yang leads to Kuang syndrome (mania); Excess Yin leads to Dian syndrome (depression/epilepsy-like state); Interlocking of Yin and Yang leads to Xian syndrome (epilepsy); Deficiency of both fluids and yin leads to Jing syndrome (stiffness/spasm). These Dian, Kuang, Xian, and Jing syndromes appear similar but are fundamentally different. If clear qi fails to ascend, vomiting occurs; if turbid qi fails to descend, regurgitation occurs; if clear and turbid are indistinguishable, hiccups occur; if Ying and Wei (nutritive and defensive qi) are disharmonious, belching occurs. These Vomiting, Yue (hiccups), and Yi (belching) syndromes appear similar but are fundamentally different. In the Qi aspect, there are six types of accumulation; Pi syndrome (masses) is one of them. In the Blood aspect, there are five types of stasis; Xia syndrome (soft masses) is one of them. These Xia and Pi syndromes appear similar but are fundamentally different. For deficiency and damage syndromes, tonifying essence is appropriate; for Lao Zhai syndrome (consumptive disease), attacking blood stasis is appropriate; for Gu syndrome (parasitic swelling), opening the lungs is appropriate; for Ge syndrome (diaphragmatic obstruction), regulating the stomach is appropriate. These Gu, Ge, and Xu Lao syndromes are treated according to their respective categories.
Huang Dan (jaundice) and Huang Han (yellow sweat) require distinguishing between dampness and wind. Zang Jie (organ binding) and Zang Zao (organ dryness) require distinguishing between cold and heat. Coughing requires distinguishing between phlegm and fluid retention; Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst) requires distinguishing between cold water and other types. Water reversal and fire reversal present differently in the Shaoyin meridian's hands and feet. Wind-warmth and damp-warmth present differently in the Taiyin meridian's hands and feet. The nine types of pain and seven types of hernia are determined as excess or deficiency by whether the patient prefers pressure or rejects pressure. The three chong (rushing) and five yu (depressions) are clarified as dry or damp by whether the patient is prone to anger or fear. Each category is distinct; a difference of a hair's breadth can lead to an error of a thousand li. Physicians must distinguish and remember these points carefully, and not claim otherwise.
Floating and sinking pulses are used to examine the deficiency and excess of exterior and interior syndromes; slow and rapid pulses are used to examine the cold and heat of zang and fu organs; large and small pulses are used to examine the advance and retreat of pathogenic factors; long and short pulses are used to examine the strength and weakness of healthy qi; slippery and choppy pulses are used to examine the abundance and decline of blood and qi; left and right pulses are used to examine the smoothness or reverseness of generation and restriction cycles. Combining these with observation, listening/smelling, inquiry, and reflection covers more than half of diagnostic knowledge. What has been stated here merely illustrates one corner; it depends on the perceptive individual to comprehend and apply this knowledge analogously to other situations.