疡科之法，全在外治，其手法必有传授。凡辨形察色，以知吉凶；及先后施治，皆有成
法。
必读书临证，二者皆到，然后无误。其升降围点，去腐生肌，呼脓止血，膏涂洗熨等方，皆
必纯正和平复，屡试屡验者，乃能应手而愈。至于内服之方，护心托毒，化脓长肉，亦有真传
，非寻常经方所能奏效也。惟煎方则必视其人之强弱阴阳，而为加减，此则必通于内科之理
，全在学问根柢。然又与内科不同。盖煎方之道相同，而其药则有某毒主某药，某证主某方
，非此不效，亦另有传授焉。故外科总以传授为主，徒恃学问之宏博无益也。有传授，则较
之内科为尤易。惟外科而兼内科之症，或其人本有宿疾，或患外症之时，复感他气，或因外
症重极，内伤脏腑，则不得不兼内科之法治之。此必平日讲于内科之道而通其理，然后能两
全而无失。若不能治其内症，则并外症亦不可救，此则全在学问深博矣。若为外科者不能兼
，则当另请名理内科，为之定方。而为外科者，参议于其间，使其药与外症无害，而后斟酌
施治，则庶几两有所益。若其所现内症，本因外症而生，如痛极而昏晕，脓欲成而生寒热，
毒内陷而胀满，此则内症皆由外症而生，只治其外症，而内症已愈，此必商之内科也。但
其道甚微，其方甚众，亦非浅学人，所能知也。故外科之道，浅言之，则惟记煎方数首，合
膏围药几科，已可以自名一家；若深言之，则经络脏腑，气血骨脉之理，及奇病怪疾，千态
万状，无不尽识。其方亦无病不全；其珍奇贵重难得之药，亦无所不备。虽遇极奇极险之症
，亦了然无疑。此则较之内科为更难。故外科之等级，高下悬殊，而人之能识其高下者，亦
不易也。
疡科（外科）的治疗方法，完全依赖于外治法，其操作手法必须有师承传授。凡是辨别疮疡形态、观察色泽，以判断预后的吉凶；以及按照先后顺序进行治疗，都有既定的规范。
必须将读书学习与临床实践两者结合，做到理论与实践并重，然后才能不出差错。其中关于升提与降泄、围截与点刺、去除腐肉、生出新肌、呼出脓液、止血，以及使用膏药涂抹、清洗、熨烫等方术，都必须是纯正平和且经过反复验证有效的，这样才能手到病除。至于内服的方剂，用于护心托毒、化脓长肉，也有真正的传承，不是普通的经方所能奏效的。只有煎煮汤剂时，必须根据患者体质的强弱和阴阳盛衰情况进行加减，这必须通晓内科的道理，完全依靠学问的基础。然而外科又与内科不同。虽然煎药调理的原则相同，但药物的配伍却有某种毒药主治某种病症、某种证候主治某种方剂的严格对应关系，非此药此方无效，这也另有专门的传授。所以外科总体上以师承传授为主，仅仅依靠广博的学问是没有益处的。有师承传授，就比内科更为容易。只有当外科疾病兼有内科症状，或者患者原本就有旧疾，或在患外科病症时又感受了其他邪气，或因外科病症极其严重导致内脏受损时，才不得不兼用内科的方法来治疗。这种情况必须平时研习内科之道并通晓其原理，然后才能内外兼顾而不失误。如果不能治疗其内部病症，那么外部病症也无法挽救，这就完全取决于学问的深厚广博了。如果外科医生不能兼治，就应当另外聘请精通医理的内科专家来制定方剂，而外科医生在其中参与商议，确保药物对外部病症没有危害，然后再斟酌施治，这样或许能两全其美。如果所表现出的内部病症，原本是由外部病症引起的，例如疼痛剧烈导致昏晕，脓液即将形成时产生寒热，毒邪内陷导致胀满，这些内部病症都是由外部病症引发的，只需治疗外部病症，内部病症自然痊愈，这种情况也必须咨询内科医生。但是其中的道理非常微妙，方剂种类繁多，也不是学识浅薄的人所能知晓的。所以说外科之道，浅显地说，只要记住几首煎煮汤剂的方子，掌握几种合膏围药的方法，就可以自成一派；若深入来说，则对经络脏腑、气血骨脉的原理，以及奇异怪疾、千姿百态的病状，都必须完全认识清楚。其方剂也无所不包；那些珍贵奇特、贵重难得的药物，也无所不备。即使遇到极其奇怪危险的症状，也能了然于心，毫无疑惑。这就比内科更难了。所以外科的等级高低悬殊，而能够识别这种高低差别的人，也不多见。
The methods of Surgery (Yang Ke, diseases of sores and ulcers) rely entirely on external treatments, and the manual techniques must be transmitted through apprenticeship. In all cases, distinguishing the shape and observing the color to ascertain auspicious or ominous outcomes, as well as administering treatment in a specific sequence, follow established protocols.
One must combine scholarly study with clinical practice, ensuring both aspects are mastered, before avoiding errors. Techniques such as promoting ascending or descending Qi, encircling and puncturing lesions, removing necrotic tissue, generating new muscle, expelling pus, stopping bleeding, and applying ointments, washing, and moxibustion/fomentation therapies must be pure, balanced, and repeatedly proven effective to ensure immediate recovery. Regarding internal prescriptions used to protect the heart, expel toxins, promote suppuration, and regenerate flesh, there is also authentic transmission; ordinary classical formulas cannot achieve these effects. Only when decocting herbal medicine must one adjust dosages based on the patient's physical strength and Yin-Yang balance, requiring proficiency in Internal Medicine principles and a solid foundation of learning. However, surgery differs from internal medicine. Although the principles of decoction are similar, the selection of herbs follows strict correspondences where specific toxic herbs treat specific conditions, and specific syndromes require specific formulas, which are ineffective otherwise; this too has its own specialized transmission. Therefore, surgery primarily relies on apprenticeship; relying solely on broad erudition is of no benefit. With proper transmission, surgery is easier than internal medicine. It is only when surgical conditions involve internal symptoms, or the patient has pre-existing chronic diseases, or contracts other pathogenic factors during the surgical illness, or suffers severe internal organ damage due to extreme severity of external lesions, that internal medicine methods must be employed concurrently. This requires prior study of internal medicine principles to ensure comprehensive and error-free treatment. If internal symptoms cannot be treated, external lesions also become incurable, which depends entirely on profound and extensive learning. If a surgeon cannot handle concurrent internal issues, they should invite a renowned internal medicine specialist to prescribe medication, while the surgeon advises to ensure the herbs do not harm the external condition, then carefully administers treatment, thereby benefiting both aspects. If the internal symptoms arise directly from the external condition—for example, fainting due to extreme pain, chills and fever when pus is about to form, or distension due to toxin sinking inward—these internal symptoms are generated by the external lesion. Treating the external lesion alone will cure the internal symptoms, but consultation with an internal medicine specialist is still necessary. The principles involved are subtle, and the number of formulas is vast, beyond the comprehension of those with shallow learning. Thus, superficially speaking, knowing a few decoction formulas and several types of plaster and encircling medicines suffices for a practitioner to establish their own school; however, deeply speaking, one must fully understand the principles of meridians, zang-fu organs, Qi, blood, bones, and vessels, as well as recognize all bizarre diseases and their myriad manifestations. Their formularies cover all conditions, and they possess even rare and precious herbs. Even when encountering extremely strange and dangerous conditions, they remain clear and doubtless. This makes surgery more difficult than internal medicine. Consequently, the hierarchy within surgery varies greatly, and few can discern these differences.