？血，鼻中出血者是也。盖因经络热甚，阳气拥重，迫血妄行，出于鼻者，为？也。虽然热甚，邪犹在经，
慎不可发汗，虽云桂枝汤治？，非治？也，正欲发散其经中之邪气耳。故杂病？者，积热在里。伤寒
？者，积热在表。然？血虽为欲解，若？不止，而头汗、身无汗及发热不止，又为不治之症也。凡？血
点滴成流，此邪欲解，少顷自愈。若点滴不成流，邪尚在经，未得解散，却须调治。又云、？血下一二升
不止，不必惊惶，以绵纸折叠数层，冷水浸湿，却与病人项后及鼻梁、两太阳穴上，频频搭之即。愈阴
症有？血者何。然阴症无热，何缘有？。经云、少阴病，但厥无汗，而强发之，必动其血，未知从何道出，
或从口鼻，或从耳目，是名下厥上竭，为难治也。
吐血，口中血出是也。盖因当汗失汗，邪热入脏，积瘀于内所致也。若见眼闭目红，神昏语短，眩冒迷
妄，烦躁漱水，惊狂谵语，背冷足寒，四肢厥冷，胸腹急满，小便自利，大便黑者，皆瘀血症也。不必悉具，
但见一二，便作血症主张。宜清解热毒，使血顺下则安。凡治血症，上焦，犀角地黄汤。中焦，承气汤。下
焦，抵当汤。
哕与干呕相似，哕者其声浊而长，呕则声短而小，皆有声而无物出，是呕为轻、哕为重也。经曰、木衰
者枝叶枯落，病深者其声哕。盖因胃气本虚，汗下太过，胃气虚冷则哕，或恣饮冷水，水寒相搏则哕，
是则胃中虚寒故也。理中汤主之。又有热气郁遏，上塞不下通则，轻则和解之、？利之，甚则温散
之。至若哕而不屎者，则病笃矣。又有所谓噫气者，胸喉间气不得下通，然而无声也。盖因寒气客胃，
厥逆上行，复出于胃，故为噫也。理中汤加橘皮半夏丁香之类。
衄血，即鼻中出血的症状。这是由于经络热势极盛，阳气壅滞沉重，逼迫血液妄行，从鼻腔流出，称为衄血。虽然热势很盛，但邪气仍在经络之中，务必不可使用发汗法治疗。虽然常说桂枝汤可以治疗衄血，但这并非直接治疗衄血本身，而是为了发散经络中的邪气。因此，杂病中的衄血，是积热在体内；伤寒中的衄血，是积热在体表。然而，衄血虽然是病情欲解的表现，如果衄血不止，且伴有头汗出、身体无汗以及发热不退，这就属于难以治疗的病症了。凡是衄血点滴成流，这是邪气欲解，不久即可自愈。如果衄血点滴不成流，说明邪气尚在经络，未能解散，此时必须加以调治。又有说法称，衄血出一二升仍不止，不必惊慌，用绵纸折叠数层，用冷水浸湿，频频敷贴于病人项后及鼻梁、两侧太阳穴上，即可痊愈。
阴证出现衄血是怎么回事呢？阴证没有热象，怎么会发生衄血呢？《内经》说：少阴病，只见四肢厥冷而无汗，如果强行发汗，必定扰动血液，不知血液从哪个孔窍流出，有的从口鼻出，有的从耳目出，这叫做“下厥上竭”，属于难治之症。
吐血，即口中出血的症状。这是因为应当发汗时失于发汗，导致邪热内传入脏，瘀积在体内所致。如果出现眼睛闭合、目睛红赤、神志昏迷、言语短促、眩晕昏冒、意识错乱、烦躁想含水漱口、惊狂谵语、背部发冷、足部寒冷、四肢厥冷、胸腹部急迫胀满、小便自利、大便色黑等症状，都是瘀血症的表现。不需要所有症状都具备，只要见到其中一两个，就按血症来主治。适宜采用清解热毒的方法，使血液顺行而下则平安。大凡治疗血症，病在上焦的，用犀角地黄汤；病在中焦的，用承气汤；病在下焦的，用抵当汤。
呃逆（哕）与干呕相似，呃逆的声音浑浊而长，干呕的声音短小而轻，两者都是有声音而没有实物吐出，所以干呕较轻，呃逆较重。经书说：“树木衰败则枝叶枯落，疾病深重则发出呃逆声。”这是因为胃气原本虚弱，因发汗或攻下太过，导致胃气虚冷而发生呃逆；或者恣意饮用冷水，水寒之气相互搏结也导致呃逆，这都是因为胃中虚寒的缘故。主方用理中汤。又有因热气郁遏，向上堵塞不能下行导致的呃逆，轻则用和解之法，或用通利之法，重则用温散之法。至于呃逆且大便不通的，则病情危笃了。另外还有所谓的“噫气”（嗳气），是胸喉间的气不得下行通畅，但是没有声音。这是因为寒气客居在胃，厥逆之气上行，再次从胃中溢出，所以称为噫气。主方用理中汤加上橘皮、半夏、丁香之类的药物。
Nuxue (Nosebleed) refers to bleeding from the nose. This is caused by excessive heat in the meridians and collaterals, where yang qi is congested and heavy, forcing blood to move recklessly and exit through the nose, which is termed Nuxue. Although the heat is severe, the pathogenic factor remains in the meridians; therefore, diaphoresis (sweating therapy) must strictly be avoided. Although it is said that Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) treats Nuxue, this is not treating the nosebleed itself, but rather aiming to disperse the pathogenic factors within the meridians. Thus, in miscellaneous diseases, Nuxue results from accumulated heat inside; in Shanghan (Cold Damage), Nuxue results from accumulated heat on the exterior. However, although Nuxue indicates that the disease is about to resolve, if the bleeding does not stop, accompanied by sweating only on the head, no sweat on the body, and persistent fever, it becomes a difficult-to-treat condition. If the nosebleed flows in drops forming a stream, this indicates the pathogen is resolving, and it will heal spontaneously shortly. If the drops do not form a stream, the pathogen remains in the meridians and has not been dispersed; treatment is required. It is also stated that if one or two sheng of blood continue to flow without stopping, there is no need for panic. Fold several layers of cotton paper, soak them in cold water, and frequently apply them to the back of the neck, the bridge of the nose, and both temporal regions of the patient, which will lead to recovery.
Why does Nuxue occur in Yin syndromes? Yin syndromes lack heat, so how can Nuxue arise? The Classics state: In Shaoyin disease, if there are only cold extremities and no sweat, forcing diaphoresis will inevitably disturb the blood. One cannot predict which orifice it will exit from; it may come from the mouth and nose, or from the ears and eyes. This is called "Lower Jue and Upper Exhaustion" (Xia Jue Shang Jie) and is considered difficult to treat.
Tuxue (Hematemesis) refers to vomiting blood from the mouth. This is caused by failing to induce sweating when indicated, allowing pathogenic heat to enter the zang organs and accumulate as stasis internally. If symptoms such as closed eyes with redness, coma, shortness of speech, dizziness, confusion, irritability with a desire to rinse the mouth with water, fright, mania, delirium, coldness of the back and feet, cold extremities, acute fullness of the chest and abdomen, free urination, and black stool appear, these are all signs of blood stasis syndrome. It is not necessary for all symptoms to be present; observing one or two is sufficient to diagnose and treat it as a blood stasis case. The appropriate treatment is to clear and resolve heat toxins, allowing the blood to flow smoothly downward for safety. Generally, for blood stasis cases: if located in the Upper Jiao, use Xijiao Dihuang Tang (Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia Decoction); if in the Middle Jiao, use Chengqi Tang (Order the Qi Decoction); if in the Lower Jiao, use Didang Tang (Attack the Stasis Decoction).
Yue (Hiccups/Inverted Qi) resembles Gan'ou (Dry Retching). Yue is characterized by a turbid and long sound, whereas Gan'ou has a short and faint sound. Both involve sound without the expulsion of matter; thus, Gan'ou is mild, while Yue is severe. The Classics state: "When a tree declines, its branches and leaves wither; when a disease deepens, the sound of Yue appears." This occurs because the stomach qi is originally deficient. Excessive sweating or purging leads to deficiency-cold in the stomach, causing Yue. Alternatively, indulging in cold water causes water and cold to clash, also resulting in Yue. This is due to deficiency-cold in the stomach. The primary formula is Lizhong Tang (Regulate the Middle Decoction). There are also cases where Yue is caused by constrained heat blocking upward movement and preventing downward flow; in mild cases, harmonize or promote drainage; in severe cases, warm and disperse. If Yue occurs alongside constipation, the disease is critical.
There is also what is called Yi Qi (Belching), where qi in the chest and throat fails to descend smoothly, but without sound. This is caused by cold pathogenic factors lodging in the stomach, with inverted qi rising and then escaping from the stomach again, hence termed Yi Qi. The primary formula is Lizhong Tang added with Chenpi (Citrus Peel), Banxia (Pinellia Rhizome), and Dingxiang (Clove).