医之治疾，制药以待用，正如将之制敌，练兵于平时。仓卒急用，所以收奇续而成全功也。
今见医者救急之际，切以知方，顾无成药，奈何可以济困而持危？亦惟束手待毙而已，可谓医师
之良乎？韩语公曰∶青芝赤箭，玉札丹砂，败鼓之皮，牛溲马勃，蓄用无遗者，医师之良也。甫
谓蓄药颇易，制药为难。市缠坊肆惟有生药，而凡制练之精要者，为尤难得。若非医家从容制炼，
以备仓卒之需，又安能解倒悬之厄耶？不然则如临阵用兵，总非素炼，曷以取胜？春甫目击斯弊，
故悉考制法，裒集成帙，以为好生者共焉！
药有宜丸者，宜散者，宜水者，宜酒渍者，宜煎膏者。亦有一物兼宜者，亦有不可入汤酒者，并随药性，不可过越。
汤者，荡也，煎成清汁是也，去大病用之。散者，散也，研成细末是也，去急病用之。膏者，
熬成稠膏也。液者，捣鲜药而绞自然真汁是也。丸者，缓也，作成圆粒也，不能速去病，舒缓而
治之也。渍酒者，以酒浸药也。有宜酒浸以助其力，如当归、地黄、黄柏、知母阴寒之气味假酒
力而行气血也。有用药细锉如法煮酒密封，早晚频饮，以行经络或补或攻，渐以取效是也。
称剂分两，轻重多少，皆须甄别。若用得其宜，与病相合，入口必愈。若冷热乖戾，分两违
舛，汤丸失度，当差又剧，喻如宰夫以鳝鳖与专羹食之，更足成疾，岂充饥之可望乎！故仲景云∶如此死者，医杀之耳。
仲景言锉如麻豆大者，与 咀同意。夫 咀，古之制也。古人无铁刀，以口咬细。今如麻豆，
为粗药煎之，使药水清饮于肠中，则易升易散。今人以刀锉如麻豆大，此 咀之易成也。 咀之，
取其煎熬得出药汁，易行经络。若至高之病加酒煎，去湿以生姜，补元气发散风寒以葱白，去膈
上痰以蜜，开痰结以生姜汁。凡诸汤用酒，临熟加之。细末者，不循经络，止去胃中及脏腑之积，
及治肺疾咳嗽为宜。气味浓者，白汤调；气味薄者，煎之和渣服。
凡药去下部之病者，极大而尖且圆；治中焦者，次之；治上焦者，极小面糊丸，取其迟化直
至下焦，或酒或醋，取其收敛。凡半夏、南星欲去湿者，以生姜汁稀糊丸，取其易化也。汤泡蒸
饼又易化，滴水尤易化。炼蜜丸者，取其迟化而气循经络也。腊丸者，取其难化而迟取效也。凡
修丸药，用蜜只用蜜，用饧只用饧，勿交杂用。且如丸药用腊，取其能固护药之气味，势力全备，
以过关膈而作效也。今若投蜜相合，虽易为丸，然下咽亦易散化，如何得到脏中？若其更有毒药，
则便与人作病，岂徒无益，而又害之，全非用腊之本意。
凡炼蜜皆先掠去沫，令熬色微黄，拭水不散，再熬二三沸。每用蜜一斤，加清水一酒杯，又
熬一二沸作丸，则收潮气而不粘成块也。冬月炼蜜成时，要加二杯水为妙。《衍义》云∶每蜜一
斤，只炼得十二两是其度数也。和药末要乘极滚蜜和之，臼内用捣千百杵，自然软熟，容易作条，好丸也。
凡丸散药，亦先细切曝燥乃捣之。有各捣者，有合捣者。其润湿之药如天门冬、地黄辈，皆
先切曝之，独捣，或以新瓦慢火炕燥，退冷捣之，则为细末。若入众药随以和之，少停回润，则
和之不均也。又湿药欲燥，皆蚀耗，当增分两称之。
凡筛丸药，用密绡令细，若筛散药，尤宜精细。苦捣丸必于臼中捣数百过，色理和同为佳。
凡药渍酒，皆须切细，生绢袋盛之，乃入酒密封。随寒暑日数，视其浓烈便可漉出，不须待酒尽
也。渣则曝燥微捣，更渍饮之，亦一散服之。凡合膏，或以醋或酒或水或油渍，令淹浃密覆。至
煮膏时，当三上三下，以泄其热势，令
药味得出，上之使匝匝沸，下之要沸静，良久乃上之。如有薤白在中者，以两段渐焦黄为度；如
有白芷、附子者，亦令小黄为度。绞膏要以新布，若是可服之，膏滓亦可以酒煮饮之。可药之膏
渣，亦则宜以敷病处。此盖欲悉尽其药力也。凡汤酒膏中，内诸石药皆细捣之，以新绢裹之内中。
《衍义》云∶石药入散，如钟乳粉之属，用水研末极细，必要二三日乃已。以水漂澄极细，方可
服饵，岂但捣细以绢裹之为例耶！凡煎膏中有脂，先须揭去革脂子，方可用之。如猪脂，勿令经
水，腊月者弥佳。凡膏中有雄、朱砂辈，皆当另捣研如面，俟膏毕，乃投入，以物杖搅之，不尔
沉聚在下，不匀也。凡草药烧灰为末，如荷叶、柏叶、茅根、蓟根，十灰散之类，必烧焦枯用器
盖覆以存性。若如烧燃柴薪， 成死灰，性亦不存而罔效矣！凡诸膏腻药，如桃仁、麻仁辈，皆
另捣如膏，乃以内成散中，旋次下臼，合研捣，令消散。
医生治疗疾病，制备药物以备使用，就像将领对付敌人，在平时操练士兵一样。在紧急时刻突然使用，所以能收到出奇制胜、完成大功的效果。
如今看到医生在救急的时候，虽然懂得处方，但如果没有现成的成药，怎么能解救困境、维持危局呢？也只能束手待毙罢了，这能算是好医生吗？韩愈曾说：“青芝、赤箭（天麻）、玉札（地榆）、丹砂、败鼓之皮、牛溲（车前草）、马勃，储存这些药物没有遗漏的，才是好医生。”我认为储存药材比较容易，但制药却很难。市场上只有生药，而那些经过精细炮制的药物尤其难得。如果不是医生从容地进行炮制加工，以备用急之需，又怎么能解除倒悬般的痛苦呢？否则就像临阵用兵，如果不是平时素来训练有素，怎么能取胜呢？我亲眼目睹这种弊端，所以全面考察制药方法，汇编成册，与爱惜生命的人共同分享！
药物有的适宜制成丸剂，有的适宜制成散剂，有的适宜用水煎煮，有的适宜用酒浸泡，有的适宜熬成膏剂。也有一种药物兼有多种适宜剂型的，也有不适合入汤剂或酒剂的，都要根据药性来决定，不可逾越常规。
汤剂，是荡涤之意，煎煮后得到的清汁，用于去除大病。散剂，是发散之意，研磨成细末，用于去除急病。膏剂，是熬煮成稠厚的膏状。液剂，是将鲜药捣碎绞取自然真汁。丸剂，是缓和之意，作成圆粒，不能迅速去病，而是舒缓地治疗。浸酒剂，是用酒浸泡药物。有的适宜酒浸以助药力，如当归、地黄、黄柏、知母等阴寒气味的药物，借助酒力来运行气血。有的将药物细切依法煮酒，密封，早晚频饮，以通行经络，或补或攻，逐渐见效。
称量剂量分两，轻重多少，都必须仔细甄别。如果用得适宜，与病情相合，入口必愈。如果冷热性质乖戾，分量差错，汤剂丸剂失去法度，本该减轻反而加重，就像厨师用鳝鱼鳖肉做成专羹给病人吃，反而增加疾病，哪里还能指望充饥呢！所以张仲景说：“像这样的死者，是医生杀死的。”
张仲景说锉药如麻豆大，与“咀”同意。“咀”，是古代的制法。古人没有铁刀，用口咬碎。现在像麻豆大小，作为粗药煎煮，使药液清澈，饮用于肠中，则容易升发、容易消散。现在人用刀锉成麻豆大小，这是“咀”的简易做法。“咀”的目的，是为了取其煎熬得出药汁，容易通行经络。如果是高位的病加酒煎煮，祛湿用生姜，补元气发散风寒用葱白，去除膈上痰用蜜，开通痰结用生姜汁。凡是各种汤剂用酒，要在临熟时加入。细末者，不循行经络，只去除胃中及脏腑的积滞，以及治疗肺疾咳嗽为宜。气味浓的，用白开水调服；气味薄的，煎煮后连同药渣一起服用。
凡是药物用于治疗下部疾病的，丸药要极大且尖圆；治疗中焦的，次之；治疗上焦的，极小且用面糊为丸，取其缓慢溶解直达下焦，或者用酒或醋，取其收敛作用。凡是半夏、南星想要祛湿的，用生姜汁稀糊为丸，取其容易化开。汤泡蒸饼也为易化，滴水更易化。炼蜜丸，取其缓慢溶解而气循经络。腊丸，取其难化而迟缓取效。凡是修制丸药，用蜜只用蜜，用饴糖只用饴糖，不要混杂使用。况且丸药用蜡，取其能固护药物的气味，势力完备，以通过关膈而发挥作用。现在如果投入蜜混合，虽然容易做丸，但咽下也容易散化，怎么能到达脏腑呢？如果有毒药，就会给人带来疾病，岂止无益，反而有害，完全违背了用蜡的本意。
凡是炼蜜都要先撇去浮沫，令其熬至颜色微黄，滴水不散，再熬二三沸。每用蜜一斤，加清水一酒杯，再熬一二沸做丸，则可以吸收潮气而不粘连成块。冬季炼蜜成功时，最好加两杯水。《衍义》说：每斤蜜，只能炼得十二两，这是它的度数。和药末要趁蜜极滚热时调和，在臼内用杵捣千百下，自然软熟，容易搓条，是好丸。
凡是丸散药，也要先细切晒干然后捣碎。有分别捣的，有合在一起捣的。那些润湿的药物如天门冬、地黄之类，都要先切晒，单独捣，或者用新瓦慢火炕燥，退冷后捣，就成为细末。如果加入众药随即混合，稍停回润，则混合不均匀。另外湿药欲干燥，都会损耗，应当增加分量称量。
凡是筛丸药，用密绢令其细，如果筛散药，尤其应该精细。苦捣丸必须在臼中捣数百遍，色理和同为佳。
凡是药物浸酒，都必须切细，用生绢袋盛装，然后入酒密封。随寒暑天数，看其浓烈就可以滤出，不必等到酒尽。药渣则晒干微捣，再次浸饮，也可以作为散剂服用。凡是合膏，或用醋或酒或水或油浸泡，令其浸透严密覆盖。到煮膏时，应当三上三下，以泄其热气，令药味得出，使之匝匝沸腾，下去时要让它静下来，很久后再上去。如果有薤白在其中，以两段渐焦黄为限度；如果有白芷、附子，也令其小黄为限度。绞膏要用新布，如果是可服的，膏渣也可以用酒煮饮。可药的膏渣，也宜敷于病处。这是想尽量尽其药力。凡是汤酒膏中，加入各种石药都要细捣，用新绢包裹在内。《衍义》说：石药入散，如钟乳粉之类，用水研末极细，必要二三日才停止。用水漂澄极细，才可以服用，难道只是捣细用绢包裹为例吗！凡是煎膏中有脂，先须揭去革脂子，方可使用。如猪脂，勿令经水，腊月者更佳。凡是膏中有雄黄、朱砂之类，都应当另捣研如面粉，等膏毕，乃投入，用物杖搅动，不然沉聚在下，不均匀。凡是草药烧灰为末，如荷叶、柏叶、茅根、蓟根，十灰散之类，必须烧焦枯，用器盖覆以存性。如果像烧燃柴薪，变成死灰，性也不存而无效了！凡是诸膏腻药，如桃仁、麻仁之类，都另捣如膏，乃以内成散中，旋次下臼，合研捣，令消散。
The physician's treatment of disease and preparation of medicines for use is just like a general dealing with the enemy, training soldiers in peacetime. Sudden use in emergencies allows one to achieve miraculous results and complete great功 (merit/success).
Nowadays, I see physicians at the moment of saving emergencies, although they know the prescriptions, if there are no ready-made patent medicines, how can they relieve distress and sustain critical conditions? They can only wait for death with hands tied; can this be considered a good physician? Han Yu once said: "Those who store Qingzhi (Ganoderma), Chijian (Tianma/Gastrodiae Rhizoma), Yuzha (Diyu/Sanguisorbae Radix), Dansha (Cinnabaris), Baigu Zhi Pi (Bark of broken drum), Niuxiu (Cheqiancao/Plantaginis Herba), Maibo (Lycopodium), without omitting any, are good physicians." I believe that storing herbs is quite easy, but preparing medicines is difficult. Markets only have crude drugs, while those refined through exquisite processing are even harder to obtain. Unless physicians leisurely process them to prepare for emergencies, how can they relieve the suffering of hanging upside down? Otherwise, it is like using troops in battle; if not trained beforehand, how can one win victory? Chunfu witnessed these drawbacks personally, so he thoroughly investigated preparation methods, compiled them into a volume, to share with those who cherish life!
Medicines may be suitable for pills, powders, water decoctions, wine maceration, or paste preparation. Some are suitable for multiple forms, while some cannot be used in decoctions or wines. One must follow the nature of the medicine and not exceed norms.
Decoction (Tang) means sweeping away; it is the clear liquid obtained after boiling, used for severe diseases. Powder (San) means dispersing; it is ground into fine powder, used for acute diseases. Paste (Gao) is boiled into a thick paste. Liquid (Ye) is the natural juice extracted by crushing fresh herbs. Pill (Wan) means缓 (slow/gentle); formed into round pellets, they do not quickly eliminate disease but treat it gently. Wine maceration involves soaking herbs in wine. Some are suitable for wine maceration to enhance efficacy, such as Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix), Dihuang (Rehmanniae Radix), Huangbai (Phellodendri Cortex), Zhimu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma), whose yin-cold properties utilize wine power to circulate Qi and Blood. Others involve finely chopping herbs, boiling in wine according to method, sealing tightly, and drinking frequently morning and evening to unblock meridians, tonifying or attacking gradually until effect is achieved.
Weighing doses, lightness or heaviness, quantity or scarcity, all require careful discrimination. If used appropriately and matching the condition, recovery is certain upon ingestion. If cold and hot natures are discordant, dosages are erroneous, and decoctions/pills lose measure, what should improve worsens. It is like a chef serving eel and turtle soup exclusively, which would further cause illness, let alone satisfy hunger! Thus Zhang Zhongjing said: "Such deaths are caused by the physician killing them."
Zhang Zhongjing stated that chopping herbs to the size of hemp seeds is equivalent to "Ju" (chewing). "Ju" is an ancient method. Ancients had no iron knives, so they chewed herbs finely with their mouths. Today, sizes like hemp seeds serve as coarse herbs for decoction, making the medicinal liquid clear for intestinal absorption, facilitating ascent and dispersion. Modern people chop herbs to hemp seed size with knives, which is an easier form of "Ju". The purpose of "Ju" is to facilitate extraction of medicinal juice during decoction, aiding circulation in meridians. For high-level diseases, add wine for decoction; remove dampness with Shengjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma); tonify Yuan Qi and disperse wind-cold with Congbai (Allii Fistulosi Bulbus); remove phlegm above the diaphragm with Mi (Honey); open phlegm nodules with Shengjiang Zhi (Zingiberis Rhizoma Juice). For all decoctions using wine, add it near completion. Fine powders do not circulate meridians but remove accumulations in the stomach and viscera, and are suitable for treating lung diseases with cough. Strong-flavored ones are mixed with plain water; weak-flavored ones are decocted and taken with dregs.
For medicines targeting lower jiao diseases, pills should be very large, sharp, and round; for middle jiao, smaller; for upper jiao, extremely small and made with flour paste, taking advantage of slow dissolution reaching lower jiao, or using wine/vinegar for astringency. For Banxia (Pinelliae Rhizoma) and Nanxing (Arisaematis Rhizoma) aiming to remove dampness, use Shengjiang Zhi and thin paste for pills to ensure easy dissolution. Soaked steamed buns also dissolve easily; drop-water pills dissolve even more. Honey-refined pills take advantage of slow dissolution and meridian circulation. Beeswax pills take advantage of difficult dissolution and delayed effect. When preparing pills, use only honey or only maltose, do not mix. Using beeswax for pills preserves the aroma and potency, allowing passage through gates and diaphragms to act. If mixed with honey now, although easy to form pills, they disintegrate easily upon swallowing, failing to reach organs. If toxic, they cause disease, harming rather than helping, contrary to the original intent of using wax.
Refining honey requires skimming foam first, boiling until slightly yellow, testing that drops do not scatter, then boiling two or three times more. For every jin (500g) of honey, add one cup of clear water, boil one or two more times before forming pills, to absorb moisture and prevent clumping. In winter, adding two cups of water when refining honey is ideal. *Yanyi* states: One jin of honey yields twelve liang (approx. 375g) after refining; this is its standard. Mix herb powder while honey is boiling hot, pound thousands of times in a mortar until soft and ripe, easy to roll into strips, resulting in good pills.
Pills and powders should be finely cut and sun-dried before pounding. Some are pounded separately, some together. Moist herbs like Tiandong (Asparagi Radix) and Dihuang should be cut, dried, and pounded alone, or dried on new tiles over low fire, cooled, then pounded into fine powder. If mixed with other herbs immediately, they re-moisten and mix unevenly. Wet herbs lose weight when dried, so dosage must be increased accordingly.
Sifting pill ingredients requires fine silk mesh; sifting powder requires even greater fineness. Pounding pills in a mortar hundreds of times until color and texture are uniform is best.
Herbs for wine maceration must be finely cut, placed in raw silk bags, sealed in wine. Depending on temperature and days, filter when strong enough, without waiting for wine to be exhausted. Dregs can be sun-dried, lightly pounded, and re-macerated or taken as powder. For pastes, macerate in vinegar, wine, water, or oil, ensuring full immersion and tight covering. When boiling paste, perform "three ups and three downs" to release heat, allowing medicinal flavors to emerge. Bring to rolling boil, let settle, repeat. If Xiebai (Allii Macrostem Bulbus) is present, boil until segments turn slightly yellow. If Baizhi (Angelicae Dahuricae Radix) or Fuzi (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata) are present, boil until slightly yellow. Strain paste with new cloth; usable dregs can be boiled in wine and drunk. Medicinal dregs from pastes can be applied topically. This maximizes medicinal power. Stone minerals added to decoctions/wines/pastes must be finely pounded and wrapped in new silk. *Yanyi* notes: Stone minerals for powders, like Zhuru (Belospermum Pulvis), must be ground with water to extreme fineness over two to three days, washed and settled to extreme fineness before use, not merely pounded fine and wrapped in silk. Fats in pastes must have skin removed first. Pig fat should not touch water; December fat is best. Realgar (Xionghuang) and Cinnabar (Zhusha) in pastes must be separately pounded to flour-like consistency, added after paste is finished, and stirred well, otherwise they settle unevenly at the bottom. Herbal ashes for powders, such as Heye (Nelumbinis Folium), Baiye (Platycladi Cacumen), Maogen (Imperatae Rhizoma), Jigen (Cirsii Radix), like Shihui San (Ten Ash Powder), must be burned until charred black, covered immediately to preserve nature. Burning like firewood turns them to dead ash, losing efficacy. Oily herbs like Taoren (Persicae Semen) and Maren (Cannabis Fructus) in pastes must be separately pounded into paste, then mixed into the powder, pounded again in mortar to disperse.