凡本院药饵,俱南京礼部收到湖广等布政司解来药制造。
凡南京各营该用药饵,俱拨医士随病供应。
凡医士、医生,俱以世业子弟习学,考选分拨各科。
凡医士、医生月粮,照北太医院例。
《淮南子》云∶神农尝百草,一日遇七十毒。予尝诵其书,每至于此,未始不叹夫孟子所谓
尽信书,则不如无书。夫神农,立极之大圣也,悯生民之不能以无疾,故察夫物性之可以愈疾者
以贻后人,固不待乎物物必尝而始知。如待必尝而始知,则不足谓之生知之圣也;以生知之圣言
之,则虽不尝亦可知矣。设使其所知果有待乎必尝,则愈疾之功,非疾不能以知之,其神农众疾
俱备而历试之乎?况秽污之药不可尝者,其亦尝乎?且味固可以尝而知,其气、其性、其分经主
治,及畏恶反忌之类,亦可以尝而知乎?苟尝其所可尝,而不尝其所不可尝,不可尝者既可知,
而可尝者亦不必待乎尝之而后知矣。谓其不尝不可也,谓其悉尝亦不可也。然经于诸药名下,不
着气性等字,独以味字冠之者,由药入口唯味为先故也。又药中虽有玉石
虫兽之类,其至众者惟草为然,故遂曰尝百草耳,岂独尝草哉!夫物之有毒,尝而毒焉有矣,其
中毒者日必七十乎!设以其七十毒偶见于一日而记之,则毒之小也,固不死而可解;毒之大也,
则死矣,孰能解之?亦孰能复生之乎?先正谓淮南子之书多寓言,夫岂不信!(《溯洄集》)
凡是太医院使用的药物,都由南京礼部接收从湖广等布政使司解送来的药材进行炮制加工。
凡是南京各军营应当使用的药物,都派遣医士跟随病人随病供应。
凡是医士、医生,都以世代行医的子弟学习医术,经过考核选拔后分派到各科。
凡是医士、医生的月粮(口粮),按照北太医院的先例执行。
《淮南子》说:神农品尝各种草药,一天之内遇到七十种毒物。我曾经诵读这本书,每当读到此处,没有不感叹孟子所说的“完全相信书籍,还不如没有书籍”。神农是确立根本法则的大圣人,怜悯百姓不能没有疾病,所以考察那些药性可以治愈疾病的药物来留给后人,本来就不需要每种药物都亲自品尝才能知道。如果一定要等到品尝了才知道,那就不足以称为生而知之的圣人了;以生而知之的圣人来说,即使不品尝也能知道。假设他所知道的果然有待于必须品尝,那么治愈疾病的功效,不是通过患病就不能知道,难道神农具备各种疾病并逐一尝试吗?况且肮脏污秽的药物不可品尝的,他也去品尝了吗?而且味道固然可以通过品尝而知道,但药物的气、性、归经主治,以及相畏、相恶、相反、相忌之类,也可以通过品尝知道吗?如果只品尝那些可以品尝的,而不品尝那些不可品尝的,不可品尝的既然已经知道了,那么可以品尝的也不必等待品尝之后才知道了。说他没有品尝过是不可能的,说他全部品尝过也是不可能的。然而经典在诸药名之下,不标注气性等字,唯独用“味”字冠在前面,是因为药物入口只有味道是首要的。另外药物中虽然有玉石、虫兽之类,其中数量最多的只有草罢了,所以就说是尝百草而已,哪里只是尝草呢!事物中有毒的,品尝后中毒是有的,其中的毒者每天必定有七十种吗?假设那七十种毒偶然出现在一天里并被记录下来,那么毒性小的,本来不会死且可以解救;毒性大的,就死了,谁能解救它呢?又有谁能让他复生呢?先贤说《淮南子》这本书多寓言,这难道不是真的吗!(《溯洄集》)
All medicinal materials used by the Imperial Medical Bureau are received by the Ministry of Rites in Nanjing and processed from herbs transported by the Provincial Administration Commissions of Huguang and other regions.
For all military camps in Nanjing requiring medicinal supplies, medical officers (Yishi) are assigned to accompany patients and provide treatment as needed.
Medical officers (Yishi) and physicians (Yisheng) are selected from descendants of families with a hereditary profession in medicine; they undergo examination and selection before being assigned to various departments.
The monthly grain rations for medical officers (Yishi) and physicians (Yisheng) follow the precedent set by the Northern Imperial Medical Bureau.
The *Huainanzi* states: "Shennong tasted hundreds of herbs, encountering seventy types of toxins in a single day." I have read this book, and whenever I reach this passage, I cannot help but sigh at Mencius's saying, "To believe everything in books is worse than having no books at all." Shennong was a Great Sage who established fundamental principles. Pitying that the common people could not be free from disease, he investigated the properties of substances capable of curing diseases to leave them for future generations. It was certainly not necessary for him to taste every single substance individually to know its effects. If he had to taste each one to know it, he would not qualify as a Sage born with knowledge (Sheng zhi). Speaking of a Sage born with knowledge, even without tasting, he could understand. Suppose his knowledge indeed depended on tasting; then the efficacy of curing diseases could only be known through contracting them. Did Shennong suffer from all kinds of diseases and test them one by one? Moreover, for filthy or unpalatable substances that should not be tasted, did he taste them too? Although flavor can indeed be known by tasting, can the Qi (vital energy), nature, meridian tropism, primary indications, and relationships of mutual fear, aversion, opposition, and incompatibility among herbs also be known merely by tasting? If one tastes only what can be tasted and avoids what cannot, and if the latter are already understood, then the former need not wait for tasting to be known. To say he never tasted anything is impossible; to say he tasted everything is also impossible. However, in the classics, under the names of various herbs, terms like Qi and nature are not specified, but only "flavor" is placed at the beginning. This is because when herbs enter the mouth, flavor is the primary sensation. Furthermore, although herbal medicines include minerals, stones, insects, and animals, the most numerous category consists of grasses/herbs. Thus, it is said he "tasted hundreds of herbs," which implies more than just grass! Regarding toxic substances, some may indeed cause poisoning upon tasting. But must there necessarily be seventy poisoned individuals per day? If these seventy toxins were recorded as occurring accidentally in one day, those with mild toxicity would not die and could be rescued; those with severe toxicity would result in death. Who could rescue them? And who could bring them back to life? Ancient scholars stated that the *Huainanzi* contains many allegories. Is this not true? (From *Suhui Ji*)