《内经》虽有寒热六经之分,见证不过寒热二者而已。寒厥则因多欲而夺其精,故致阳衰
阴盛。邪在三阴,则手足为之厥冷,谓之寒厥。热厥则因醉饱入房,精虚则热入,故致阴虚
阳盛。邪在三阳,则手足必热,谓之热厥。热极而成厥逆者,阳极而似阴也;寒极而成厥逆
者,独阴无阳也。
仲景云∶热深厥深。故伤寒、湿病、瘟病皆是热厥。此谓热极而成厥,阳极而似阴也。
脉虽沉伏,按之必数,病因积热,为之阳厥。阴厥初得之,四肢冷,脉微沉而不数,多恶寒,
引衣自覆。下利清谷,四肢逆,蜷卧,唇青,自利不渴,小便色白。病因沉寒,为之阴厥。
丹溪云∶厥者,逆也,手足逆冷也,因气血逆而冷也。有气虚、血虚、痰郁三者而成也。
故手足麻者,气虚也;手足木者,湿痰、死血也。
厥有卒中恶候,为外邪所忤。因冒犯不正之气,忽然手足厥冷,肌肤粟起,头面青黑,
精神不守;或错妄言,牙紧口噤;或 惚不知人事,头旋晕倒,此为客忤,鬼击吊丧,入庙登冢
所致也,名飞尸卒厥。
脉沉微不数者,寒厥也。脉沉伏而数者,热厥也。
脉至如喘,名曰气厥者,不知人。
《金匮》论脉沉细而滑者,沉则为寒,滑则为气实。寒气相搏,入脏,唇青身冷,即死。
其身和,汗自出,为入腑,则生。
《内经》虽然将寒热病证分为六经,但临床表现不过寒证和热证两种而已。寒厥是因为房事过度耗损精气,导致阳气衰弱、阴气偏盛。邪气侵犯三阴经,就会使手足发凉冰冷,这叫做寒厥。热厥是因为醉酒后行房事,精气亏虚导致热邪内入,从而引起阴虚阳亢。邪气侵犯三阳经,就会使手足发热,这叫做热厥。热邪极盛而发展为四肢逆冷的,是阳极而表现出类似阴证的假象;寒邪极盛而发展为四肢逆冷的,是纯阴无阳的状态。
张仲景说:热邪越深重,四肢厥冷就越严重。所以伤寒(外感风寒引起的疾病)、湿病、瘟疫病都属于热厥。这是指热邪极盛而发展为四肢逆冷,阳极而表现出类似阴证的假象。脉象虽然沉伏,但按下去必然数快,病因是积热,这称为阳厥。阴厥刚发病时,四肢寒冷,脉象微细沉取而不数快,大多怕冷,喜欢裹着衣服。出现下利清谷(腹泻排出未消化的食物),四肢逆冷,身体蜷缩而卧,嘴唇发青,自发性腹泻且不口渴,小便颜色清白。病因是沉寒,这称为阴厥。
朱丹溪说:厥,就是逆乱的意思,表现为手足逆冷,是因为气血逆乱而导致寒冷。有气虚、血虚、痰郁三种情况会导致此病。所以手足麻木的,是气虚;手足木然不知痛的,是湿痰或瘀血所致。
厥证还有中恶候,是被外邪所冲撞。因为冒犯了不正之气,突然手足厥冷,皮肤起鸡皮疙瘩,头面部青黑,精神不能守舍;或者胡言乱语,牙关紧闭口噤不开;或者恍惚不知人事,头晕跌倒,这叫客忤,是由鬼击、吊丧、进入庙宇登上坟墓等所致,名叫飞尸卒厥。
脉象沉微而不数快的,是寒厥。脉象沉伏而数快的,是热厥。
脉象来势急促如喘息状,名叫气厥,患者会昏迷不省人事。
《金匮要略》论述脉象沉细而滑的,沉主寒,滑主气实。寒气与实气相互搏结,侵入脏,出现嘴唇发青、身体冰冷的症状,就会死亡。如果身体温和,汗液自然流出,说明邪气入腑,则能生存。
Although the *Neijing* (Classic of Internal Medicine) divides cold and heat syndromes into six channels, the clinical manifestations are merely two: cold and heat. Cold Jue (Cold Reversal Syndrome, characterized by cold extremities) is caused by excessive sexual desire depleting essence, leading to Yang deficiency and Yin excess. When pathogenic factors invade the three Yin channels, the hands and feet become cold, which is called Cold Jue. Hot Jue (Hot Reversal Syndrome, characterized by hot extremities despite internal heat or vice versa depending on stage, here defined as hot extremities due to Yang hyperactivity) is caused by sexual intercourse after drunkenness or overeating; essence deficiency allows heat to enter, resulting in Yin deficiency and Yang hyperactivity. When pathogenic factors invade the three Yang channels, the hands and feet must be hot, which is called Hot Jue. When heat reaches its extreme and develops into reversal cold (Jue Ni), it is Yang at its extreme appearing like Yin; when cold reaches its extreme and develops into reversal cold, it is pure Yin without Yang.
Zhang Zhongjing stated: "The deeper the heat, the deeper the Jue." Therefore, Shanghan (Cold Damage disease), Shibing (Dampness disease), and Wenbing (Plague/Febrile diseases) are all types of Hot Jue. This refers to heat reaching its extreme and developing into Jue, where Yang at its extreme appears like Yin. Although the pulse is deep and hidden, upon pressing it will be rapid (Shu). The etiology is accumulated heat, thus it is called Yang Jue. In the initial stage of Yin Jue, the four limbs are cold, the pulse is faint, deep, and not rapid, with aversion to cold being predominant, and a desire to cover oneself with clothes. Symptoms include diarrhea with undigested food, cold extremities, curling up while lying, cyanosis of the lips, spontaneous diarrhea without thirst, and white urine. The etiology is deep-seated cold, thus it is called Yin Jue.
Zhu Danxi stated: "Jue" means reversal, manifesting as cold extremities, caused by the reversal of Qi and Blood leading to cold. It arises from three conditions: Qi deficiency, Blood deficiency, and Phlegm stagnation. Therefore, numbness of the hands and feet indicates Qi deficiency; insensibility (numbness without pain sensation) of the hands and feet indicates Damp-Phlegm or dead blood (stasis).
Jue syndrome also includes the condition of sudden evil attack, caused by external pathogens clashing with the body. Due to exposure to improper Qi, there is sudden coldness of the extremities, cutaneous gooseflesh, cyanosis and blackening of the head and face, and loss of mental control; or delirious speech, clenched teeth, and locked jaw; or confusion and unconsciousness, dizziness, and fainting. This is called Ke Wu (Guest Clashing), caused by Gui Ji (Ghost Strike), attending funerals, entering temples, or visiting tombs, and is named Fei Shi Cu Jue (Flying Corpse Sudden Jue).
A pulse that is deep, faint, and not rapid indicates Cold Jue. A pulse that is deep, hidden, and rapid indicates Hot Jue.
A pulse that comes rapidly like panting is named Qi Jue, accompanied by unconsciousness.
The *Jingui Yaolue* discusses a pulse that is deep, fine, and slippery: deep indicates cold, slippery indicates Qi excess. When cold Qi and excess Qi clash and enter the Zang organs, resulting in cyanotic lips and cold body, death ensues. If the body remains harmonious/warm and sweat occurs spontaneously, it indicates the pathogen has entered the Fu organs, and survival is possible.