夫疗寒以热药，疗热以寒药，饮食不消以吐下药，鬼疰蛊毒以蛊毒药，痈肿疮瘤以疮瘤
药，风湿以风湿药，风劳气冷各随其所宜。雷公云∶药有三品，病有三阶，药有甘苦，轻重
不同，病有新久，寒温亦异，重热腻滑，咸醋药石、饮食等，于风病为治，余病非对。轻冷
粗涩，甘苦药草、饮食等，于热病为治，余病非对。轻热辛苦、淡药、饮食等，于冷病为治，
余病非对。其大纲略显其源流，自余睹状可知。临事制宜，当识斯要。
《药对》曰∶夫众病积聚，皆起于虚，虚生百病。积者，五脏之所积，聚者，六腑之所
聚。如斯等疾，多从旧方，不假增损，虚而劳者，其弊万端，宜应随病增减。古之善为医者，
皆自采药，审其体性所主，取其时节早晚，早则药势未成，晚则盛势已歇。今之为医，不自
采药，且不委节气早晚，只供采取，用以为药。又不知冷热消息，分两多少，徒有疗病之心，
永
葳蕤；虚而欲吐，加人参；虚而不安，亦加人参；虚而多梦纷纭，加龙骨；虚而多热，加地
黄、牡蛎、地肤子、甘草；虚而冷，加当归、芎 、干姜；虚而损，加钟乳、棘刺、肉苁蓉、
巴戟天；虚而大热，加黄芩、天门冬；虚而多忘，加茯神、远志；虚而惊悸不安，加龙齿、
紫石英、沙参、小草；冷则用紫石英、小草；若客热即用沙参、龙齿；不冷不热无用之；虚
而口干，加麦门冬、知母；虚而吸吸，加胡麻、覆盆子、柏子仁；虚而多气，兼微咳，加五
味子、大枣；虚而身强，腰中不利，加磁石、杜仲；虚而多冷，加桂心、吴茱萸、附子、乌
头；虚而小便赤，加黄芩；虚而客热，加地骨皮、白水黄 ；虚而冷，用陇西黄 ；虚而痰，
复有气，加生姜、半夏、枳实；虚而小肠利，加桑螵蛸、龙骨、鸡 ；虚而小肠不利，加
茯苓、泽泻；虚而溺白加浓朴。诸药无有一一历而用之，但据体性冷热，的相主对，聊叙增
损之一隅，入处方者宜准此。
治疗寒证用热性药物，治疗热证用寒性药物，饮食不消化用催吐或泻下的药物，鬼疰（一种传染性痨病）和蛊毒用解毒杀虫的药物，痈肿疮瘤用治疗疮疡肿瘤的药物，风湿病用祛风除湿的药物，风劳气冷等病症则根据具体情况适宜选用。雷公说：药物分为上、中、下三品，疾病分为初、中、末三阶。药物有甘味和苦味之分，药性轻重不同；疾病有新发和久患之别，寒热性质也各异。重、热、腻、滑性质的咸味、醋味药物及食物，适用于风病的治疗，对其他疾病则不对症。轻、冷、粗、涩性质的甘苦味草药及食物，适用于热病的治疗，对其他疾病则不对症。轻、热、辛、苦、淡性质的药物及食物，适用于冷病（寒证）的治疗，对其他疾病则不对症。这里只是大致列举了原则并略述其源流，其余情况观察症状即可知晓。临证时制宜，应当掌握这些要点。
《药对》说：各种疾病的积聚，都起源于虚损，虚损产生百病。“积”是五脏所形成的积块，“聚”是六腑所形成的聚散之气。像这样的疾病，大多沿用古方，不需要增减变化；但对于虚损兼有劳伤者，弊病繁多，应当根据病情进行增减调整。古代善于行医的医生，都亲自采集药材，仔细审察药物的体质特性及其主治功效，选择适宜的时节早晚进行采集。采集过早，药力尚未形成；采集过晚，药势已经衰退。现在的医生，不亲自采集药材，也不了解节气的早晚差异，只是随意采取，用作药物。又不懂得辨别药物的寒热属性，不清楚剂量的多少，虽然怀有治病之心，却往往徒劳无功。
[注：原文此处存在文本错乱/缺失，接续部分为具体虚证加减法] 若身体虚弱且想要呕吐，加入人参；虚弱且心神不安，也加入人参；虚弱且多梦纷纭，加入龙骨；虚弱且多热，加入地黄、牡蛎、地肤子、甘草；虚弱且寒冷，加入当归、川芎、干姜；虚弱且有损耗，加入钟乳石、棘刺、肉苁蓉、巴戟天；虚弱且大热，加入黄芩、天门冬；虚弱且健忘，加入茯神、远志；虚弱且惊悸不安，加入龙齿、紫石英、沙参、小草；寒冷则用紫石英、小草；若有客热（外感热邪）即用沙参、龙齿；若不冷不热则无需使用这些；虚弱且口干，加入麦门冬、知母；虚弱且呼吸短促（吸吸），加入胡麻、覆盆子、柏子仁；虚弱且气多兼轻微咳嗽，加入五味子、大枣；虚弱且身体僵硬，腰部活动不利，加入磁石、杜仲；虚弱且多冷，加入桂心、吴茱萸、附子、乌头；虚弱且小便赤红，加入黄芩；虚弱且有客热，加入地骨皮、白水黄精；虚弱且寒冷，使用陇西黄芪；虚弱且有痰，兼有气滞，加入生姜、半夏、枳实；虚弱且小肠滑利（腹泻），加入桑螵蛸、龙骨、鸡内金；虚弱且小肠不利（排尿困难），加入茯苓、泽泻；虚弱且尿白浊，加入厚朴。以上药物并非逐一全部使用，只需根据体质的寒热属性，确切地对症主选，这里只是简略叙述了增减的一小部分，进入处方时应当参照此标准。
To treat cold syndromes, use hot-natured medicines; to treat heat syndromes, use cold-natured medicines; for indigestion of food, use emetics or purgatives; for *Guizhu* (a type of contagious tuberculosis) and *Gudu* (poisoning by gu worms), use antitoxic and vermifuge medicines; for carbuncles, sores, and tumors, use medicines for treating ulcerative lesions and neoplasms; for wind-dampness, use wind-dispelling and dampness-resolving medicines; for wind-lao (chronic fatigue due to wind), qi stagnation, and cold, select treatments according to appropriateness. Leigong said: Medicines are classified into three grades (Upper, Middle, Lower); diseases progress through three stages. Medicines differ in sweet and bitter tastes, and in light/heavy properties. Diseases vary in being new or chronic, and in cold/heat nature. Heavy, hot, greasy, and slippery substances, including salty, vinegar-flavored medicines and foods, are suitable for treating wind diseases but not for others. Light, cold, coarse, and astringent substances, including sweet and bitter herbal medicines and foods, are suitable for treating heat diseases but not for others. Light, hot, pungent, bitter, and bland substances, including medicines and foods, are suitable for treating cold diseases but not for others. This briefly outlines the general principles and their origins; other situations can be understood by observing symptoms. In clinical practice, one must adapt to circumstances and grasp these essentials.
The *Yao Dui* (Drug Pairs) states: The accumulation of various diseases all originates from deficiency, and deficiency gives rise to myriad diseases. "Ji" (accumulation) refers to masses formed in the Five Zang organs; "Ju" (gathering) refers to gas formations in the Six Fu organs. For such diseases, ancient formulas are generally used without modification. However, for those with deficiency and overwork, where complications are manifold, modifications should be made according to the specific condition. Ancient skilled physicians harvested herbs themselves, carefully examining their physical properties and therapeutic indications, selecting them at appropriate times. Harvested too early, the medicinal potency is not yet formed; harvested too late, the potent energy has faded. Modern physicians do not harvest herbs themselves, nor do they understand the timing related to solar terms, merely collecting whatever is available for use. Furthermore, they fail to discern the cold/heat properties and proper dosages. Although they possess the heart to cure disease, their efforts are often futile. [Note: The original text contains a gap here, resuming with specific modifications for deficiency syndromes.] If deficient and prone to vomiting, add Ren Shen (Ginseng Root); if deficient and restless, also add Ren Shen; if deficient and plagued by chaotic dreams, add Long Gu (Fossilized Bones); if deficient and experiencing excess heat, add Di Huang (Rehmannia Root), Mu Li (Oyster Shell), Di Fu Zi (Kochia Fruit), and Gan Cao (Licorice Root); if deficient and cold, add Dang Gui (Angelica Sinensis Root), Xiong Qiong (Ligusticum Chuanxiong Rhizome), and Gan Jiang (Dried Ginger); if deficient and depleted, add Zhong Ru (Stalactite), Ji Ci (Tribulus Spine), Rou Cong Rong (Cistanche Stem), and Ba Ji Tian (Morinda Root); if deficient and having high fever, add Huang Qin (Scutellaria Root) and Tian Men Dong (Asparagus Tuber); if deficient and forgetful, add Fu Shen (Poria with Hostwood) and Yuan Zhi (Polygala Root); if deficient and suffering from palpitations and restlessness, add Long Chi (Dragon Teeth), Zi Shi Ying (Hematite), Sha Shen (Glehnia Root), and Xiao Cao (Prunella Spike). For cold conditions, use Zi Shi Ying and Xiao Cao; for exogenous heat, use Sha Shen and Long Chi; if neither cold nor heat, these are unnecessary. If deficient and with dry mouth, add Mai Men Dong (Ophiopogon Tuber) and Zhi Mu (Anemarrhena Rhizome); if deficient and with shortness of breath (gasping), add Hu Ma (Sesame Seed), Fu Pen Zi (Raspberry Fruit), and Bai Zi Ren (Biota Seed); if deficient with excessive qi and slight cough, add Wu Wei Zi (Schisandra Berry) and Da Zao (Jujube Fruit); if deficient with stiff body and lumbar stiffness, add Ci Shi (Magnetite) and Du Zhong (Eucommia Bark); if deficient and very cold, add Gui Xin (Cinnamon Twig Heart), Wu Zhu Yu (Evodia Fruit), Fu Zi (Aconite Lateral Root), and Wu Tou (Aconite Mother Root); if deficient with red urine, add Huang Qin; if deficient with exogenous heat, add Di Gu Pi (Lycium Bark) and Bai Shui Huang Jing (Polygonatum Rhizome processed with water); if deficient and cold, use Long Xi Huang Qi (Astragalus Root from Longxi); if deficient with phlegm and qi stagnation, add Sheng Jiang (Fresh Ginger), Ban Xia (Pinellia Tuber), and Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange); if deficient with loose stools due to small intestine laxity, add Sang Piao Xiao (Mantis Eggcase), Long Gu, and Ji Nei Jin (Chicken Gizzard Lining); if deficient with urinary difficulty due to small intestine dysfunction, add Fu Ling (Poria) and Ze Xie (Alisma Rhizome); if deficient with white turbid urine, add Hou Po (Magnolia Bark). These medicines are not used indiscriminately in every case; rather, one should match the cold/heat nature of the constitution precisely. This merely sketches a corner of the principles of addition and subtraction; practitioners should refer to this when prescribing.