（本经下品）
【气味】辛平，有毒。
【主治】主水肿疝瘕痹，熨除痈肿，杀鬼精物。
【核】曰∶出咸阳山谷。所在亦有。春生苗，高三、四尺，茎青赤，极柔脆。枝枝相值，
叶叶相当，叶如牛舌而长。夏秋白花作朵，亦有赤花者。赤者根赤，白者根白。白者入药，
赤者见鬼神，甚有毒也。根如莱菔，似人形者有神，尔雅谓之 ，广雅谓之马尾，周易谓
之苋陆。修事，取白花之根，铜刀刮去皮，薄切作片，东流水浸两宿，取出，以黑豆叶重重
间隔，入甑蒸之，从午至亥，俟冷去豆叶，曝干锉用。无豆叶，以黑豆代之。
【 】曰∶金音曰商，从外知内，以内知外也。高平曰陆，四时日月所行之路也。盖天
有四陆，人有四街，营卫血气所行之道也。故主水停为肿，气痹为疝，为瘕，失其尝陆之唯
内无外；更假火力，熨除痈肿之唯外无内也。若杀鬼精物，以金气遒劲，雕落非其类尔。
（本经下品）
【气味】苦寒，有毒。
【主治】主大腹疝瘕腹满，面目浮肿，留饮宿食，破症坚积聚，利水谷道。
【核】曰∶出中山山谷，唯太山、江东者良。比来用京口者为胜，江东者称次矣。苗似
泽漆
，槐砧上锉细用，生甘草汤，及荠 自然汁，搅浸三日，水如黑汁，乃漉出，用东流水淘六
七次，水清为度。取出晒干，纳土器中，熬脆用。瓜蒂为之使，恶远志，反甘草。
【 】曰∶味大苦，而名甘遂者，左氏所谓请受而甘心快意焉。以甘于遂其力用也。其
为方也，为大为急；其为剂也，为通为泄。甘属中土，惟其能遂土欲也。故为症坚积聚疝瘕，
及留饮宿食，致无能利水谷道，外溢而成大腹满胀，及面目浮肿者，皆通之泄之，所以从其
欲也。但气味苦寒，偏于以热为因，寒则非所宜矣。
（《神农本草经》列为下品）
【气味】味辛，性平，有毒。
【主治】主治水肿、疝气、瘕积及痹证，外用熨敷可消除痈肿，能驱除鬼魅精怪之物。
【考证】曰：产于咸阳山谷。各地也有出产。春季生苗，高三四尺，茎呈青红色，极其柔脆。枝条交错，叶片相对，叶子像牛舌一样长。夏秋季节开白花成簇，也有开红花的。开红花的根也是红色的，开白花的根是白色的。白色根的入药，红色根见鬼神，毒性极大。根部像萝卜，形状像人形的具有灵性，《尔雅》称之为“商陆”，《广雅》称之为“马尾”，《周易》称之为“苋陆”。炮制加工时，取白花品种的根，用铜刀刮去外皮，切成薄片，用东流水浸泡两个晚上，取出后，用黑豆叶层层间隔，放入甑中蒸制，从午时到亥时，待冷却后去掉豆叶，晒干后锉碎使用。如果没有豆叶，可以用黑豆代替。
【释义】曰：“商”属金音，意为从外部了解内部，从内部了解外部。“陆”指高平之地，是四季日月运行的道路。大概天有四陆，人有四街，这是营卫气血运行的通道。所以商陆主治水液停滞导致的水肿，气机阻滞导致的疝气、瘕积，是因为失去了通达内外（尝陆）的机制；再借助火力，熨敷消除痈肿，则是针对只有外在表现而无内在根源的情况。至于说它能杀鬼魅精怪之物，是因为其金气刚劲，能雕落不属于同类的事物。
（《神农本草经》列为下品）
【气味】味苦，性寒，有毒。
【主治】主治大腹疝瘕、腹部胀满，面目浮肿，痰饮停留、宿食不化，破除症坚积聚，通利大小便。
【考证】曰：产于中山山谷，只有泰山和江东产的质量好。近来使用京口产的更好，江东产的称为次等。苗叶类似泽漆，在槐树砧板上切碎使用，用生甘草汤以及荠菜自然汁，搅拌浸泡三天，水变成黑色汁液，然后滤出，用东流水淘洗六七次，直到水变清为止。取出晒干，放入陶器中，焙干至酥脆使用。瓜蒂作为引经药，忌与远志同用，反甘草。
【释义】曰：味道极苦，却名叫甘遂，这是《左传》所说的“请接受它并感到甘心快意”。因为它的功效能够顺应（遂）土性的欲望。它作为方剂，作用宏大而急峻；作为药剂，作用是通泄。甘味属中土，只有它能顺应土的欲望。所以对于症坚积聚、疝瘕，以及因痰饮停留、宿食不化导致无法通利水谷道，外溢而成的大腹胀满，以及面目浮肿等症状，都通过通泄的方法，来顺应其欲望。但是其气味苦寒，偏重于以热为病因，如果是寒证就不适宜了。
(Shennong Bencao Jing, Lower Category)
[Flavor and Nature] Acrid, neutral, toxic.
[Indications] Primarily treats edema, hernia, mass accumulation (zhijia), and bi-syndrome. External application with heat can eliminate carbuncles and swellings; it can also dispel demonic spirits and entities.
[Verification] Says: It grows in the valleys of Xianyang. It is also found elsewhere. In spring, shoots emerge, reaching three to four chi in height. The stems are greenish-red and extremely brittle. Branches intersect, and leaves are opposite each other; the leaves resemble ox tongues and are long. In summer and autumn, white flowers bloom in clusters, though some have red flowers. Those with red flowers have red roots, while those with white flowers have white roots. The white-rooted variety is used medicinally; the red-rooted variety is associated with seeing ghosts and is highly toxic. The root resembles a radish; those resembling the human form possess spiritual properties. Erya calls it "Shanglu," Guangya calls it "Mawei," and Zhouyi calls it "Xianlu." For processing, take the roots of the white-flowered variety, scrape off the skin with a copper knife, slice thinly, soak in running water from the east for two nights, remove, layer with black soybean leaves, steam in a steamer from Wu hour to Hai hour, wait until cool, remove the bean leaves, dry in the sun, and chop for use. If black soybean leaves are unavailable, black soybeans may be substituted.
[Interpretation] Says: "Shang" corresponds to the Metal tone, implying knowing the inside from the outside and the outside from the inside. "Lu" refers to high, flat land, the path traveled by the sun, moon, and seasons throughout the year. Heaven has four Lu, and humans have four streets, which are the pathways for Ying-Wei (Defensive and Nutritive Qi) and blood qi circulation. Therefore, Shanglu treats edema caused by fluid retention and hernias/mass accumulations caused by Qi obstruction, because these conditions lose their ability to circulate internally and externally ("Changlu"). Furthermore, using fire heat to fumigate and eliminate external carbuncles addresses cases where there is only an external manifestation without an internal cause. As for killing demonic spirits, this is due to its strong Metal Qi, which carves away and eliminates things that do not belong to its kind.
(Shennong Bencao Jing, Lower Category)
[Flavor and Nature] Bitter, cold, toxic.
[Indications] Primarily treats abdominal masses (difu shanjia), abdominal fullness, facial and ocular edema, retained fluid (liuyin), and old food stagnation. It breaks up hard masses and accumulations, and promotes the free flow of the water and grain passages (bowels).
[Verification] Says: It grows in the valleys of Zhongshan; only those from Mount Tai and Jiangdong are of good quality. Recently, those from Jingkou are considered superior, while those from Jiangdong are rated as secondary. The seedlings resemble Euphorbia lathyris (Zeqi). They are finely chopped on a locust wood chopping block, soaked in decoction of raw Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Gancao) and natural juice of Shepherdia canadensis (Jiqing) for three days. When the water turns black, strain it out, wash seven or eight times with running water from the east until the water is clear. Remove, dry in the sun, store in earthenware vessels, and bake until crisp. Melon tip (Gua Di) serves as the guiding herb. It is incompatible with Polygalae Radix (Yuanzhi) and counteracts Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Gancao).
[Interpretation] Says: Although the flavor is extremely bitter, the name "Gansui" implies "sweetly complying" or "gratifyingly fulfilling," referencing the Zuo Zhuan phrase "accept it and feel satisfied and pleased." This is because its efficacy complies with (sui) the desires of the Earth element. Its formulation is grand and urgent; its action is unblocking and purging. Sweet flavor belongs to Central Earth; only it can comply with the desires of Earth. Therefore, for hard masses, accumulations, hernias, and retained fluids or old food stagnation that fail to promote the free flow of the water and grain passages, leading to overflow causing abdominal distension and facial/ocular edema, all are treated by unblocking and purging, thereby complying with their desires. However, since its flavor and nature are bitter and cold, it is biased towards treating heat as the cause; thus, it is not suitable for cold syndromes.