（本经中品）
予独不喜其胜酒，恐长安少却人瑞。萍氏掌国，水禁使之，稽酒谨酒，不许百姓沉溺，
并不许本官沉溺，萍性胜酒，稽谨乎沉溺乎。
《别录》以之治风，命名追风使。
【气味】辛寒，无毒。
【主治】主暴热身痒，下水气，胜酒，长须发，止消渴。久服轻身。
【核】曰∶生池泽止水中，季春始生，杨花所化也。一叶经宿，即生九叶，叶下微须，
即其根也。面青背紫者，入药最良；面背皆绿者，不堪入药也。七月收采，置竹筛内，下以
水映之，日晒方干。
【 】曰∶谷雨萍始生，杨花入水乃化也，树根水上，一夕九子，尝与水准，故曰萍也。
周官萍氏，掌国水禁，以不沉溺取名，使之稽酒谨酒也。然亦水萍之性能胜酒尔，盖杨先百
木青，秉春升之敷和，萍性善生衍，秉夏出之蕃茂，但以升出为用，不以风火为气者。以基
于水，遂禀水寒之化，且味专辛发，藉金水之相滋，诚逐风清热，解表汗出，通调水道之良
品也。若长须发，即水液之外荣；止消渴，即水气之内周。久服轻身，形相类也。先人评药
云∶轻飘浮浪，风流洒人易生速计者也。然得寒水之化行，何患其不相继乎。
（本经中品）
【气味】辛寒，无毒。
【主治】主寒热，中风，螈 ，惊痫，邪气，除症坚瘀血，留舍肠胃，安五脏，美颜色，
疗
【核】曰∶出汉中、剑南，及丹州、延州、青州、越州、滁州、和州，近以洛阳者为胜。
二月梗上生条，叶似芍药。三月开花，色状善变，其名或以姓，或以州，或以色，或以地，
或旌其所异者而志之。姚黄、牛黄、左华、魏华、以姓着；青州、丹州、延州红，以州着；
细叶、粗叶，寿安、潜溪绯，以地着。一撒红、鹤翎红、朱砂红、玉板白、多叶紫、甘草黄，
以色着；献来红、添色红、九蕊、真珠、鹿胎花、倒晕檀心、莲花萼、一百五、叶底紫，皆
志其异者。姚黄者，千叶黄花，出于民姚氏家，姚氏居白司马坡，其地属河阳，然花不传河
阳，传洛阳，洛阳亦不甚多，一岁不过数朵。牛黄亦千叶，出于民牛氏家，比姚黄差小，宋
真宗祀汾阴还过洛阳，留宴淑景亭，牛氏献此花，名遂着。甘草黄，单叶，色如甘草，洛人
善别花，见其树，知为某花云，独姚黄易识，其叶嚼之不腥，魏家花者，千叶肉红华，出于
魏相仁溥家，始樵者于寿安山中见之，斫以卖魏氏，魏氏池馆甚大。传者云∶此华初出时，
人有欲阅之者。人税十数钱，乃得登舟渡他至花所，魏氏日收十数缗，其后破亡，鬻其园宅
，今普明寺后，林池乃其地，僧耕之以植桑枣，花传民家甚多。人有数其叶者，云至七百叶
。钱思公有云∶人谓牡丹花王，今姚黄真可为王，而魏花乃后也。 红者，单叶深红花，出
青州，亦曰青州红，故张仆射齐贤，有第西京贤相坊，自青州以 驼驮其种，遂传洛中，
其色类腰带 ，故谓之 红。献来红者，花大多叶，浅红花，张仆射罢相居洛阳，人有献此
花者，因曰献来花。添色红者，多叶花，始开而白，经日渐红，至其落，乃类深红，此造化
之尤巧者。鹤翎红者，多叶花，其末白而本肉红，如鸿鹄羽色，细叶，粗叶。寿安者，皆千
叶肉红花，出寿安县，锦屏山中。细叶者尤佳。倒晕檀心者，叶红，凡花近萼色深，至其末
渐浅，此花自外深色，近萼反浅白，而深檀点，其心，此尤可爱。一 红者，多叶浅红花，
叶杪深红一点，如人以手指 之。九蕊真珠红者，千叶红花，叶上有一白点如珠密，其叶蹙
，其蕊为九丛。一百五者，多叶白花，洛阳花，以谷雨为开候，而此花尝至一百五日开最先
也。丹州、延州花，皆千叶红花，不知其至洛之因，莲花萼，红花青斧，三重如莲花萼。左
花者，千叶紫花，出齐民左氏家，叶密而齐如截，亦谓之平头紫；朱砂红者，多叶红花，不
知其所出，有民闻氏子者，善接花以为生，买地于崇真寺前，治花圃，有此花，洛阳豪家尚
未有，故其名未甚着，花叶甚鲜，向日视之如猩血，叶底紫，千叶紫花，色如墨，亦谓之墨
紫，花在丛中，旁心生一大枝，引叶覆其上，其开也，比他花可延十日之久。噫，造物者亦
惜之耶。此花之出，比他花最远。传云∶唐中宗有宦官，为观军容使者，花出其家，亦谓之
军容紫，岁久失其姓氏矣。玉板白者，单叶，长如拍板之状，色如玉，深檀心，洛阳人家亦
少有。潜溪绯者，千叶绯花，出于潜溪寺，寺在龙门山后，本唐相李藩别墅，今寺中亦无此
花，而人家或有之，本是紫花，忽于丛中特出绯者，不过一二朵，明年移在他枝，洛阳人谓
之转枝花，故其接头尤难得。鹿胎花者，多叶紫花，有白点如鹿胎之纹，故苏相禹 宅今有
之，多叶紫，不知其所出，初姚黄未出时，牛黄为第一，牛黄未出时，魏花为第一，魏花未
出时，左花为第一，左花之前，惟有苏家红、贺家红、林家红三类，皆单叶花，当时为第一，
自多叶花千瓣出后，此花黜矣。今人不复种也，别有状元红、胭脂楼、醉西施、御楼春、寿
阳红、瑞霞蝉、洒金红、腻玉红、迎日红、七宝冠、石家红、凤头娇、绣球红、赤玉盘、海
云红、火焰奴、百叶仙人、娇容三变。曰朱，曰品之以红着者。紫则又有御衣紫、朝天紫、
舞青猊、紫绣球、葛衣紫、淡藕丝、紫云芳、紫姑仙之类。若雪夫人、月宫花、玉芙蓉、万
卷书、无瑕玉、水晶球、粉奴香、合德装。又白中之翘楚，而佛头青，则先绿后白者矣。又
黄之最艳者，如黄绒铺锦、大素、小素、禁苑、庆云、界金楼、小黄娇、软条黄、缕金黄、
欧家碧、种种名相，难以尽述，总属希世之珍，玄工之幻也。牡丹之名，初不载有文本，唯
以药录本草。然于花中不为高第，大都丹延以西，及褒斜道中尤多，与荆棘无异。土人皆取
以为薪，自唐则天以后，洛阳牡丹始盛，然未闻以名著者，如沈宋元白之流，皆善咏花草，
当时有一华之盛者，彼必形于篇咏，而寂无传焉。惟刘梦得有咏鱼朝恩宅牡丹诗，但云一从
千万朵而已，亦不云其美且异也。谢灵运言永嘉竹间水际多牡丹，今越花亦不及洛阳甚远，
是洛阳自古未有若今之盛也。而洛阳之俗，大抵好花，春时城中无贵贱皆插花，虽负担者亦
然。花开时，士庶兢为游遨，往往于古寺废宅，有池台处，为市井张幄布 ，笙歌之声，相
闻最盛者。月坡堤、张家园、棠棣坊、长寿寺、东街，与郭令宅，花落乃罢。盖花之美，在
朝露夕霞，清风明月，华情恬适，色神始艳，或烟雨雾笼，灯火掩映，更增容冶，若日午闹
喧，糟场膻会，此花罹困穷，转添憔悴，及其盛时，每多风妒，亦造化之所忌也。从来洛阳
至东京六驿，旧不进花，自徐州李相迪，为留守时，始进御。岁遣衙校乘驿马，一日一夜至
京师，所进不过姚黄、魏黄三数朵，以菜叶实竹笼子，藉覆之使马上不动摇，用蜡封花蒂，
乃数日不落。大抵洛人家家有花，而少大树者，盖其花不接则不佳尔。春初时洛人，于寿安
山中，斫小栽子，卖城市间，谓之山篦子。人家治地，为畦塍种之，至秋乃接；接花工尤着
者，谓之门园子，豪家无不邀之。姚黄一接头，直钱五千，秋时立契买之，至春见花，始归
其直，洛人甚惜，此花不欲传，有权贵求其接头者，或以汤中蘸杀与之。魏花初出时，接头
亦直钱三千，今尚直一千，接时须用社后重阳前，过此不堪矣。花之木，去地五七寸许，截
之乃接，以泥封裹，用软土拥之，以箬叶作庵子罩之，不令见日雨，惟南向留一小户以达气，
至春乃去其覆，此接花之法也。花种必择善地，尽去旧土，以细泥用白敛末和之。盖牡丹根
甜，多引虫食，白敛能杀虫，此种花之法也。浇花亦自有时，或用日未出时，或日出时。九
月旬日一浇，十月、十一月，三日、二日一浇。正月，间日一浇。二月，一日一浇，此浇花
之法也。一本发数朵者，择其小者去之，只留一二朵，谓之打剥，惧分其脉也。花才落，便
剪其枝，勿令结子，惧其易老也。春初既去箬庵，便以棘数枝，置花丛上，棘气暖，可以辟
霜雹，不损花芽，他大树亦然，此养花之法也。花开渐小于旧者，盖有蛊虫损之，必寻其穴，
以硫黄簪之。其旁又有小穴如铁孔，乃虫所藏处，花工谓之气窗，以大针点硫黄末针之，虫
乃死。虫死花复盛，此医花之法也。乌贼鱼骨，以针花树，入其肤，花辄死，此花之忌也。
入药以山产红花单叶之根皮为贵，盖专精于花者，则力不足于根之皮矣。修事，用铜刀劈破，
去骨，锉如大豆，好酒拌蒸，从巳至未，日干用。畏贝母、大黄、菟丝子。忌蒜、胡荽。伏
砒。
【 】曰∶牡，门户枢。丹，英华色也。取象与色，当入足少阳厥阴。以少阳经主枢，
府主决断，厥阴肝主色，主筋，主藏魂，主藏血，主谋虑故也。牡丹精胜者色，辛发者味，
宣气散生者性，合鼓吾身风大，以全木德者也。故主中风寒热，螈 惊痫，痈肿疮疡，谓外
来风气使然亦可。谓吾身风大不及亦可。症坚瘀血，留舍肠胃，固肝主藏血，坚瘀留碍，则
非所应藏物矣。所当决而断之，安五脏，美颜色，十一脏皆取决于胆，安而后能虑，枢机其
神乎。
（花名补阙）（天香白眉、碧玉点翠、焦白、焚香拱璧、阆苑仙姿、玉蟾、天香湛露、
冰轮乍涌、玉蓝、天香玉液、丽水金丹、胜琼、玲珑玉、金蛾舞翠、荆璞、玉龙鳞、月娥舞
袖、和璧、黄金堆玉、海月辉天、淑素、玉砌琼卮、玉灿银光、璩素、飞琼喷玉、玉兔凌春、
金玉奇逢、瑶池玉露、玉轮星月双辉、玉露含香、冰轮、月轮、苎萝白、蓝田玉、金缨白
、瑞凤楼、琼瑶对燕、连城玉、建白、淡云笼月、松绫白、素魁、金玉交章、鹅绒白、冰山、
金玉交辉、瑶台露、雪塔、软玉、玉珍珠立、金茎露、彩玉、秋水神、栗玉香、露华、嫦娥
坠、金菊黄、抒素、和玉香、潇湘月、金丸、玉生香、真如玉、玺凝辉、雪剪绒、宛若玉、
寒潭月影、玉胜妆、玉盘珠、韩家红、笑微微、乌衣玄奇、龙翔凤舞、金谷毓秀、千娇百媚、
名世红轮、红
（《神农本草经》列为中品）
我唯独不喜欢它胜过酒力，恐怕会让长安城减少一些“人瑞”（指能克制欲望、保持清醒的贤人）。古代萍氏掌管国家的水域禁令，通过禁止沉溺来稽查和谨慎对待饮酒，不允许百姓沉溺于酒，也不允许官员沉溺于酒。因为浮萍的性质能够胜酒，所以稽查和谨慎的重点在于防止沉溺。
《名医别录》记载用它来治疗风疾，因此给它起名叫“追风使”。
【气味】辛，寒，无毒。
【主治】主治突然发热且身体瘙痒，利水下气，解酒毒，促进胡须头发生长，止消渴症。长期服用可使身体轻盈。
【考证】曰：浮萍生长在池塘沼泽静止的水中，季春时节开始生长，是由杨花落入水中变化而成的。一片叶子经过一夜，就会生出九片叶子，叶下微小的须状物就是它的根。叶面青色、叶背紫色的，入药效果最好；叶面和叶背都是绿色的，不适合入药。七月采收，放在竹筛里，下面用水映照，在太阳下晒至干燥。
【注释】曰：谷雨节气时浮萍开始生长，杨花落入水中便化生为萍。树根在水面上，一夜之间生出九个子体，曾经与水平齐，所以叫作“萍”。周礼中的萍氏，掌管国家的水域禁令，以不沉溺为名，让他稽查和谨慎对待饮酒。然而这也是水萍这种性能能够胜酒的原因。大概杨树在百木之先变青，秉承春天升发敷和之气，浮萍性质善于繁衍，秉承夏天繁茂之气，只是以升发外达为作用，不以风火为气机。因为它基于水，于是禀受了水寒的转化，而且味道专主辛散，借助金水相互滋生，确实是驱逐风邪、清热、解表发汗、通调水道的良品。至于促进胡须头发生长，就是水液在外部的荣华表现；止消渴，就是水气在内部的循环运行。长期服用身体轻盈，是因为形体相似相感。先人评价药物说：浮萍轻飘浮浪，风流潇洒的人容易迅速产生算计之心。然而如果得到寒水的化行作用，何必担心不能相继呢。
（《神农本草经》列为中品）
【气味】辛，寒，无毒。
【主治】主治寒热往来，中风，抽搐，惊痫，邪气，消除癥坚瘀血，清除停留在肠胃的积滞，安五脏，美容色，治疗……（原文此处有缺漏）
【考证】曰：产于汉中、剑南，以及丹州、延州、青州、越州、滁州、和州，近来以洛阳产的最为优良。二月茎上长出枝条，叶子像芍药叶。三月开花，颜色和形状变化多端，名字有的以姓氏命名，有的以州名命名，有的以颜色命名，有的以产地命名，有的是表彰其特异之处而记录。姚黄、牛黄、左华、魏华，以姓氏著名；青州、丹州、延州红，以州名著名；细叶、粗叶，寿安、潜溪绯，以地名著名。一撒红、鹤翎红、朱砂红、玉板白、多叶紫、甘草黄，以颜色著名；献来红、添色红、九蕊、真珠、鹿胎花、倒晕檀心、莲花萼、一百五、叶底紫，都是记录其特异之处。姚黄，是千层花瓣的黄花，出自民间姚氏家，姚氏居住在白司马坡，该地属于河阳，但花没有在河阳流传，而是传到了洛阳，洛阳也不多，一年不过几朵。牛黄也是千层花瓣，出自民间牛氏家，比姚黄稍小，宋真宗祭祀汾阴回来经过洛阳，留在淑景亭宴请，牛氏献上此花，名声于是显著。甘草黄，单瓣，颜色像甘草，洛阳人擅长辨别花，看到树就知道是什么花，只有姚黄容易识别，咀嚼它的叶子没有腥味。魏家花，是千层花瓣的肉红色花，出自宰相仁溥家的魏氏，最初是樵夫在寿安山中见到的，砍下来卖给魏氏，魏氏的池馆非常大。传说这花刚出现时，有人想观赏，每人收十几文钱，才能登船渡河到花处，魏氏每天收入十几贯钱，后来魏氏破败灭亡，出售了园宅，现在普明寺后，树林水池就是那块地，僧人耕种用来植桑枣，花传到民间很多。有人数过它的叶子，说多达七百片。钱思公曾说：人们称牡丹为花王，如今姚黄真正可以称王，而魏花则是后妃。红者，单瓣深红花，出自青州，也叫青州红，所以张仆射齐贤，在西京贤相坊有宅第，从青州用骆驼驮运它的种子，于是传到洛阳，它的颜色像腰带，所以叫作……红（原文此处有缺漏）。献来红，花大多瓣，浅红花，张仆射罢相居住在洛阳，有人献上此花，因此叫献来花。添色红，多瓣花，刚开时是白色，经过几天变红，等到凋落时，就像深红色，这是造化特别巧妙的。鹤翎红，多瓣花，末端白色基部肉红色，像鸿鹄羽毛的颜色，细叶、粗叶。寿安，都是千层花瓣肉红花，出自寿安县锦屏山。细叶的尤其好。倒晕檀心，叶子红，一般花靠近花萼颜色深，到末端渐浅，这朵花从外部深色，靠近花萼反而浅白，而中心有深檀色斑点，这尤其可爱。一……红（原文此处有缺漏），多瓣浅红花，叶尖有一点深红，像人用手指点它。九蕊真珠红，千瓣红花，叶上有一个白点像珍珠一样密集，叶子皱缩，花蕊分为九丛。一百五，多瓣白花，洛阳花，以谷雨为开花候期，而这花常常到一百零五天开得最早。丹州、延州的花，都是千瓣红花，不知道它们传到洛阳的原因。莲花萼，红花青斧，三重像莲花萼。左花，千瓣紫花，出自齐民左氏家，叶子密而整齐像截断一样，也叫平头紫；朱砂红，多瓣红花，不知道出处，有民间闻氏的儿子，擅长嫁接花以此为生，在崇真寺前买地，整治花圃，有此花，洛阳豪家还没有，所以名字不是很著名，花叶很鲜艳，对着太阳看像猩血。叶底紫，千瓣紫花，颜色像墨，也叫墨紫，花在丛中，旁边心生出一大枝，覆盖叶子在上面，它开放时，比其他花能延长十天之久。唉，造物者也爱惜它吗？这花的出现，比其他花最晚。传说：唐中宗时有宦官，担任观军容使者，花出自他家，也叫军容紫，年代久远失去了姓氏。玉板白，单瓣，长如拍板形状，颜色如玉，深檀色花心，洛阳人家也少有。潜溪绯，千瓣绯花，出自潜溪寺，寺在龙门山后，本是唐代宰相李藩的别墅，现在寺中也没有这花，而人家可能有，本来是紫花，忽然在丛中特别长出绯色的，不过一两朵，明年移到其他枝条，洛阳人叫它转枝花，所以它的接穗特别难得。鹿胎花，多瓣紫花，有白点像鹿胎的纹路，所以苏相禹……宅（原文此处有缺漏）现在还有。多瓣紫，不知道出处，当初姚黄未出现时，牛黄排第一，牛黄未出现时，魏花排第一，魏花未出现时，左花排第一，左花之前，只有苏家红、贺家红、林家红三类，都是单瓣花，当时排第一，自从多瓣花千瓣出后，这些花就被贬黜了。现在人不再种植了。另有状元红、胭脂楼、醉西施、御楼春、寿阳红、瑞霞蝉、洒金红、腻玉红、迎日红、七宝冠、石家红、凤头娇、绣球红、赤玉盘、海云红、火焰奴、百叶仙人、娇容三变。称为朱，称为品之以红著名的。紫色则有御衣紫、朝天紫、舞青猊、紫绣球、葛衣紫、淡藕丝、紫云芳、紫姑仙之类。若雪夫人、月宫花、玉芙蓉、万卷书、无瑕玉、水晶球、粉奴香、合德装。又是白色中的佼佼者，而佛头青，则是先绿后白的了。又黄色中最艳丽的，如黄绒铺锦、大素、小素、禁苑、庆云、界金楼、小黄娇、软条黄、缕金黄、欧家碧，种种名相，难以尽述，总属世间罕见的珍宝，玄妙工匠的幻术。牡丹的名字，起初并没有记载在文本中，只在药录本草中提到。然而在花中不算高等，大多在丹延以西，以及褒斜道中特别多，与荆棘无异。当地人把它当作柴火，自从唐则天以后，洛阳牡丹才开始兴盛，然而没听说以名字著名的，如沈宋元白这些人，都擅长咏花草，当时有一花盛开的盛况，他们必定写在诗篇中，却寂静无传。只有刘梦得有咏鱼朝恩宅牡丹诗，只说自从千万朵而已，也不说它美且异。谢灵运说永嘉竹间水际多牡丹，现在的越地花也比不上洛阳远甚，是洛阳自古以来没有像现在这样盛行的。而洛阳的风俗，大体喜好花，春天时城中无论贵贱都插花，即使是挑担的人也如此。花开时，士庶竞相游玩，往往在古寺废宅，有池台的地方，为市井搭起帐篷布幔，笙歌之声，互相听闻，最盛行的是月坡堤、张家园、棠棣坊、长寿寺、东街，与郭令宅，花落才停止。大概花的美，在于朝露夕霞，清风明月，花情恬适，色神始艳丽，或者烟雨雾笼，灯火掩映，更增加容貌艳丽，如果日午喧闹，糟场膻会，这花遭受困穷，转而增添憔悴，等到它盛开时，多有风妒忌，也是造化所忌讳的。从来洛阳到东京六驿站，旧时不进贡花，自从徐州李相迪，担任留守时，才开始进贡。每年派遣衙校乘驿马，一天一夜到达京师，所进的不过姚黄、魏黄三几朵，用菜叶塞满竹笼子，垫覆它使马上不摇动，用蜡封住花蒂，才几天不落。大概洛阳人家家家有花，而少有大树的，大概花不嫁接就不好。春初时洛阳人，在寿安山中，砍小苗，卖到城市间，叫作山篦子。人家整理土地，做畦垄种植，到秋天嫁接；嫁接花工特别有名的，叫作门园子，豪家无不邀请他。姚黄一个接穗，值五千钱，秋天立契购买，到春天见花，才付给钱，洛阳人很珍惜，这花不想传播，有权贵求取接穗的，有的人把汤中蘸杀了给它。魏花刚出现时，接穗也值三千钱，现在还值一千，嫁接时必须用社日后重阳日前，过了这个时间就不行了。花的木头，离地五七寸左右，截断然后嫁接，用泥封裹，用软土拥护它，用箬叶做庵子罩住它，不让见到日雨，只向南留一个小口以通气，到春天才去掉覆盖，这就是嫁接花的方法。花种必须选择好地，完全去掉旧土，用细泥和白敛末混合。大概牡丹根甜，多引来虫子吃，白敛能杀虫，这就是种花的方法。浇花也有时候，或者用日出前，或者用日出时。九月旬日浇一次，十月、十一月，三日、二日浇一次。正月，隔天浇一次。二月，一日浇一次，这就是浇花的方法。一株发多朵的，选择小的去掉，只留一二朵，叫作打剥，害怕分散它的脉络。花刚落，就剪去枝条，不让结子，害怕它容易老。春初既去掉箬庵，就用棘刺几枝，放在花丛上，棘气暖，可以辟霜雹，不损伤花芽，其他大树也一样，这就是养花的方法。花开逐渐小于旧的，大概有蛊虫损害它，必须寻找它的洞穴，用硫黄簪入。旁边又有小穴像铁孔，是虫子藏身处，花工叫它气窗，用大针点硫黄末针刺它，虫子才死。虫死花复盛，这就是医花的方法。乌贼鱼骨，用针刺花树，进入其皮肤，花就死，这是花的禁忌。入药用山产红花单叶的根皮为贵重，大概专精于花的人，那么力量不足于根的皮了。修治，用铜刀劈破，去掉骨，锉如大豆，好酒拌蒸，从巳时至未时，晒干使用。畏贝母、大黄、菟丝子。忌蒜、胡荽。伏砒。
【注释】曰：牡，是门户的枢轴。丹，是英华的颜色。取象与色，应当入足少阳厥阴经。因为少阳经主枢，腑主决断，厥阴肝主色，主筋，主藏魂，主藏血，主谋虑的缘故。牡丹精胜的是颜色，辛发的是味道，宣气散生的是性质，合鼓我们身体的风大，以保全木德的缘故。所以主治中风寒热，抽搐惊痫，痈肿疮疡，说是外来风气导致也可以。说是我们身体风大不及也可以。癥坚瘀血，停留在肠胃，固然是肝主藏血，坚瘀停留阻碍，就不是应该藏的物品了。应当决断它，安五脏，美容色，十一脏都取决于胆，安而后能虑，枢机大概是它的精神吧。
（花名补阙）（天香白眉、碧玉点翠、焦白、焚香拱璧、阆苑仙姿、玉蟾、天香湛露、冰轮乍涌、玉蓝、天香玉液、丽水金丹、胜琼、玲珑玉、金蛾舞翠、荆璞、玉龙鳞、月娥舞袖、和璧、黄金堆玉、海月辉天、淑素、玉砌琼卮、玉灿银光、璩素、飞琼喷玉、玉兔凌春、金玉奇逢、瑶池玉露、玉轮星月双辉、玉露含香、冰轮、月轮、苎萝白、蓝田玉、金缨白、瑞凤楼、琼瑶对燕、连城玉、建白、淡云笼月、松绫白、素魁、金玉交章、鹅绒白、冰山、金玉交辉、瑶台露、雪塔、软玉、玉珍珠立、金茎露、彩玉、秋水神、栗玉香、露华、嫦娥坠、金菊黄、抒素、和玉香、潇湘月、金丸、玉生香、真如玉、玺凝辉、雪剪绒、宛若玉、寒潭月影、玉胜妆、玉盘珠、韩家红、笑微微、乌衣玄奇、龙翔凤舞、金谷毓秀、千娇百媚、名世红轮、红）
(Middle Category in the *Shennong Bencao Jing*)
I alone do not like its ability to overcome alcohol, fearing it might reduce the number of "human exemplars" (virtuous people who maintain clarity and self-control) in Chang'an. In ancient times, the Ping Shi (Official in charge of water regulations) managed national water prohibitions, using bans on drowning/submersion to inspect and exercise caution regarding drinking. He did not allow commoners to become intoxicated, nor did he allow officials to become intoxicated. Because the nature of duckweed can overcome alcohol, the focus of inspection and caution lies in preventing submersion/intoxication.
The *Bielu* records its use in treating wind disorders, hence naming it "Zhui Feng Shi" (Wind-Chasing Envoy).
[Flavor and Nature] Pungent, Cold, Non-toxic.
[Indications] Primarily treats sudden fever with body itching, promotes urination and descends Qi, overcomes alcohol toxicity, promotes the growth of beard and hair, and stops Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst syndrome). Long-term consumption makes the body feel light.
[Verification] It is stated that: Duckweed grows in the still waters of ponds and marshes, beginning to grow in late spring, transformed from willow catkins falling into the water. One leaf, after passing one night, generates nine leaves; the minute rootlets beneath the leaf are its roots. Those with a green upper surface and purple lower surface are best for medicinal use; those with both surfaces green are unsuitable for medicinal use. Harvested in July, placed in bamboo sieves, reflected by water below, and dried in the sun.
[Commentary] It is said: At the Guyu solar term, duckweed begins to grow; willow catkins enter the water and transform into it. The tree roots are above the water, generating nine offspring in one night, once level with the water, hence called "Ping" (duckweed). The Ping Shi in the *Rites of Zhou* managed national water prohibitions, taking the name from non-submersion, instructing him to inspect and be cautious about drinking. However, this is also due to the nature of aquatic duckweed being able to overcome alcohol. Generally, the willow turns green before other trees, embodying the spreading and harmonizing energy of spring's ascent. Duckweed has a nature good at proliferation, embodying the luxuriant growth of summer's emergence, but uses only ascending and emerging functions, not relying on wind and fire as Qi. Based on water, it inherits the transformation of water coldness, and its flavor is specifically pungent and dispersing, benefiting from the mutual nourishment of Metal and Water. It is indeed an excellent product for expelling wind, clearing heat, releasing the exterior through sweating, and regulating water passages. As for promoting beard and hair growth, this is the external flourishing of fluid essence; stopping wasting-thirst is the internal circulation of water Qi. Long-term consumption leads to a light body due to the similarity in form. An ancestor commented on drugs: "Light, floating, and frivolous, those with a romantic and unrestrained temperament may easily develop hasty calculations." However, if acted upon by the transformation of cold water, why worry about lack of continuity?
(Middle Category in the *Shennong Bencao Jing*)
[Flavor and Nature] Pungent, Cold, Non-toxic.
[Indications] Treats alternating chills and fever, wind-stroke, convulsions, fright and epilepsy, pathogenic factors, eliminates fixed masses and blood stasis, clears stagnation remaining in the stomach and intestines, calms the Five Zang organs, beautifies complexion, and treats... [Text missing here].
[Verification] It is stated that: Produced in Hanzhong, Jiannan, and Danzhou, Yanzhou, Qingzhou, Yuezhou, Chuzhou, and Hezhou. Recently, those from Luoyang are considered superior. In February, branches grow on the stems, leaves resemble those of Peony (*Paeonia lactiflora*). Flowers bloom in March, with colors and shapes varying greatly. Names are derived from surnames, place names, colors, or locations, or record their unique characteristics. Yao Huang (Yellow Yao), Niu Huang (Yellow Cattle), Zuo Hua (Left Flower), Wei Hua (Wei Flower) are famous by surname; Qingzhou Red, Danzhou Red, Yanzhou Red are famous by place; Fine Leaf, Coarse Leaf, Shou'an, Qianxi Crimson are famous by location. Yi Sa Hong (One-Splash Red), Heling Hong (Crane Feather Red), Zhusha Hong (Cinnabar Red), Yuban Bai (Jade Board White), Duo Ye Zi (Many-Petal Purple), Gancao Huang (Licorice Yellow) are famous by color; Xianlai Hong (Presented Red), Tiansai Hong (Added Color Red), Jiu Rui (Nine Stamen), Zhenzhu (Pearl), Lutai Hua (Deer Fetus Flower), Daoyun Tanxin (Reverse Halo Sandalwood Heart), Lianhua E (Lotus Sepal), Yibaiwu (One Hundred Five), Yedi Zi (Leaf Bottom Purple) all record their uniqueness. Yao Huang is a multi-petaled yellow flower originating from the Yao family in Minyan. The Yao family resided at Baisima Po, belonging to Heyang, but the flower did not spread in Heyang, rather to Luoyang. It is rare even in Luoyang, yielding only a few blooms per year. Niu Huang is also multi-petaled, originating from the Niu family, slightly smaller than Yao Huang. Emperor Zhenzong of Song, returning from sacrifices at Fen Yin, passed Luoyang and stayed for a banquet at Shujing Pavilion, where the Niu family presented this flower, making it famous. Gancao Huang is single-petaled, colored like licorice. Luoyang people are skilled at identifying flowers; seeing the tree, they know the variety. Only Yao Huang is easy to identify; chewing its leaves yields no fishy taste. Wei Family Flower is a multi-petaled fleshy-red flower originating from the residence of Chancellor Ren Pu of the Wei family. Initially seen by a woodcutter in Mount Shou'an, sold to the Wei family, whose gardens were vast. Legend says when this flower first appeared, visitors paid a fee to cross a boat to see it, earning the Wei family significant daily income. Later, the Wei family declined and sold their estate, now behind Puming Temple, where monks farm mulberry and jujube. The flower spread widely among commoners. Some counted up to 700 leaves. Qian Sigong said: "People call Peony the King of Flowers; now Yao Huang truly deserves the title, while Wei Flower is the Queen." Crimson type: Single-petaled deep red, from Qingzhou, also called Qingzhou Red. Zhang Puyue Qixian had a mansion in Xianxiang Fang, West Capital, transporting seeds via camel from Qingzhou, spreading it to Luoyang. Its color resembles a belt, hence called ... Red (Text missing). Xianlai Hong: Large, multi-petaled, pale red. Presented to Zhang Puyue after his dismissal in Luoyang, hence named. Tiansai Hong: Multi-petaled, white when opening, turning red over days, deep red when fading; a marvel of creation. Heling Hong: Multi-petaled, white tips, fleshy-red base, resembling crane feathers. Shou'an: All multi-petaled fleshy-red, from Shou'an County, Jinping Mountain. Fine-leaf varieties are best. Daoyun Tanxin: Leaves red; usually flowers deepen near sepals and lighten at tips, but this flower is dark externally, light near sepals, with dark sandalwood spots in the center; particularly lovely. ... Red (Text missing): Multi-petaled pale red, with a deep red dot at the leaf tip, like a finger mark. Jiurui Zhenzhu Hong: Thousand-petaled red, with dense white pearl-like dots on leaves, crinkled leaves, nine clusters of stamens. Yibaiwu: Multi-petaled white, Luoyang variety, blooming earliest around day 105. Danzhou and Yanzhou flowers are thousand-petaled red; origin of their spread to Luoyan unknown. Lianhua E: Red with green sepals, triple-layered like lotus calyx. Zuo Flower: Thousand-petaled purple, from Qi Min Zuo family, leaves dense and neat, also called Pingtou Zi. Zhusha Hong: Multi-petaled red, origin unknown. A man named Wen, son of a commoner, skilled in grafting, bought land before Chozhen Temple, cultivated this flower. Luoyang nobles lacked it, so it was not very famous. Flowers and leaves are fresh, looking like scarlet blood in sunlight. Yedi Zi: Thousand-petaled purple, ink-black, also called Mozi. Grows in clumps, producing a large branch covering leaves; blooms last ten days longer than others. Alas, does Creation cherish it? This flower appears latest. Legend: During Tang Zhongzong's reign, a eunuch serving as Military Observer possessed this flower, also called Junrong Zi; lineage lost over time. Yuban Bai: Single-petaled, paddle-shaped, jade-colored, dark sandalwood heart, rare in Luoyang homes. Qianxi Fei: Thousand-petaled crimson, from Qianxi Temple behind Longmen Mountain, formerly Li Fan's villa. Temple lacks it, but private homes have it. Originally purple, suddenly produced one or two crimson blooms in a cluster, moving to other branches next year. Luoyang calls it "Turning Branch Flower"; grafts are hard to find. Lutai Hua: Multi-petaled purple with white deer-fetus-like patterns, found in Chancellor Su Yu's residence. Multi-petaled purple, origin unknown. Before Yao Huang, Niu Huang was first; before Niu Huang, Wei Flower was first; before Wei Flower, Zuo Flower was first. Before Zuo Flower, only Su Family Red, He Family Red, Lin Family Red (all single-petaled) were first. After multi-petaled varieties emerged, these were demoted and no longer planted. Others include Zhuangyuan Hong, Yanzhi Lou, Zuixishi, Yulou Chun, Shouyang Hong, Ruixia Chan, Sajin Hong, Niyu Hong, Yingri Hong, Qibao Guan, Shijia Hong, Fengtoujiao, Xiuqiu Hong, Chiyupan, Haiyun Hong, Huoyannu, Baiye Xianren, Jiarong Sanbian. Named Zhu (Vermilion), noted for red. Purples include Yuyi Zi, Chaotian Zi, Wuqingni, Zixiuqiu, Ge Yi Zi, Dan'ousi, Ziyunfang, Ziguxian. Whites include Xue Furen, Yuegong Hua, Yuronghua, Wanjuanshu, Wuxia Yu, Shuijingqiu, Fenuxiang, He De Zhuang. Among whites, top varieties include Fotou Qing (green then white). Yellows include Huangrong Pujin, Dasu, Xiaosu, Jinyuan, Qingyun, Jiejing Lou, Xiaohuangjiao, Runtiao Huang, Lüjin Huang, Oujiabi. Countless names, hard to list, all rare treasures and artisan illusions. Peony names were not recorded in texts initially, only in pharmacopoeias. Not highly ranked among flowers, abundant west of Danyan and in Baoxie Road, indistinguishable from thorns. Locals used them as firewood. Since Empress Wu Zetian, Luoyang peonies flourished, though none became famous in literature. Shen, Song, Yuan, Bai wrote of flowers, but no specific peony fame was recorded. Liu Mengde wrote of Yu Chao'en's peonies, mentioning "thousands of blooms" but not their beauty. Xie Lingyun said Yongyou had many peonies, but Yue flowers are far inferior to Luoyang ones. Luoyang custom loves flowers; all insert them in spring, even laborers. During bloom, scholars and commoners tour ancient temples and ruins with pools, setting up tents and music. Most popular spots: Yuepo Di, Zhangjiayuan, Tangdi Fang, Changshou Si, East Street, Guo Ling Zhai. Blooms end tours. Flower beauty lies in morning dew, evening clouds, clear wind, bright moon; tranquility enhances color. Mist and lanterns add allure. Noise and filth cause drooping. Wind jealousy harms peak bloom, a taboo of Creation. From Luoyang to Tokyo (Kaifeng), six stations, previously no tribute. Started under Li Di, Prefect of Xuzhou. Officials rode fast horses, arriving in one day/night. Tribute limited to Yao Huang and Wei Huang, a few blooms, packed in bamboo baskets with vegetable leaves, wax-sealed stems to prevent falling. Luoyang homes have flowers but few large trees; grafting improves quality. Early spring, small cuttings ("Shanbi") sold in cities. Planted in beds, grafted in autumn. Expert grafters ("Men Yuanzi") hired by nobles. Yao Huang graft costs 5000 coins, paid in spring after blooming. Luoyang cherishes this flower; some kill grafts to deny power seekers. Wei Flower graft cost 3000 coins, now 1000. Grafting done between She Festival and Double Ninth Festival. Wood cut 5-7 cun above ground, grafted, mud-sealed, soft soil mounded, covered with bamboo leaves to exclude sun/rain, south vent left open. Removed in spring. Soil must be fine, mixed with *Bai Lian* powder to deter insects attracted to sweet roots. Watering schedule varies by month. Pinch excess buds ("Dabo") to preserve vitality. Prune after bloom to prevent seed set and aging. Thorn branches protect against frost/hail. Sulfur inserted into holes to kill worms ("Yi Hua"). Cuttlefish bone kills flowers ("Hua Zhi"). Medicinal use prefers root bark of wild single-petaled red peony. Process with copper knife, slice, steam with wine, dry. Adversely affected by *Bei Mu*, *Da Huang*, *Tusi Zi*. Avoid garlic, *Husui*. Counteracts arsenic.
[Commentary] "Mu" refers to the pivot of a door. "Dan" refers to the color of brilliance. Corresponding to images and colors, it enters the Foot Shaoyang and Jueyin meridians. Shaoyang governs the pivot and decision-making; Jueyin Liver governs color, sinews, stores Hun (Ethereal Soul), stores Blood, and plans. Peony excels in color, pungency disperses, nature promotes Qi flow and generation, resonating with Wind element to complete Wood virtue. Thus it treats wind-stroke chills/fever, convulsions, epilepsy, sores, ulcers—either from external wind pathogens or internal Wind deficiency. Fixed masses and blood stasis in intestines/stomach relate to Liver storing Blood; obstruction prevents proper storage, requiring resolution. Calming Five Zang and beautifying complexion relates to Gallbladder's decision-making; peace allows contemplation; the pivot is its spirit.
(Addendum to Flower Names) (Tianxiang Baimei, Biyu Diancui, Jiaobai, Fenxiang Gongbi, Langyuan Xianzi, Yuchan, Tianxiang Zhanlu, Binglun Zhayong, Yulan, Tianxiang Yuye, Lishui Jindan, Shengqiong, Linglong Yu, Jin'e Wucui, Jingpu, Yulong Lin, Yue'e Wuxiu, Hebi, Huangjin Duiyu, Haiyue Huitian, Shusu, Yuqi Qiong Zhi, Yucan Yinguang, Qusu, Feiqiong Penyu, Yutu Lingchun, Jinyu Qifeng, Yaochi Yulu, Yulun Xingyue Shuanghui, Yulu Hanxiang, Binglun, Yuelun, Zhuluo Bai, Lantian Yu, Jinying Bai, Ruifeng Lou, Qiongyao Duiyan, Liancheng Yu, Jianbai, Danyun Longyue, Songling Bai, Sukui, Jinyu Jiaozhang, Erong Bai, Bingshan, Jinyu Jiaohui, Yaotai Lu, Xueta, Ruyu, Yuzhuzhen Li, Jinjing Lu, Caiyu, Qiushui Shen, Liyu Xiang, Luhua, Chang'e Zhui, Jinju Huang, Shusu, Heyu Xiang, Xiaoxiang Yue, Jinwan, Yushengxiang, Zhenruyu, Xi Ninghui, Xuejianrong, Wanruoyu, Hantan Yueying, Yusheng Zhuang, Yupan Zhu, Hanjia Hong, Xiaoweimei, Wuyi Xuanqi, Longxiang Fengwu, Jinggu Yuxiu, Qianjiao Baimei, Mingshi Honglun, Hong)