\r栝蒌\ph156.bmp\r，生洪农山谷及山阴也，今所在有之。实名黄瓜，《诗》所谓果裸
之实是也。根亦名白
药，皮黄肉白；三、四月内生苗，引藤蔓。叶如甜瓜叶作义，有细毛；七月开花，似葫芦花
，浅黄色；实在花下，大如拳，生青，至九月熟，赤黄色。二月、八月采根，刮去皮，
曝干，三十日成。其实有正圆者，有锐而长者，功用皆同。其根惟岁久入土深者佳。卤地生
者有毒。谨按栝蒌，主消渴。古方亦单用之。孙思邈作粉法∶深掘大根，浓削皮至白处，寸
切之，水浸，一日一易，水经五日，取出烂捣，研，以绢袋盛之，澄滤，令极细如粉，去水
，服方寸匕，日三、四服，亦可作粉粥乳酪中食之。并宜卒患胸痹痛，取大实一枚，切，薤
白半升，以白酒七升，煮取二升，分再服。一方加半夏四两，汤洗去滑，同煮服更善。又唐
·崔元亮疗箭镞不出，捣根敷疮，日三易，自出。又疗时疾发黄，心狂烦热闷，不认人者。
取大实一枚，黄者，以新汲水九合，浸淘，取汁，下蜜半大合，朴硝八分，合搅
令消尽，分再服，便瘥。
\r大青\ph157.bmp\r，旧不载所出州土，今江东州郡及荆南、眉、蜀、濠、淄诸州皆
有之。春生青紫茎，似
石竹苗叶；花红紫色，似马蓼，亦似芫花；根黄。三月、四月采茎叶，阴干用。古方治伤寒
黄汗、黄胆等，有大青汤。又治伤寒头身强，腰脊痛。葛根汤，亦用大青。大抵时疾药多用
之。
栝蒌，生长在弘农的山谷及山北地区，现在各地都有出产。它的果实俗称黄瓜，就是《诗经》中所说的“果裸”的果实。其根也称作白药，外皮黄色，内部肉质白色；三、四月间生出苗茎，牵引藤蔓生长。叶子形状像甜瓜叶，表面有细毛；七月开花，花形类似葫芦花，呈浅黄色；果实长在花下，大小如拳头，初生时青色，到九月成熟后变为赤黄色。二月和八月采集根部，刮去外皮，晒干，经过三十天制成。其实果有正圆形的，也有尖长形的，功效都相同。其根以年份久远、入土深的为佳。生长在盐碱地的栝蒌有毒。谨按：栝蒌主治消渴（糖尿病类症状）。古方中也单用此药。孙思邈记载制作栝蒌粉的方法：深挖大根，厚削去皮直到露出白色部分，切成一寸长的段，用水浸泡，每天换一次水，浸泡五天后取出，捣烂研磨，用绢袋盛装，沉淀过滤，使其极细如粉末，去掉水分，每次服用一方寸匕，每日三至四次服用，也可以将其加入粥或乳酪中食用。此外适宜治疗突然发作的胸痹痛（胸部闷痛），取一个大实果，切片，配薤白半升，用白酒七升，煮取二升药液，分两次服用。另一配方加半夏四两，用水汤洗去其滑腻之性，一同煮服效果更好。又载唐代崔元亮治疗箭头留在体内排不出的情况，捣碎栝蒌根敷于疮口，每天更换三次，箭头自然排出。又用于治疗时行疫病引起的发黄，心中狂乱烦热闷乱，不认识人的症状。取一个大而黄的果实，用新汲水九合，浸泡淘洗，取汁液，加入蜂蜜半大合，朴硝八分，混合搅拌直至完全溶解，分两次服用，病即可痊愈。
大青，旧籍未记载其产地，现在江东各州郡以及荆南、眉州、蜀州、濠州、淄州等地都有出产。春天生出青紫色的茎，形状像石竹的苗叶；花呈红紫色，像马蓼，也像芫花；根为黄色。三月、四月采集茎叶，阴干后使用。古方治疗伤寒黄汗、黄疸等症，有大青汤。又用于治疗伤寒引起的头身强直、腰脊疼痛。葛根汤中也使用大青。大致上治疗时行疫病的药物多使用它。
Trichosanthes Fruit (Gualou), originally growing in the valleys and north-facing slopes of Hongnong, is now available everywhere. Its fruit is commonly known as "Huanggua" (Cucumber), which refers to the fruit of "Guoluo" mentioned in the *Classic of Poetry* (Shijing). The root is also called Baiyao (White Medicine), with yellow skin and white flesh; seedlings emerge in March and April, climbing via tendrils. The leaves resemble those of the muskmelon and have fine hairs; flowers bloom in July, resembling bottle gourd flowers, light yellow in color; the fruit develops beneath the flower, about the size of a fist, green when young, turning reddish-yellow by September. Roots are harvested in February and August, peeled, sun-dried for thirty days to complete processing. The fruits vary in shape, some being perfectly round, others sharp and long, but their medicinal functions are identical. The roots are best when old and deeply embedded in the soil. Those growing in saline-alkali soil are toxic. According to records, Trichosanthes Fruit (Gualou) treats Xiao Ke (Wasting and Thirsting syndrome, often corresponding to diabetes). Ancient prescriptions also use it singly. Sun Simiao described a method for preparing Gualou powder: deeply dig large roots, peel them thickly until the white interior is exposed, cut into one-cun segments, soak in water, changing the water daily. After five days, remove, pound thoroughly, grind, place in a silk bag, filter through sedimentation until extremely fine like powder, drain the water, and take one cun-bi (a square-inch measure) per dose, three to four times daily. It can also be mixed into porridge or dairy products. It is suitable for sudden onset of Xiong Bi (Chest Bi syndrome, characterized by chest pain and oppression). Take one large mature fruit, slice it, combine with half a sheng of Scallion White (Xiebai), and seven sheng of white wine. Boil to obtain two sheng of liquid, divided into two doses. Another prescription adds four liang of Pinellia Rhizome (Banxia), washed with hot water to remove its slippery nature, and boiled together for better efficacy. Additionally, Cui Yuanliang of the Tang Dynasty treated retained arrowheads by crushing the root and applying it topically to the wound, changing it three times daily, allowing the arrowhead to exit naturally. It is also used to treat epidemic jaundice accompanied by mental restlessness, fever, and confusion where the patient does not recognize others. Take one large, yellow fruit, wash and soak in nine he of fresh well water, extract the juice, add half a large he of honey and eight fen of Mirabilite (Puxiao), mix until dissolved, and divide into two doses for cure.
Isatidis Radix (Daqing), whose origin was not recorded in older texts, is now found in various prefectures east of the Yangtze River, as well as Jingnan, Meizhou, Shuzhou, Haozhou, and Zizhou. In spring, it produces green-purple stems resembling Dianthus seedlings and leaves; flowers are red-purple, resembling Polygonum aviculare (Smartweed) or Genkwa Flos (Daphne flowers); the root is yellow. Stems and leaves are harvested in March and April, dried in the shade for use. Ancient prescriptions for Shang Han (Cold Damage) presenting with Huang Han (Yellow Sweat) or Huang Dan (Jaundice) include Daqing Tang (Isatidis Decoction). It is also used for Shang Han causing stiffness of the head and body, and pain in the waist and spine. Gegen Tang (Kudzu Root Decoction) also utilizes Isatidis Radix (Daqing). Generally, this herb is frequently used in formulas treating epidemic diseases.