殷孽，文具石钟乳条下。
孔公孽，文具石钟乳条下。
石花，文具石钟乳条下。
石床，文具石钟乳条下。
石脑，文具石钟乳条下。
石脑油，文具钟乳石条下。
\r朴硝\ph10.bmp\r，生益州山谷有咸水之阳。硝石，生益州山谷及武都、陇西、西羌。
芒硝生于朴硝，今
南北皆有之，而以西川者为佳。旧说三物同种，初采得其苗，以水淋取汁，煎炼而成，乃朴
硝也。一名硝石朴，以硝石出于其中。又炼朴硝或地霜而成，坚白如石者，乃硝石也，一名
芒硝。又取朴硝，以暖水淋汁，炼之减半，投于盆中，经宿而有细芒生，乃芒硝也。虽一体
异名，而修
炼之法既殊，则主治之功别矣。然《本经》各载所出，疑是二种。而今医、方家所用，亦不
复能究其所来，但以未炼成块，微青色者，为朴硝。炼成盆中上有芒者，为芒硝，亦谓之盆
硝。其芒硝底澄凝者，为硝石。朴硝力紧，芒硝次之，硝石更缓，未知孰为真者。又按苏恭
谓晋宋古方，多用硝石，少用芒硝。近代诸医，但用芒硝，鲜言硝石，是不然也。张仲景伤
寒方∶承气汤、陷胸丸之类，皆用芒硝。葛洪《肘后方》伤寒、时气、温病，亦多用芒硝，
惟治食 胸膈中不化方，用朴硝。云无朴硝者，以芒硝代皆可用也。是晋宋以前，通用朴硝
、芒硝矣。又胡洽方十枣汤用芒硝，大五饮丸用硝石。亦云无硝石用芒硝。是梁、隋间，通
用芒硝、硝石矣。以此言之，朴硝、硝石为精，芒硝为粗。故陶隐居引皇甫士安炼硝石法云
∶乃是取芒硝与石脾合煮成为真硝石，然石脾无复识者。又注矾石云∶生者名马齿矾，青白
色，已炼成绝白，蜀人以当硝石，是硝石当时已为难得其真矣。故方书罕用，通以相代，若
然今所用者，虽非真识，而其功效既相代，若然今所用者，虽非真识，而其功效既相近，亦
可通用无疑矣。其《本经》所以各载所出州土者，乃方俗冶炼之法有精粗，故须分别耳。至
如芎 之与蘼芜，大戟之与泽漆，俱是一物，《本经》亦各着州土者，盖根与苗，土地各有
所宜，非别是一物。则朴硝、硝石，别着所出，亦其义也，他同此比。又有英硝者，亦出于
朴硝，其状若白石英，作四、五棱，白色，莹澈可爱，功用与芒硝颇同，但不能下利，力差
小耳，亦谓之马牙硝，盖以类得名，近世用之最多。又金石凌法，用马牙硝、芒硝、朴硝、
硝石四种相参，次第下之。详此法出于唐世，不知当时如何分别也。又下有生硝条云∶生茂
州西山岩石间，其形块大小不常，色青白，鲜见用者。而今医家又用一种甜硝，弥更精好，
或疑是此，乃云出于英硝，炼治之法未闻。又南方医人论硝或小异。有着其说云∶本草有朴
硝、硝石、芒硝，而无马牙硝，诸家所注本草三种，竟无坚决。或言芒硝、硝石本是一物，
不合重出。又言煎炼朴硝，投于盆中，经宿乃有细芒，既如是，自当为马牙硝。又云马牙硝
亦名英硝，自是一物，既以芒硝为朴硝，所出不应更有英硝。今诸硝之体各异，理亦易明，
而至若此之惑也。朴硝味苦而微咸，《本经》言苦，《名医别录》以为辛，盖误谓硝石也。
出蜀部者莹白如冰雪，内地者小黑，皆苏脆易碎，风吹之则结霜泯泯如粉，熬之烊沸，亦可
熔铸。以水合甘草、猪胆煮之减半，投大盆中，又下凝水石屑，同渍一宿，则凝结如白石英
者，芒硝也。扫地霜煎炼而成，如解盐而味辛苦，烧之成焰都尽，则硝石也。能化金石，又
性畏火而能制诸石使拒火，亦天地之神物也。牙硝则芒硝是也。又有生硝，不因煮炼而成，
亦出蜀道，类朴硝而小坚也。其论虽辩，然与古人所说殊别，亦未可全信也。张仲景《伤寒
论》疗膀胱急，小腹满，身尽黄，额上黑及足下热，因作黑瘅，大便必黑，腹胪胀满如水
状，大便溏者，女劳得之，非水也。腹满者难疗，硝石矾石散主之。硝石熬黄，矾石烧令汁
尽，二物等之，合夹绢筛，大麦粥汁和服方寸匕，日三，重衣复取微汗，病随大小便去，小
便正黄，大便正黑也。大麦用无皮者。《千金方》硝石用二分，矾石用一分。刘禹锡《传信
方》，着石 山人甘露饮疗热壅凉膈，上欧积滞。蜀朴硝成末，每一大斤，用蜜，冬用十三
两，春、夏、秋用十二两，先捣筛朴硝成末后，以白蜜和令匀，便入新青竹筒，随小大者一
节，着药得半筒以上即止，不得令满，却入炊甑中，令有药处在饭内，其虚处出其上，不妨
甑箪即得，候饭熟取出，承热绵滤入一瓷钵中，以竹篦搅，勿停手，令至凝即药成，收入合
中。如热月即于冷水中浸钵，然后搅。每食后或欲卧时含一匙半匙，渐渐咽之。如要通转亦
得。
殷孽，详细记载在石钟乳条目之下。
孔公孽，详细记载在石钟乳条目之下。
石花，详细记载在石钟乳条目之下。
石床，详细记载在石钟乳条目之下。
石脑，详细记载在石钟乳条目之下。
石脑油，详细记载在钟乳石条目之下。
朴硝（Mirabilite），产于益州山谷中有咸水流出的一侧向阳处。硝石（Natrii Sulfas），产于益州山谷以及武都、陇西、西羌地区。
芒硝（Natrii Sulfas crystallized）由朴硝提炼而成，如今南北各地都有出产，但以四川西部所产者为最佳。旧时的说法认为这三种物质同出一源，最初采集其苗株，用水淋取汁液，煎煮炼制后得到的是朴硝。它又名“硝石朴”，因为硝石是从中析出的。再次炼制药用朴硝或地霜，使其变得坚硬洁白如石头般的，就是硝石，又名芒硝。另外，取朴硝，用温水淋取汁液，煎炼至减半，倒入盆中，过夜后表面生出细芒状的晶体，这就是芒硝。虽然它们本质相同而名称各异，但由于炼制方法不同，主治功效也就有别了。然而《神农本草经》分别记载了它们的产地，让人怀疑它们是两种不同的物质。而如今的医生和方书家在使用时，也不再能探究它们的来源，只是将未炼成块状、颜色微青的称为朴硝；炼成并在盆中表面有芒状晶体的称为芒硝，也称为盆硝；沉淀在盆底的凝结物称为硝石。朴硝药力峻猛，芒硝次之，硝石更为缓和，不知道哪一种才是真品。又据苏恭考证，晋宋时期的古方，多用硝石，少用芒硝。近代的各位医生，只用芒硝，很少提及硝石，这是不对的。张仲景治疗伤寒的方剂：承气汤、陷胸丸等，都用芒硝。葛洪《肘后备急方》治疗伤寒、时行疫病、温病，也多使用芒硝，只有治疗食积停滞于胸膈的方子，才用朴硝。书中说如果没有朴硝，可以用芒硝代替，都是可用的。这说明在晋宋以前，朴硝和芒硝是通用的。又有胡洽方的十枣汤用芒硝，大五饮丸用硝石。也说如果没有硝石可以用芒硝代替。这说明在梁、隋之间，芒硝和硝石是通用的。由此说来，朴硝、硝石属于精制品，芒硝属于粗制品。所以陶隐居引用皇甫士安炼制硝石的方法说：那是取芒硝与石脾合煮成为真正的硝石，然而石脾现在已经没有人认识的了。他又注释矾石说：天然生成的名叫马齿矾，呈青白色，已经炼制过的变成纯白色，蜀地人把它当作硝石使用，这说明当时的硝石已经很难得到真品了。所以方书中很少单独使用，通常互相替代。如果这样的话，现在所使用的，虽然不是真正的识别标准，但其功效既然相近，也可以通用无疑了。《神农本草经》之所以分别记载它们出产的州土，是因为各地风俗冶炼的方法有精粗之分，所以需要区分罢了。至于像芎䓖与蘼芜，大戟与泽漆，明明是一物，《神农本草经》也分别记载了产地，大概是因为根与苗，土地各有适宜之处，并非另外是一物。那么朴硝、硝石分别记载产地，也是同样的道理，其他情况与此类似。又有英硝，也出自朴硝，形状像白石英，有四、五个棱角，颜色白色，晶莹透亮可爱，功用与芒硝颇为相似，只是不能通便泻下，药力稍小罢了，也称为马牙硝，大概是因形状类似而得名，近代使用最多。又有金石凌法，使用马牙硝、芒硝、朴硝、硝石四种混合，依次服用。详细考察此法出于唐代，不知道当时是如何区分的。下面还有生硝条目说：产于茂州西山岩石间，形状块大小不固定，颜色青白，很少见到使用。而现在的医生又使用一种甜硝，更加精好，有人怀疑就是这种，说是出自英硝，但炼制方法未曾听闻。又有南方医生论述硝类药材可能略有不同。有的著作中说：本草中有朴硝、硝石、芒硝，而没有马牙硝，各家所注的本草三种，竟然没有定论。有人说芒硝、硝石本是一物，不应该重复出现。又说煎炼朴硝，投入盆中，过夜后自然生出细芒，既然是这样，自然应当是马牙硝。又说马牙硝也叫英硝，本是一物，既然以芒硝为朴硝，产地不应再有英硝。如今各种硝的形态各异，道理也容易明白，却产生这样的困惑。朴硝味道苦而微咸，《神农本草经》说味苦，《名医别录》认为是辛味，大概是误把硝石当作朴硝了。出自蜀地的莹白如冰雪，内地的颜色黑小，都酥脆易碎，风吹则结成霜状粉末，加热熔化沸腾，也可以熔铸成型。用水配合甘草、猪胆煮至减半，投入大盆中，再加入凝水石屑，一同浸泡一夜，则凝结如白石英般的，就是芒硝。扫取地面霜雪煎炼而成，像解盐一样味道辛苦，燃烧时火焰烧尽，那就是硝石。能熔化金石，又本性畏火却能制约各种石头使其抗拒火焰，也是天地间的灵物啊。牙硝就是芒硝。又有生硝，不因煮炼而成，也出自蜀道，类似朴硝但更小更坚硬。虽然这些论述很详尽，但与古人所说的截然不同，也不能完全相信。张仲景《伤寒论》治疗膀胱拘急，小腹胀满，全身发黄，额头发黑及足下发热，因此形成黑疸，大便必然发黑，腹部胀满如水状，大便溏泄的，这是女劳疸所致，不是水气病。腹部胀满的难治，用硝石矾石散主治。硝石炒至黄色，矾石烧至汁液流干，两样药物等量，混合后用双层绢筛过，用大麦粥汁调和服用一方寸匕，每日三次，盖厚衣取微汗，病邪随大小便排出，小便变正黄，大便变正黑。大麦要用无皮的。《千金方》中硝石用二分，矾石用一分。刘禹锡《传信方》，记载石山人甘露饮治疗热邪壅滞凉膈，上逆呕吐积滞。取蜀地产的朴硝研成末，每一大斤，用蜂蜜，冬季用十三两，春、夏、秋季用十二两，先捣筛朴硝成末后，用白蜜调和均匀，便装入新的青竹筒中，根据大小选一节竹筒，放入药物达到半筒以上就停止，不要让竹筒装满，再放入蒸饭的甑中，让有药物的部分处于米饭内部，空余部分露出上面，只要不妨碍甑箪即可，等饭熟取出，趁热用绵布过滤倒入一个瓷钵中，用竹篦搅拌，不要停手，直到凝固就是药成，收入容器中。如果是炎热的月份，就将瓷钵浸在冷水中，然后再搅拌。每次饭后或想要睡觉时含服一匙或半匙，慢慢咽下。如果想要通便也可以。
Yinie (Insect Gall-like Mineral), detailed under the entry for Shizhongru (Stalactite).
Konggongnie, detailed under the entry for Shizhongru (Stalactite).
Shihua (Stone Flower), detailed under the entry for Shizhongru (Stalactite).
Shichuang (Stone Bed), detailed under the entry for Shizhongru (Stalactite).
Shinao (Stone Brain), detailed under the entry for Shizhongru (Stalactite).
Shinaoyou (Stone Brain Oil), detailed under the entry for Zhongrushi (Stalactite).
Puxiao (Mirabilite/Natrii Sulfas) grows in the sunny slopes of valleys with saline water in Yizhou. Xiaoshi (Natrii Sulfas/Sodium Nitrate) grows in the valleys of Yizhou as well as Wudu, Longxi, and Xiqiang regions.
Mangxiao (Crystallized Natrii Sulfas) is produced from Puxiao. It is now found in both northern and southern regions, but the variety from Western Sichuan is considered the best. Old theories state that these three substances share the same origin. Initially, their seedlings are harvested, leached with water to extract juice, which is then boiled and refined to produce Puxiao. It is also known as "Xiaoshipu" because Xiaoshi is derived from it. Further refining of Puxiao or "Dishuang" (Earth Frost) until it becomes hard, white, and stone-like yields Xiaoshi, also known as Mangxiao. Additionally, taking Puxiao, leaching it with warm water, boiling the juice down by half, pouring it into a basin, and leaving it overnight results in the formation of fine needle-like crystals on the surface, which is Mangxiao. Although they are one substance with different names, due to distinct refinement methods, their therapeutic effects differ. However, *Shennong Bencao Jing* records their origins separately, leading to suspicion that they might be two different substances. Modern physicians and formulary compilers no longer investigate their origins, simply classifying unrefined, slightly bluish blocks as Puxiao; refined products with needle-like crystals on top in basins as Mangxiao (also called Penxiao); and the sediment at the bottom of the basin as Xiaoshi. Puxiao has the strongest action, Mangxiao is moderate, and Xiaoshi is milder. It is unknown which is the true authentic form. Su Gong notes that ancient formulas from the Jin and Song dynasties used Xiaoshi frequently and Mangxiao rarely. Recent physicians use only Mangxiao and rarely mention Xiaoshi, which is incorrect. Zhang Zhongjing’s formulas for Cold Damage, such as Chengqi Tang and Jianxiong Wan, all use Mangxiao. Ge Hong’s *Zhouhou Beiji Fang* also uses Mangxiao frequently for Cold Damage, seasonal epidemics, and Warm Diseases. Only in formulas treating food stagnation in the chest and diaphragm is Puxiao used. The text states that if Puxiao is unavailable, Mangxiao can be substituted. This indicates that before the Jin and Song dynasties, Puxiao and Mangxiao were used interchangeably. Hu Qia’s formula, Shizao Tang, uses Mangxiao, while Dawuyin Wan uses Xiaoshi. It also states that if Xiaoshi is unavailable, Mangxiao can be used. This suggests that during the Liang and Sui periods, Mangxiao and Xiaoshi were interchangeable. Thus, Puxiao and Xiaoshi are considered refined forms, while Mangxiao is coarse. Tao Hongjing cites Huangfu Mi’s method for refining Xiaoshi: boiling Mangxiao with Shipi (a mineral) produces true Xiaoshi, though Shipi is no longer recognized. He also annotates Fanshi (Alumen): natural forms are called Machi Fan (Green-and-White Alumen), while refined forms are pure white. People in Shu used refined alumen as Xiaoshi, indicating that true Xiaoshi was rare at that time. Consequently, medical texts rarely distinguished them, using them interchangeably. If so, although current usage may not reflect true identification, their similar efficacy allows for general interchangeability. The reason *Shennong Bencao Jing* lists different origins is likely due to regional variations in refinement techniques. For example, Xiong (Ligusticum wallichii) and Miwu (Chuanxiong foliage), Daji (Euphorbia pekinensis), and Zeqi (Euphorbia lathyris) are the same plant, yet listed separately in *Bencao Jing* because roots and shoots have different geographical preferences, not because they are different species. Similarly, Puxiao and Xiaoshi are listed with different origins for analogous reasons. Another variety, Yingxiao, also derives from Puxiao. It resembles white quartz, has four or five edges, is white and translucent, and its effects are similar to Mangxiao, though it lacks strong purgative power and is weaker. It is also called Mayaxiao (Horse Tooth Salt), named for its shape, and is widely used in recent times. The "Jinshi Ling" method mixes Mayaxiao, Mangxiao, Puxiao, and Xiaoshi in sequence. This method dates to the Tang Dynasty, but how they were distinguished then is unknown. A separate entry for Shengxiao (Raw Salt) states it grows on rocks in Mount West of Maozhou, varying in size and color (greenish-white), and is rarely used. Physicians also use a type called Tianxiao (Sweet Salt), which is finer. Some suspect this is Yingxiao, but its refinement method is unknown. Southern physicians argue about the distinctions among salts. One theory claims *Bencao* lists Puxiao, Xiaoshi, and Mangxiao but not Mayaxiao, causing confusion. Some argue Mangxiao and Xiaoshi are identical and should not be duplicated. Others suggest that since Mangxiao forms needles overnight from refined Puxiao, it must be Mayaxiao. Still others claim Mayaxiao and Yingxiao are the same. Given the distinct physical properties of modern salts, the confusion seems unnecessary. Puxiao tastes bitter and slightly salty. *Bencao Jing* says it is bitter; *Mingyi Bielu* says it is acrid, likely confusing it with Xiaoshi. Shu-produced Puxiao is white like ice/snow; inland varieties are dark and small. All are brittle and crumble easily, forming frost-like powder when exposed to wind. They melt when heated and can be cast. Boiling Puxiao with Gancao (Licorice Root) and Zhu Dan (Pig Bile) reduces the volume by half. Pouring this into a large basin with Ningshuishi (Gypsum Fibrosum) fragments and soaking overnight yields Mangxiao, which solidifies like white quartz. Scrape-rime refined salt, tasting bitter and acrid like Jieyan (Halite), burns away completely to leave Xiaoshi. Xiaoshi can dissolve metals and stones, yet resists fire itself, making it a divine product of heaven and earth. Yaxiao is synonymous with Mangxiao. Shengxiao occurs naturally without refining, found in Shu roads, resembling smaller, harder Puxiao. Although these arguments are detailed, they differ significantly from ancient descriptions and cannot be fully trusted. Zhang Zhongjing’s *Shanghan Lun* treats cases of bladder urgency, abdominal fullness, generalized jaundice, black forehead, hot soles, resulting in Heidan (Black Jaundice), black stool, abdominal distension resembling water accumulation, and loose stools. This is caused by female labor exhaustion (Nulao Dan), not water retention. Abdominal fullness is difficult to treat; prescribe Xiaoshi Fanshi San (Niter and Alum Powder). Roast Xiaoshi until yellow, calcine Fanshi until juices evaporate. Mix equal parts, sieve through double-layer silk, and take with barley gruel, one cun-bi dose, three times daily. Cover with thick clothing to induce slight sweating. The pathogen exits via urine and stool; urine turns normal yellow, stool turns normal black. Use hulled barley. In *Qianjin Fang*, Xiaoshi is used in 2 parts, Fanshi in 1 part. Liu Yuxi’s *Chuanxin Fang* records Shi Shanshen Ganlu Yin for treating heat obstruction in the lower chest and vomiting of stagnant material. Take 1 jin of Shu Puxiao powder. Add honey: 13 liang in winter, 12 liang in spring, summer, and autumn. Mix Puxiao powder evenly with honey. Pack into fresh green bamboo segments (half-full max). Steam inside a rice steamer (bamboo segment above rice level). Once rice is cooked, remove, filter hot liquid through cotton into a porcelain bowl. Stir continuously with a bamboo spatula until solidified. Store in a container. In hot weather, cool the bowl in cold water before stirring. Take half to one spoonful after meals or before bed, swallowing slowly. Can also be used to promote bowel movement.