\r白前\ph188.bmp\r，旧不载所出州土，陶隐居云出近道，今蜀中及淮浙州郡皆有之。
苗似细辛而大，色白
，易折；亦有叶似柳，或似芫花苗者，并高尺许。生洲渚沙碛之上，根白，长于细辛，亦似
牛膝、白薇辈。今用蔓生者，味苦，非真也。二月、八月采根，曝干。深师疗久咳逆上气，
体肿，短气，胀满，昼夜倚壁不得卧，常作水鸡声者，白前汤主之。白前二两，紫菀、半夏
，洗，各三两，大戟七合，切，四物以水一斗，渍一宿，明旦煮取三升，分三服。禁食羊肉
、饧，大佳。
\r百部\ph189.bmp\r根，旧不着所出州土，今江、湖、淮、陕、齐、鲁州郡皆有之。
春生苗，作藤蔓；叶大
而尖长，颇似竹叶，面青色而光；根下作撮如芋子，一撮乃十五、六枚，黄白色。二月、三
月、八月采，曝干用。古今方书治嗽多用。葛洪主卒嗽，以百部根、生姜二物，各绞汁，合
煎，服二合。张文仲单用百部根，酒渍再宿，大温，服一升，日再。《千金方》疗三十年嗽
，以百部根二十斤，捣绞取汁，煎之如饴，服方寸匕，日三，验。
\r王瓜\ph190.bmp\r，生鲁地平泽田野及人家垣墙间，今处处有之。《月令》∶四月王
瓜生，即此也。叶似
栝蒌，圆无叉缺，有刺如毛。五月开黄花；花下结子如弹丸，生青熟赤；根似葛，细而多糁
，谓之土瓜根。北间者，其实累累相连，大如枣，皮黄肉白，苗叶都相似；但根状不同耳。
三月采根，阴干。均房间人，呼为老鸦瓜，亦曰菟瓜。谨按《尔雅》曰∶ （羊善切），菟
瓜
。郭璞注云∶似土瓜。而土瓜自谓之 （与睽同）菇（与姑同），又名钩菇，盖菟瓜别是一
种也
。又云∶芴（音物）菲，亦谓之土瓜，自别是一物。《诗》所谓采葑采菲者，非此土瓜也。
大
凡物有异类同名甚多，不可不辨也。葛氏疗面上痱瘰子用之，仍得光润皮急，以土瓜根捣筛
，浆水匀和，入夜先浆水洗面，傅药，旦复洗之，百日光华射人。小儿四岁发黄，生捣绞汁
三合，与饮，不过三饮，已。
白前，旧籍中未记载其出产的州郡。陶隐居说它产于邻近道路的地方，如今蜀地以及淮河、浙江各州郡都有生长。它的苗像细辛但体型较大，颜色洁白，容易折断；也有叶子像柳树的，或者像芫花幼苗的，植株高度都约一尺左右。生长在沙洲或沙石之上，根部白色，比细辛长，也类似牛膝、白薇这类药材。现在使用的是蔓生者，味道苦，这不是真正的白前。二月和八月采集根部，晒干使用。《深师方》治疗久咳气逆上冲，身体浮肿，呼吸短促，腹胀满，白天黑夜靠着墙壁无法躺卧，经常发出像水鸡叫声的症状，用白前汤主治。白前二两，紫菀、半夏（经水洗），各三两，大戟七合，切碎，以上四味药用水一斗，浸泡一夜，第二天早晨煮取三升药液，分三次服用。禁止食用羊肉和饴糖，效果极佳。
百部根，旧籍中未注明其出产的州郡，如今江、湖、淮、陕、齐、鲁各州郡都有生长。春天生出苗，长成藤蔓；叶子大而尖长，很像竹叶，叶面青色且有光泽；根部下方聚集成簇，像芋头一样，一簇有十五六枚，呈黄白色。二月、三月、八月采集，晒干后使用。古今方书中治疗咳嗽多用此药。葛洪主张治疗突发咳嗽，用百部根和生姜两味药，分别绞取汁液，混合煎煮，服用二合。张文仲单用百部根，用酒浸泡两个晚上，加热至大温，服用一升，每天两次。《千金方》治疗三十年咳嗽，用百部根二十斤，捣碎绞取汁液，煎煮得像饴糖一样稠，每次服用一方寸匕，每天三次，有效验。
王瓜，生长在鲁地的平原沼泽田野及人家围墙之间，如今到处都有。《月令》说：四月王瓜生长，指的就是这个。叶子像栝蒌，圆形没有叉缺，有像毛一样的刺。五月开黄花；花下结出像弹丸一样的果实，生时青色，熟时红色；根部像葛藤，细长且多须根，称为土瓜根。北方地区的，果实累累相连，大小如枣，皮黄色肉白色，苗叶都相似；只是根部形状不同罢了。三月采集根部，阴干。均房间的人，称它为老鸦瓜，也叫菟瓜。谨按《尔雅》说：（羊善切），就是菟瓜。郭璞注释说：像土瓜。而土瓜自称为（与睽同）菇（与姑同），又名钩菇，大概菟瓜是另一种植物。又说：芴（音物）菲，也称为土瓜，这是另外一种东西。《诗经》所说的“采葑采菲”，指的不是这种土瓜。大凡事物中有异类同名现象很多，不可不辨别清楚。葛氏用它治疗脸上的痱子和瘰疬，能使皮肤光滑润泽且紧绷，将土瓜根捣碎过筛，用浆水调和均匀，入夜先用浆水洗脸，然后敷药，早晨再洗掉，一百天后光彩照人。小儿四岁发黄病，生捣绞取汁液三合，给患儿饮用，不超过三次即可痊愈。
Baishen (Cynanchum stauntonii), not previously recorded in ancient texts regarding its origin provinces. Tao Hongjing stated it grows near roads; currently, it is found in Shu region and various prefectures along the Huai River and Zhejiang. Its seedlings resemble those of Asarum (Xixin) but are larger, white in color, and easily broken; some have leaves resembling willow or those of Daphne genkwa (Yuanhua), with plants growing to about one chi in height. It grows on sandy islets and gravel banks, with white roots longer than those of Asarum, also resembling Achyranthes bidentata (Niuxi) and Cynanchum atratum (Baiwei). The creeping variety currently used has a bitter taste and is not the true Baishen. Roots are harvested in February and August, then sun-dried. The *Shenshi Fang* treats chronic cough with rebellious Qi, bodily edema, shortness of breath, abdominal distension and fullness, inability to lie down day or night leaning against a wall, and frequent sounds resembling that of a waterfowl, using Baishen Tang as the primary prescription. Baishen 2 liang, Ziwan (Asteris Radix), Banxia (Pinelliae Rhizoma, washed) each 3 liang, Daji (Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix) 7 he, chopped. These four ingredients are soaked in one dou of water overnight. On the next morning, decoct to obtain three sheng of liquid, divided into three doses. Mutton and maltose (Xing) are prohibited for consumption, which yields excellent results.
Baibu (Stemonae Radix) root: Ancient texts do not specify its origin provinces. Currently, it is found in Jiang, Hu, Huai, Shaan, Qi, and Lu regions. In spring, seedlings emerge and form vines; leaves are large, pointed, and long, somewhat resembling bamboo leaves, with a green and glossy surface. The lower part of the root forms clusters like taro, with fifteen to sixteen tubers per cluster, yellowish-white in color. Harvested in February, March, and August, then sun-dried for use. Ancient and modern formularies frequently use it to treat coughs. Ge Hong advocated treating sudden cough by juicing Baibu root and fresh ginger separately, mixing them, and decocting slightly, administering two he. Zhang Wenzhong used only Baibu root, soaked in wine for two nights, warmed significantly, administered one sheng, twice daily. The *Qianjin Fang* treats thirty-year chronic cough using twenty jin of Baibu root, crushed and juiced, then decocted until thick like maltose syrup. Administer one fangcun bi per dose, three times daily; this is verified effective.
Wagua (Trichosanthes cucumerina), grows in the plains, swamps, fields of Lu region, and among house walls; it is now ubiquitous. The *Yueling* states: "In the fourth month, Wagua grows," referring to this plant. Leaves resemble those of Trichosanthes kirilowii (Gualou), round without lobes, covered with hair-like prickles. Yellow flowers bloom in May; fruits develop beneath the flowers, shaped like pellets, green when raw and red when ripe. Roots resemble Pueraria (Ge), slender with many fibrous roots, called Tugua Gen (Radix Trichosanthis Cucumerinae). In the northern regions, the fruits hang in clusters, size similar to dates, with yellow skin and white flesh; the seedlings and leaves are similar; only the root morphology differs. Roots are harvested in March and dried in shade. People in Junjian call it Laoya Gua (Old Crow Melon) or Tugua. According to the *Erya*: "(Yangshan qie)" is Tugua. Guo Pu's commentary notes: resembles Tugua Gen. However, Tugua Gen calls itself "(same as Kui) Gu" (same as Gu), also known as Gou Gu; thus Tugua is likely a different species. Furthermore, it states: "Wu Fei" is also called Tugua, but it is a distinct entity. What the *Classic of Poetry* refers to as "gathering Feng and Fei" does not refer to this Tugua. Generally, there are many cases of different species sharing the same name, which must be distinguished carefully. Ge Shi used it to treat facial heat rash and scrofula, resulting in smooth, tight, and lustrous skin. Crush and sieve Tugua Gen, mix evenly with fermented grain wash (Jiangshui). At night, first wash face with Jiangshui, then apply the medicine; rinse again in the morning. After one hundred days, the complexion becomes radiant. For children aged four suffering from jaundice (yellowing), crush fresh roots, extract three he of juice, and administer orally. Recovery occurs within no more than three doses.