\r藜芦\ph238.bmp\r，生泰山山谷，今陕西、山南东西州郡皆有之。三月生苗；叶青，
似初出棕心，又似车
前；茎似葱白，青紫色，高五、六寸，上有黑皮裹茎，似棕皮；其花肉红色；根似马肠根，
长四、五寸许，黄白色；二月、三月采根，阴干。此有二种∶一种水藜芦，茎叶大同，只是
生在近水溪涧石上，根须百余茎，不中入药用。今用者名葱白藜芦，根须甚少，只是三、二
十茎，生高山者为佳，均州土俗亦呼为鹿葱。此药大吐上膈风涎，暗风痫病，小儿 。
用
钱匕一字，则恶吐人。又用通顶，令人嚏。而古经本草云∶疗呕逆，其效未详。今萱草亦谓
之鹿葱，其类全别，主疗亦不同耳。
乌头、乌喙，生朗陵山谷。天雄生少室山谷。附子、侧子生犍为山谷及广汉，今并出蜀
土。
然四品都是一种所产，其种出于龙州。种之法∶冬至前，先将肥腴陆田耕五、七遍，以猪粪
粪之，然后布种，遂月耘耔，至次年八月后方成。其苗高三、四尺以来，茎作四棱，叶如艾
，花紫碧色作穗，实小紫黑色如桑椹。本只种附子一物，至成熟后有此四物，收时仍一处造
酿方成。酿之法∶先于六月内，踏造大、小麦曲，至收采前半月，预先用大麦煮成粥，后将
上件曲造醋，候熟淋去糟。其醋不用太酸，酸则以水解之。便将所收附子等去根须，于新洁
瓮内淹浸七日，每日搅一遍，日足捞出，以弥疏筛摊之，令生白衣。后向慢风日中晒之百十
日，以透干为度。若猛日晒，则皱而皮不附肉。其长三、二寸者，为天雄。割削附子旁尖芽
角为侧子，附子之绝小者亦名为
\r侧子\ph239.bmp\r。元种者，母为乌头。其余大小者皆为附子。以八角者
为上。如方药要用，须炮令裂去皮脐，使之。绵州彰明县多种之，惟赤水一乡者最佳，然收
采时月与《本经》所说不同。盖今时所种如此。其内地所出者，与此殊别，今亦稀用。谨按
《本经》冬采为附子，春采为乌头。而《广雅》云∶奚毒，附子也。一岁为 （与侧同）子，
二岁为乌喙，三岁为附子，四岁为乌头，五岁为天雄。今一年种之，便有此五物，岂今人种
莳之法，用力倍至，故尔繁盛也。虽然药力当缓，于岁久者耳。崔氏治寒疝心腹胁引痛，诸
药不可近者，蜜煎乌头主之。以乌头五枚大者，去芒角及皮，四破，以白蜜一斤，煎令透润
，
取出焙干，捣筛，又以熟蜜丸，冷盐汤吞下二十丸如梧子，永除。又法∶用煎乌头蜜汁，以
桂枝汤五合解之。饮三合不知，加五合。其知者如醉，以为中病。《续传信方》治阴毒伤寒
烦躁，迷闷不知悟人，急者用大附子一个，可半两者，立劈作四片，生姜一大块，立劈作三
片，如中指长，糯米一撮，三味以水一升，煎取六合，去滓，如人体温，顿服，浓衣覆之。
或汗出，或不出，候心神定，即别服水解散，太白通关散之类，不得与冷水。如渴，更将滓
煎与吃。今人多用有效，故详着之。
藜芦，生长在泰山的山谷中，如今陕西、山南东西道各州郡都有出产。三月长出苗；叶子青色，形状像刚长出的棕榈心，又有点像车前草；茎像葱白，呈青紫色，高五、六寸，上面有黑皮包裹着茎，像棕榈皮一样；它的花是肉红色的；根像马肠子的根，长约四、五寸，黄白色；二月、三月采集根部，阴干。这里有两种：一种叫水藜芦，茎叶大体相同，只是生长在近水的溪涧石头上，根须有一百多茎，不能入药使用。现在使用的是名叫葱白藜芦的，根须很少，只有二三十茎，生长在高山上的为佳，均州的土俗也称之为鹿葱。这种药能强烈催吐上膈的风痰，治疗暗风痫病、小儿惊风。用钱匕取一字量服用，就会使人剧烈呕吐。另外用它通鼻窍，能让人打喷嚏。而古代本草经典记载它能治疗呕逆，但疗效不详。现在的萱草也被称为鹿葱，其种类完全不同，主治功效也不同。
乌头、乌喙，生长在朗陵的山谷中。天雄生长在少室山的山谷中。附子、侧子生长在犍为山谷及广汉，如今都出自蜀地。然而这四种药材实际上都来源于同一种植物，其种子产自龙州。种植的方法：冬至前，先将肥沃的旱田耕翻五到七遍，施以猪粪作为肥料，然后播种，每月进行除草培土，到次年八月后才成熟。它的苗高三四尺以上，茎呈四棱形，叶子像艾草，花呈紫碧色成穗状，果实小且呈紫黑色像桑葚。原本只种植附子这一种，等到成熟后便有了这四种产物，采收时仍在一起经过酿造加工才形成成品。酿造的方法：先在六月内，踩制大、小麦曲，到采收前半个月，预先用大麦煮成粥，然后用上述制成的曲来酿醋，待发酵成熟后滤去糟粕。这种醋不需要太酸，如果太酸则用水稀释。接着将采收的附子等去掉根须，放入新洁的瓮中浸泡七天，每天搅拌一次，时间到了捞出，用稀疏的筛子摊开，让它生出白色的菌膜（白衣）。之后在柔和的阳光下晾晒一百多天，以完全干燥为标准。如果用猛烈的阳光暴晒，则会起皱且皮肉分离。长度在三、二寸左右的，称为天雄。割削附子旁边的尖芽角即为侧子，附子中最小的也称为侧子。最初种植的母体为乌头。其余大小的都称为附子。以八角形的为上品。如果方药需要使用，必须炮制至开裂并去皮和脐，才能使用。绵州彰明县大量种植，其中赤水一乡的产者最佳，但采收时间与《本经》所述不同。这是因为现在人们种植的方法如此。内地所出产的，与此截然不同，如今也很少使用。谨按《本经》记载，冬季采挖的为附子，春季采挖的为乌头。而《广雅》说：奚毒就是附子。一年生的称为侧子，二年生的称为乌喙，三年生的称为附子，四年生的称为乌头，五年生的称为天雄。现在一年种植就能得到这五种产物，难道是今人种植方法用力加倍，所以如此繁盛吗？虽然药效应当以年份久长者为宜。崔氏治疗寒疝引起的心腹胁肋牵引疼痛，其他药物无法接近病所的，用蜜煎乌头为主治。用五枚大的乌头，去掉芒角及皮，切成四块，用一斤白蜜，煎至透润，取出焙干，捣碎过筛，再用熟蜜制成丸药，冷盐汤送服二十丸如梧桐子大小，可永久治愈。另一种方法：用煎好的乌头蜜汁，用桂枝汤五合冲服。喝三合无效，增加五合。见效者感觉如醉酒，这是药力达到了病所。《续传信方》治疗阴毒伤寒引起的烦躁、昏迷不醒，急症时用大附子一个，约半两重，立即劈成四片，生姜一大块，立即劈成三片，长度如中指，糯米一撮，这三味药用水一升，煎取六合，去渣，温度适宜人体时，一次性服下，加盖厚衣保暖。或者出汗，或者不出汗，等待心神安定后，再另服水解散、太白通关散之类的药物，禁止饮用冷水。如果口渴，再将药渣煎水给患者喝。如今许多人使用此法有效，所以详细记录在此。
Lilü (Veratrum nigrum), grows in the valleys of Mount Tai. It is now found in various prefectures of Shaanxi and Shan-nan East/West circuits. Seedlings emerge in March; leaves are green, resembling the emerging heart of a palm or Plantago asiatica (Cheqiancao); stems resemble scallion whites, are blue-purple, 5-6 cun high, covered with black skin like palm bark; flowers are fleshy red; roots resemble horse intestine roots, about 4-5 cun long, yellowish-white; roots are harvested in February-March and dried in shade. There are two types: one is Shuililu (Water Lilü), with similar stems and leaves, but grows on rocks near streams; its roots have over a hundred fibrils and are not suitable for medicinal use. The current variety used is called Congbaililu (Scallion White Lilü), having few root fibrils (only 20-30), with those from high mountains being superior; it is also locally known as Luchong in Junzhou. This herb induces strong vomiting to expel wind-phlegm from the upper jiao, treats hidden wind epilepsy and pediatric convulsions. A dose of one character measured with a coin spatula causes severe emesis. It can also be used nasally to induce sneezing. Ancient materia medica texts claim it treats retching, though efficacy is unclear. Note that Xuancao (Daylily) is also called Luchong, but belongs to a completely different category with distinct therapeutic actions.
Wutou (Aconitum carmichaelii lateral root prepared), Wuwei (Aconitum carmichaelii lateral root bud), grow in the valleys of Langling. Tianxiong (Aconitum carmichaelii lateral root dried whole), grows in the valleys of Mount Shaoshi. Fuzi (Aconitum carmichaelii lateral root prepared), Cizi (Aconitum carmichaelii lateral root bud), grow in the valleys of Jianwei and Guanghan; currently all originate from Shu region. These four varieties come from the same plant source, with seeds produced in Longzhou. Cultivation method: Before Winter Solstice, plow fertile dry land 5-7 times, apply pig manure as fertilizer, then sow seeds. Weeding and hilling are performed monthly until maturity in August of the following year. Seedlings reach 3-4 chi in height; stems are quadrangular; leaves resemble Artemisia argyi (Aiye); flowers are purple-blue and spike-like; fruits are small, purple-black, resembling mulberries. Originally only Fuzi was cultivated; upon maturity, these four forms appear. They are processed together after harvest. Processing method: In June, prepare Daqu and Xiaomaiqu (large and wheat yeast starters). Half a month before harvest, cook barley into porridge, then use the previously prepared qu to make vinegar. Filter off dregs when fermentation is complete. Vinegar should not be too sour; dilute with water if necessary. Soak harvested Fuzi (after removing rootlets) in clean earthenware jars for seven days, stirring daily. Remove, spread on fine sieves to allow growth of white mycelium ("white clothes"). Dry in gentle sun for 100+ days until thoroughly dry. Intense sun exposure causes wrinkling and separation of skin from flesh. Those 2-3 cun long are Tianxiong. Side buds cut from Fuzi are Cizi; the smallest Fuzi are also called Cizi. The original planted tuber is Wutou. Others are classified as Fuzi based on size. Octagonal ones are superior grade. For medicinal use, they must be processed (pao) until cracked, skin and umbilicus removed. Zhangming County in Mianzhou cultivates them extensively; those from Chishui are best. Harvest timing differs from Benjing due to modern cultivation practices. Indigenous varieties differ significantly and are rarely used now. According to Benjing, winter harvest yields Fuzi, spring harvest yields Wutou. Guangya states: Xidu is Fuzi. One-year-old plants yield Cizi, two-year-old yield Wuwei, three-year-old yield Fuzi, four-year-old yield Wutou, five-year-old yield Tianxiong. Modern cultivation yields all five in one year, likely due to intensified labor and methods. However, potency is generally considered higher in older specimens. Cui Shi treats cold hernia with pain radiating from heart/abdomen to hypochondrium, resistant to other herbs, using Honey-fried Wutou. Five large Wutou, de-horned and peeled, cut into quarters, fried in 1 jin white honey until moist, dried, powdered, and formed into pills with mature honey. Take 20 pills (size of wutong seeds) with cold salt water for permanent cure. Alternative method: Dissolve honey-fried Wutou juice in 5 he Gui Zhi Tang. If no effect after 3 he, increase by 5 he. Effect is indicated by a drunken sensation, signifying the medicine has reached the disease site. Xu Chuanchuan Fang treats Yin-Du Shanghan (Yin-toxin Cold Damage) with restlessness and coma. Emergency treatment: Use one large Fuzi (~half liang), split into four pieces; one large piece of ginger (approx. middle finger length), split into three pieces; a pinch of glutinous rice. Decoct in 1 sheng water to obtain 6 he. Strain, warm to body temperature, administer at once, cover with thick clothing. Sweating may or may not occur. Once spirit settles, administer Shuijie San or Taibai Tongguan San. Prohibit cold water intake. If thirsty, decoct the dregs again for drinking. This method is widely effective today, hence recorded in detail.