气味甘辛温，无毒。主治肠鸣，热中消渴，风痹，隐疹。（《别录》附。）
（原蚕，晚蚕之母蚕也，故名原蚕，在头蚕之前先养数百，出蛾生子，俟头蚕茧后，然
后育
此子，为二蚕。是原蚕先得桑叶始发之纯情，故去风、清热、续绝之功最大，此砂极少。日
华子释原蚕为晚蚕，此误释也。原蚕砂难得，今医俱用晚蚕砂。夫晚蚕即原蚕所育之二蚕也
，与其用原蚕所育之二蚕，不若竟用头蚕之砂矣。品虽闲冷，不可不知。
（按∶《周礼》有禁原蚕之文。郑康成注云∶原，再也，谓再养者为原蚕，自古已然。
隐庵
未的，古人于蚕蛾、蚕砂俱用。晚蚕者，盖取其得夏时火令深耳。）
气味苦平，有小毒。主治心腹邪气，阴痿，益精强志，生子好色，补中轻身。（樗音
话。）
（樗鸡出梁州、岐州、汴洛诸界尤多。生樗树上，形类蚕蛾而腹大，六足、重翼，外一
重灰
黄有斑点，内一重深红，五色相间。有一种头翅皆赤者，名红娘子。今樗鸡未之用也，而红
娘子间有用者。）
樗鸡生于木上，味苦色赤，禀木火之气化。主治心腹邪气者，禀火气以治心，禀木气以
治腹
也。益精强志者，水火相济也。生子好色者，木生火也。补中轻身者，火生土也。
气味咸寒，有毒。主治心腹寒热洗洗，血积症瘕，破坚，下血闭，生子大良。（ 音
蔗。）
（ 虫《本经》名地鳖。《别录》名土鳖，以其形扁如鳖也。又名簸箕虫，亦以其形相
似也
。陆农师云∶ 逢申日则过街，故又名过街。生人家屋下土中湿处及鼠壤中，略似鼠妇而圆
，大寸余，无甲有鳞。李时珍云∶处处有之，与灯蛾相牝牡。）
《金匮》方中治久病结积，有大黄 虫丸。又治疟痞，有鳖甲煎丸。及妇人下瘀血汤方
并用
用之。乃攻坚破积，行血散疟之剂。学人以意会之可也。
虻虫 气味苦，微寒，有毒。主逐瘀血，破血积坚痞，症瘕寒热，通利血脉，及九窍。
（虻虫一名蜚虻，大如蜜蜂，腹凹褊，微黄绿色，牲啖牛马血。）
虻乃吮血之虫，性又飞动，故主逐瘀血积血，通利血脉、九窍。《伤寒论》∶太阳病，表
不
解，随经瘀热在里，抵当汤主之。内用虻虫、水蛭、大黄、桃仁。近时儿医治痘不起发，每
加牛虻，此外未之用也。
【原蚕砂】
气味：甘、辛，温。无毒。
主治：肠鸣，中焦有热导致的消渴，风痹，隐疹。（出自《名医别录》，附注。）
（原蚕，是指晚蚕的母蚕，所以称为原蚕。在饲养头蚕之前先养数百只，它们化蛾生子，等到头蚕结茧之后，再养育这些子蚕，这称为二蚕。因为原蚕最先得到桑叶所蕴含的纯正情性，所以它去风、清热、接续绝伤的功效最大，因此它的粪便（砂）极少。日华子将原蚕解释为晚蚕，这是错误的解释。原蚕砂很难得，现在的医生都使用晚蚕砂。晚蚕其实就是原蚕所养育的二蚕，与其使用原蚕所育的二蚕的砂，不如直接使用头蚕的砂。虽然这种药材性质闲散寒冷，但不可不知道其中的道理。
（按语：《周礼》中有禁止饲养原蚕的规定。郑康成注释说：“原”，是再次的意思，指再次饲养的称为原蚕，自古以来就是这样。隐庵对此理解不确切，古人对于蚕蛾和蚕砂都是使用的。所谓的晚蚕，大概是取其获得夏季火令之气较深罢了。）
【樗鸡】
气味：苦，平。有小毒。
主治：心腹部的邪气，阳痿，补益精气、增强意志，利于生育且面色红润，补益中焦、使身体轻健。（“樗”音同“话”。）
（樗鸡在梁州、岐州、汴洛等地边界尤其多。生长在樗树上，形状像蚕蛾但腹部大，有六足、两对翅膀，外层翅膀灰黄色带有斑点，内层翅膀深红色，五色相间。有一种头和翅膀都是红色的，名叫红娘子。现在樗鸡很少被使用，而红娘子偶尔会被使用。）
樗鸡生于树木之上，味苦色赤，禀受了木和火的气化作用。主治心腹邪气，是因为禀受火气来治疗心脏，禀受木气来治疗腹部。补益精气、增强意志，是因为水火相济。利于生育且面色红润，是因为木生火。补益中焦、使身体轻健，是因为火生土。
【䗪虫】
气味：咸，寒。有毒。
主治：心腹部的寒热战栗感，血积症瘕，破除坚块，通下血闭，对生育大有好处。（“䗪”音同“蔗”。）
（䗪虫在《神农本草经》中名为地鳖。《名医别录》中名为土鳖，因为它形状扁平像鳖。又名簸箕虫，也是因其形状相似。陆农师说：遇到申日就会过街，所以又名过街虫。生长在人家家屋下的潮湿泥土中以及老鼠洞的土堆里，略像鼠妇但更圆，大小一寸多，没有甲壳但有鳞片。李时珍说：到处都有，与灯蛾分雌雄。）
《金匮要略》方剂中治疗久病形成的结积，有大黄䗪虫丸。又治疗疟疾形成的痞块，有鳖甲煎丸。以及妇人下瘀血汤方，都使用了它。这是攻坚破积、行血散疟的方剂。学习的人可以用心领会其中的道理。
【虻虫】
气味：苦，微寒。有毒。
主治：驱逐瘀血，破除坚硬的瘀血积块、症瘕及寒热症状，通利血脉及九窍。
（虻虫一名蜚虻，大小像蜜蜂，腹部凹陷偏扁，微黄绿色，吸食牛马的血。）
虻是吮吸血液的昆虫，本性又善于飞动，所以主治驱逐瘀血和积血，通利血脉和九窍。《伤寒论》中说：太阳病，表证未解，邪气随经络入里形成瘀热在体内，用抵当汤主治。方内使用虻虫、水蛭、大黄、桃仁。近代儿科医生在治疗痘疮不起发时，常常加入牛虻，这是外治法中较少使用的用法。
[Original Silkworm Sand]
Taste and Nature: Sweet, Pungent, Warm. Non-toxic.
Indications: Intestinal borborygmus (rumbling in the intestines), Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst syndrome) due to heat in the Middle Jiao, Feng Bi (Wind-Bi syndrome characterized by pain and numbness), Yin Zhen (urticaria/hives). (From *Bie Lu*, appended.)
(Original silkworm refers to the mother silkworm of the late-season silkworm, hence named "Original". Hundreds are raised before the first-cocoon silkworm; they emerge as moths and lay eggs. After the first-cocoon silkworms spin their cocoons, these offspring are raised, known as the second-generation silkworm. Because the original silkworm receives the pure essence of mulberry leaves first, its ability to dispel wind, clear heat, and restore severed connections is greatest; thus, its feces (sand) are very rare. Ri Hua Zi interpreted "original silkworm" as "late silkworm," which is an incorrect interpretation. Original silkworm sand is hard to obtain, so modern physicians all use late silkworm sand. Late silkworms are actually the second-generation silkworms raised by the original ones. Rather than using the sand from the second-generation silkworms raised by the original, it would be better to simply use the sand from the first-cocoon silkworms. Although this substance is considered mild and cold in nature, one must understand this principle.
(Note: The *Rites of Zhou* contains provisions prohibiting the breeding of original silkworms. Zheng Chenggao annotated: "Yuan" means again, referring to those bred a second time as original silkworms, a practice existing since ancient times. Yin An's understanding was not precise; ancients used both silkworm moths and silkworm sand. The so-called late silkworm likely derives its efficacy from receiving the deep Qi of the Fire mandate of summer.)
[Chu Ji (Tree Cricket)]
Taste and Nature: Bitter, Neutral. Slightly toxic.
Indications: Evil Qi in the Heart and Abdomen, Impotence (Yin Wei), benefits Essence and strengthens Will, promotes fertility and good complexion, tonifies the Middle Jiao and lightens the body. ("Chu" pronounced like "Hua".)
(Chu Ji is particularly abundant in the borders of Liangzhou, Qizhou, Bianluo, etc. It lives on Chu trees. Its shape resembles a silkworm moth but with a large abdomen, six legs, and heavy wings. The outer wing layer is grayish-yellow with spots, and the inner layer is deep red, with five colors intermingled. There is a variety with red heads and wings, named Hong Niang Zi (Red Lady). Currently, Chu Ji is rarely used, while Hong Niang Zi is occasionally used.)
Chu Ji grows on trees, tastes bitter and appears red, inheriting the Qi transformation of Wood and Fire. Treating evil Qi in the Heart and Abdomen relies on inheriting Fire Qi to treat the Heart and Wood Qi to treat the Abdomen. Benefiting Essence and strengthening Will relies on the mutual interaction of Water and Fire. Promoting fertility and good complexion relies on Wood generating Fire. Tonifying the Middle Jiao and lightening the body relies on Fire generating Earth.
[Tie Chong (Ground Beetle)]
Taste and Nature: Salty, Cold. Toxic.
Indications: Chills and fever sensations in the Heart and Abdomen, Blood accumulation and Zheng Jia (masses), breaks hardness, promotes menstruation in cases of blood obstruction, greatly beneficial for fertility. ("Tie" pronounced like "Zhe".)
(Tie Chong is named Di Bie in *Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing*. In *Bie Lu*, it is named Tu Bie because its shape is flat like a turtle. It is also called Bo Ji Chong due to its similar shape. Lu Nongshi stated: It crosses the street on Shen days, hence also named Guo Jie Chong. It lives in damp soil under houses and in rat mounds, somewhat resembling a woodlouse but rounder, about one cun in size, without a shell but with scales. Li Shizhen stated: It is found everywhere, with male and female counterparts similar to lantern moths.)
In formulas from *Jin Gui Yao Lue*, Da Huang Zhe Chong Wan is used to treat long-standing accumulations. Die Jia Jian Wan is used to treat malaria-related masses. Xia Yu Xue Tang is also used for women. These are agents that break hardness, dissipate accumulations, move blood, and scatter malaria. Students should comprehend them through reasoning.
[Meng Chong (Horsefly)]
Taste and Nature: Bitter, Slightly Cold. Toxic.
Indications: Drives out Stasis Blood, breaks hard Blood accumulations, Zheng Jia, and alternating chills and fever, unblocks and benefits the Mai vessels (blood vessels) and Nine Orifices.
(Meng Chong, also known as Fei Meng, is as large as a honeybee, with a concave and flattened abdomen, slightly yellow-green in color, and sucks the blood of cattle and horses.)
Meng is an insect that sucks blood and has a flying nature; therefore, it treats the expulsion of Stasis Blood and accumulated blood, unblocking the Mai vessels and Nine Orifices. In *Shang Han Lun*: For Tai Yang disease, if the exterior is not resolved, and Stasis-Heat follows the meridians into the interior, Di Dang Tang is the primary treatment. Internally, it uses Meng Chong, Shui Zhi (Leech), Da Huang (Rhubarb), and Tao Ren (Peach Kernel). In recent times, pediatricians often add horseflies when treating smallpox that fails to erupt; this is a less common external application.