即牡鼠屎
鼠善穿而屎为下输之秽物，头尖则锐，故借以导秽浊之邪有奇效。别录同葱豉煎服，治
时行劳复。夫时行病愈之后，热邪之未尽者，必伏于阴分，随人气壮而消，气乏而作。缘劳
复病无不发热，治宜散宜泄而不宜补，葱豉所以散之于表，鼠屎所以泄之于里。豉以肾谷蒸
而成，其用为由阴达阳。鼠屎则降浊以升清也。仲圣枳实栀子豉汤治劳复，以枳栀泻上中
之热使下行，淡豉搜下伏之热使上解。别录意亦犹是，初无大异。活人书更以葱豉鼠屎与枳
栀合并成方，则虑之惟恐不周矣。仲圣烧 散治伤寒阴阳易，导其热从前阴而出。活人书师
其意立 鼠粪汤，以出粘汗取效。盖韭根臭浊入心，气辛达表，与鼠粪同用而多于鼠粪，则
能使阴分感受之邪，悉举而泄之于表。治阴易不治阳易者，以二者皆阳药，能消阴不能泻阳
也。叶香岩治淋浊用两头尖，亦从此脱胎。
发亦名血余，古以男子年近二十无疾病者，剪顶心发烧研入药。故本经名发 ，功用与
乱发无异。乱发乃梳栉下发也，以皂角水洗净晒干，入罐固济， 存性用。
水出高原，故肾华在发。发者血之余，血者水之类。此滑撄宁注素问语也。而本经发
主五癃、关格不通、利小便水道，若移滑语作此疏，亦确不可易。仲圣猪膏发煎治黄胆与阴
吹正喧，以猪膏润燥，乱发引入下焦血分，消瘀通关格利水道。滑石白鱼散，乃利小便之重
剂。病不专在气分，滑石利窍驱湿热，不辅以白鱼乱发血中之气药，则膀胱之水道犹不得利。
凡
或谓补真阴，或谓益水精，曾是通关格之物而能有补益之实者耶。别录合鸡子黄煎之消为水
，疗小儿惊热百病。鸡子甘温育阴，本治小儿虚热之妙品。血余得之，则变峻逐为宣鬯，而
阴分之积热以解，痰逆以平。以此法涂热疮，小儿及产妇亦俱宜。古方元精丹，则以血余配
入首乌等一切补肾之药，为便后脱血之良方。此皆得制剂之道，而血余乃有功而无过，非血
余之本能然也。鼻衄以血余烧灰，吹之立止，即齿血便血与诸窍出血，烧灰送服，亦无不止
。此盖色黑止血，而血余更以血入血，故应如桴鼓。要不可忘其为消瘀之厉剂也。
这就是牡鼠屎。老鼠善于打洞，其粪便属于下焦输泄的秽浊之物，头部尖锐锋利，因此借用它来引导秽浊之邪具有奇效。《名医别录》记载将其与葱白、豆豉同煎服用，治疗时行病（流行性传染病）痊愈后的劳复（因劳累导致的疾病复发）。当时行病痊愈后，未尽的热邪必然潜伏在阴分，随着人体正气旺盛而消散，正气虚弱时则发作。因为劳复病无不伴有发热，治疗应当发散、泄热，而不宜进补。葱白和豆豉的作用是在体表发散邪气，鼠屎的作用是在体内泄热。豆豉由肾谷（黑豆）蒸制而成，其功效是从阴分通达阳分。鼠屎则是降泄浊气以升发清气。张仲景的枳实栀子豉汤治疗劳复，是用枳实、栀子泻除上中二焦的热邪使其下行，用淡豆豉搜剔潜伏在下焦的热邪使其向上解散。《名医别录》的意思也与此相同，并没有大的差异。《伤寒百问》更进一步将葱白、豆豉、鼠屎与枳实、栀子合并成一个方剂，这样考虑就唯恐不周到了。张仲景的烧裈散治疗伤寒阴阳易（指伤寒初愈，因房事导致病情反复或传染给对方的病症），引导热邪从前阴排出。《伤寒百问》师法这一立意创立了鼠粪汤，通过排出粘汗来取得疗效。大概是因为韭菜根气味臭浊入心，辛味能达表，与鼠粪同用且用量多于鼠粪，就能使感受于阴分的邪气全部举出并泄之于体表。治疗阴易而不治阳易的原因，是因为这两者都是阳药，能消除阴邪而不能泻除阳邪。叶天士治疗淋浊（小便淋漓涩痛或浑浊）使用两头尖，也是从此方脱胎而来。
头发又名血余，古代对于接近二十岁且无疾病的男子，剪取头顶心的头发烧成炭研末入药。所以《神农本草经》称其为发髲（biè，即头发），功用与乱发没有区别。乱发是梳头时掉落的头发，用皂角水洗净晒干，装入罐中密封固济，煅存性使用。
水出自高原，所以肾的精华中表现在头发上。头发是血的剩余部分，血是水的同类。这是滑寿对《素问》的注解。而《神农本草经》记载头发主治五癃（五种小便不通）、关格不通（小便不通与呕吐并见），通利小便水道，如果引用滑寿的话作为疏解，也确实确切不可更改。张仲景的猪膏发煎治疗黄疸与阴吹（阴道排气有声），是用猪膏滋润燥结，乱发引入下焦血分，消除瘀血，通关格，利水道。滑石白鱼散，是利小便的重剂。病邪不仅仅在气分，滑石利窍驱除湿热，如果不辅以白鱼、乱发这些血中的气药，那么膀胱的水道仍然不能通利。有人说是补真阴，有人说是益水精，难道有关通关格作用的药物能有补益的实际功效吗？《名医别录》记载将其与鸡蛋黄同煎消溶，治疗小儿惊热各种疾病。鸡蛋甘温能育阴，本是治疗小儿虚热的妙品。血余得到它，就将峻猛的逐邪作用变为宣畅调和的作用，从而使阴分的积热得以解除，痰逆得以平复。用这种方法涂抹热疮，小儿及产妇也都适宜。古方元精丹，则将血余配伍入首乌等一切补肾的药物中，成为便后脱血的良好方剂。这些都是掌握了制剂的道理，所以血余才有功而无过，这并不是血余本身的本能所决定的。鼻衄（鼻出血）用血余烧成灰，吹入鼻腔立即止血，即使是齿血、便血以及各个孔窍出血，烧成灰送服，也没有不止住的。这大概是颜色黑能止血，而且血余以血入血，所以反应像鼓槌击鼓那样迅速。但千万不要忘记它是消除瘀血的猛烈药剂。
This is the feces of a male rat. Rats are adept at burrowing, and their feces are waste products excreted from the lower jiao (lower burner). The head of the feces is sharp and pointed; therefore, it is borrowed to guide out turbid pathogenic factors with remarkable efficacy. *Mingyi Bielu* (Record of Famous Physicians) records decocting it with Congbai (Scallion White) and Chidou (Fermented Soybean) for oral administration to treat Laofu (recurrence of illness due to overexertion after an epidemic disease has subsided). After an epidemic disease subsides, residual heat pathogens must lie dormant in the Yin division. They dissipate when the body's Qi is strong and manifest when Qi is deficient. Since Laofu invariably involves fever, treatment should involve dispersal and purgation, not tonification. Congbai and Chidou disperse pathogens on the exterior, while rat feces purge heat from the interior. Chidou is steamed from kidney grains (black beans); its function is to reach the Yang from the Yin. Rat feces descend turbidity to ascend clarity. Zhang Zhongjing’s Zhishi Zhizi Chi Tang treats Laofu by using Zhishi (Immature Bitter Orange) and Zhizi (Gardenia Fruit) to drain heat from the Upper and Middle Jiao downward, and Danchi (Light Fermented Soybean) to search out latent heat in the Lower Jiao and resolve it upward. The intent of *Mingyi Bielu* is similar, with no significant difference. *Huo Ren Shu* (Book of Saving Lives) further combines Congbai, Chidou, and rat feces with Zhishi and Zhizi into a single formula, showing thorough consideration. Zhang Zhongjing’s Shao Kun San (Burning Undergarment Powder) treats Shanghan Yin-Yang Yi (transmission or recurrence of illness due to sexual intercourse during recovery), guiding heat out through the anterior yin. *Huo Ren Shu*, following this intent, established Fen Su Tang (Rat Feces Decoction), achieving efficacy by inducing the discharge of sticky sweat. This is likely because Jiugeng (Garlic Root/Leek Root) has a foul odor entering the Heart, and its pungent aroma reaches the exterior. Used together with rat feces and in greater quantity than rat feces, it can cause all pathogens contracted in the Yin division to be raised and discharged to the exterior. It treats Yin Yi but not Yang Yi because both are Yang medicines that can eliminate Yin pathogens but cannot purge Yang pathogens. Ye Tianshi used Liang Tou Jian (Aconitum Carminale Rhizome) to treat Lin Zhuo (dysuria or cloudy urine), deriving his method from this source.
Hair is also named Xueyu (Blood Remainder). In ancient times, hair from the crown of the head was cut from men near twenty years of age who were free of disease, burned, ground into powder, and used in medicine. Thus, *Shennong Bencao Jing* calls it Fabi (hair tuft), and its functions are identical to Luannian (tangled hair). Luannian refers to hair shed during combing. It is washed clean with Sijiao water (water infused with soapberries), dried in the sun, placed in a jar, sealed tightly, and calcined to retain its nature.
Water originates from high plateaus; thus, the Kidney’s luster manifests in the hair. Hair is the surplus of Blood, and Blood is of the same category as Water. This is a commentary by Hua Yingning on *Suwen*. *Shennong Bencao Jing* states that Fabi treats Wulong (five types of urinary retention), Guan Ge obstruction (simultaneous vomiting and inability to urinate), and promotes the free flow of the urinary pathway. If one applies Hua’s words to interpret this, it is indeed accurate and unchangeable. Zhang Zhongjing’s Zhigao Fa Jian (Pork Fat and Hair Decoction) treats Huangdan (jaundice) and Yin Chui (noisy flatulence from the vagina) by using Zhigao (pork fat) to moisten dryness, introducing Luannian into the Blood division of the Lower Jiao, eliminating stasis, opening Guan Ge, and promoting the urinary pathway. Huashi Baiyu San (Talcum, White Fish, and Hair Powder) is a heavy formula for promoting urination. The pathology is not solely in the Qi division. Huashi opens orifices and expels damp-heat; without the assistance of Baiyu (White Fish Scale) and Luannian—Qi-moving herbs within the Blood—the bladder’s urinary pathway would still not flow freely. Some claim it tonifies True Yin; others say it benefits Water Essence. Could a substance that opens Guan Ge truly have tonifying effects? *Mingyi Bielu* records decocting it with Jizihuang (Egg Yolk) until dissolved to treat various pediatric conditions involving fright and heat. Egg yolk is sweet and warm, nourishing Yin; it is an excellent remedy for pediatric deficiency-heat. When combined with Xueyu, it transforms harsh expulsion into gentle dissemination, resolving accumulated heat in the Yin division and calming phlegm rebellion. Applying this method to hot sores is suitable for both children and postpartum women. The ancient formula Yuanjing Dan combines Xueyu with Shouwu (Polygonum Multiflorum Root) and other Kidney-tonifying herbs, forming a good prescription for hemorrhage after defecation. These examples demonstrate mastery of pharmaceutical preparation, whereby Xueyu achieves merit without fault, not merely by its innate nature. For Bi Ni (epistaxis), burning Xueyu to ash and insufflating it stops bleeding immediately. Similarly, for dental bleeding, hematochezia, and bleeding from any orifice, administering the ash internally stops bleeding without exception. This is likely because its black color stops bleeding, and since Xueyu enters the Blood via Blood, its effect is as immediate as a drumstick striking a drum. However, one must not forget that it is a potent agent for eliminating blood stasis.