（《纲目》）
【释名】时珍曰∶藻乃水草之有纹者，洁净如澡浴，故谓之藻。
【集解】颂曰∶藻生水中，处处有之。《周南》诗云“于以采藻，于沼于 ，于彼行
潦”是也。陆玑注云∶藻生水底，有二种∶一种叶如鸡苏，茎如箸，长四、五尺；一种叶如
蓬蒿，茎如钗股，谓之聚藻。二藻皆可食，煮熟 去腥气，米面糁蒸为茹，甚滑美。荆扬人
饥荒以当谷食。
藏器曰∶马藻生水中，如马齿相连。
时珍曰∶藻有二种，水中甚多。水藻，叶长二、三寸，两两对生，即马藻也；聚藻，叶
细如丝及鱼鳃状，节节连生，即水蕴也，俗名鳃草，又名牛尾蕴，是矣。《尔雅》云∶ ，
牛藻也。郭璞注云∶细叶蓬茸，如丝可爱，一节长数寸，长者二、三十节，即蕴也。二藻皆
可食，入药，以藻为胜。《左传》云∶苹蘩蕴藻之菜，即此。
【气味】甘，大寒，滑，无毒。
【主治】去暴热热痢，止渴，捣汁服之。小儿赤白游疹，火焱热疮，捣烂封之（藏器）。
【发明】思邈曰∶凡天下极冷，无过藻菜。但有患热毒肿并丹毒者，取渠中藻菜切捣敷
之，浓三分，干即易，其效无比。
（《本经》中品）
【释名】 （音单，出《尔雅》，《别录》作 ）、落首（《本经》）、海萝（《尔雅注》
【集解】《别录》曰∶海藻生东海池泽，七月七日采，曝干。
弘景曰∶生海岛上，黑色如乱发而大少许，叶大都似藻叶。
藏器曰∶此有二种∶马尾藻生浅水中，
如短马尾细，黑色，用之当浸去咸味；大叶藻生深海中及新罗，叶如水藻而大。海人以
绳系腰，没水取之。五月以后，有大鱼伤人，不可取也。《尔雅》云，纶似纶，组似组，东
海有之，正为二藻也。
颂曰∶此即水藻生于海中者，今登、莱诸州有之，陶隐居引《尔雅》纶、组注昆布，谓
昆布似组，青苔、紫菜似纶；而陈藏器以纶、组为二藻。陶说似近之。
时珍曰∶海藻近海诸地采取，亦作海菜，乃立名目，货之四方云。
【修治】 曰∶凡使须用生乌豆，并紫背天葵，三件同蒸伏时，日干用。
时珍曰∶近人但洗净咸味，焙干用。
【气味】苦、咸，寒，无毒。
权曰∶咸，有小毒。
之才曰∶反甘草。
时珍曰∶按∶东垣李氏治瘰 马刀，散肿溃坚汤，海藻、甘草两用之。盖以坚积之病，
非平和之药所能取捷，必令反夺以成其功也。
【主治】瘿瘤结气，散颈下硬核痛，痈肿症瘕坚气，腹中上下雷鸣，下十二水肿（《本
经》）。疗皮间积聚暴 ，瘤气结热，利小便（《别录》）。辟百邪鬼魅，治气急心下满，
气下坠，疼痛卵肿，去腹中幽幽作声（甄权）。治奔豚气香港脚，水气浮肿，宿食不消，五膈
痰
【发明】元素曰∶海藻气味俱浓，纯阴，沉也。治瘿瘤马刀诸疮，坚而不溃者。《经》
云∶咸能软坚。营气不从，外为浮肿。随各引经药治之，肿无不消。
成无己曰∶咸味涌泄。故海藻之咸，以泄水气也。
诜曰∶海藻起男子阴，消男子 疾，宜常食之。南方人多食，北方人效之，倍生诸疾，
更不宜矣。
时珍曰∶海藻咸能润下，寒能泄热引水，故能消瘿瘤、结核阴 之坚聚，而除浮肿香港脚
留饮痰气之湿热，使邪气自小便出也。
【附方】旧二，新二。
海藻酒，治瘿气。用海藻一斤，绢袋盛之，以清酒二升浸之，春夏二日，秋冬三日。每
服两合，日三。酒尽再作。其滓曝干为末，每服方寸匕，日三服。不过两剂即瘥。（《肘后
方》）
瘿气初起∶海藻一两，黄连二两，为末。时时舐咽。先断一切浓味。（丹溪方）。项下瘰
，如梅李状。宜连服前方海藻酒消之。（《肘后方》）。
蛇盘瘰 ∶头项交接者。海藻菜（以荞面炒过），白僵蚕（炒）等分为末，以白梅泡汤
和丸
【《本草纲目》】
【释名】李时珍说：藻是水中生长且有纹理的植物，洁净得如同洗澡一样，所以称为“藻”。
【集解】苏颂说：藻生长在水中，到处都有。《诗经·周南》中说：“在哪里采集藻菜？在池塘中，在流动的水洼里。”就是这个意思。陆玑注释说：藻生长在水底，有两种：一种叶子像鸡苏（唇形科植物），茎像筷子，长四、五尺；另一种叶子像蓬蒿，茎像发钗股，称为聚藻。这两种藻都可以食用，煮熟后去除腥味，用米面拌蒸做成菜肴，非常滑嫩美味。荆地、扬地的人在饥荒时把它当作粮食吃。
李时珍说：藻有两种，水中非常多。水藻，叶子长二、三寸，两两对生，就是马藻；聚藻，叶子细如丝及鱼鳃状，节节相连生长，就是水蕴，俗称鳃草，又名牛尾蕴，说的就是这个。《尔雅》说：“[字]，是牛藻。”郭璞注释说：叶子细密蓬松，像丝线一样可爱，一节长几寸，长的有两三十节，就是蕴。这两种藻都可以食用，入药则以藻为佳。《左传》说：“苹、蘩、蕴、藻这些蔬菜”，指的就是这个。
【气味】味甘，性大寒，质地滑利，无毒。
【主治】治疗突发高热和热痢疾，止渴，捣碎取汁服用。（对于）小儿赤白游疹，火燎热疮，捣烂外敷（陈藏器）。
【发明】孙思邈说：天下极冷的东西，没有超过藻菜的。但有患热毒肿和丹毒的人，取渠道中的藻菜切碎捣烂敷在患处，厚度三分，干了就换，效果无比好。
（《神农本草经》中品）
【释名】[字]（音单，出自《尔雅》，《名医别录》作[字]）、落首（《本经》）、海萝（《尔雅注》）
【集解】《名医别录》说：海藻生长在东海的池泽中，七月七日采收，晒干。
陶弘景说：生长在海岛上，黑色像乱发但稍大一点，叶子大体像藻叶。
陈藏器说：这有两种：马尾藻生长在浅水中，像短的马尾细毛，黑色，使用时应当浸泡去除咸味；大叶藻生长在深海中及新罗（朝鲜古称），叶子像水藻但更大。海边人用绳子系腰，潜水去采摘。五月以后，有大鱼伤人，不可采摘。《尔雅》说：“纶似纶，组似组，东海有之”，正是指这两种藻。
苏颂说：这就是生长在海里的水藻，现在登州、莱州等地有出产，陶弘景引用《尔雅》中纶、组来注释昆布，认为昆布像组，青苔、紫菜像纶；而陈藏器把纶、组当作两种藻。陶弘景的说法似乎更接近真相。
李时珍说：海藻在近海各地采取，也作为海菜，于是立名目，向四方贩卖。
【修治】[某医家]说：凡使用必须用生黑豆，并紫背天葵，三样东西一同蒸至伏时（特定时辰或时间），晒干后使用。
李时珍说：近代人只是洗净咸味，焙干后使用。
【气味】味苦、咸，性寒，无毒。
李权说：味咸，有小毒。
张元素说：反甘草。
李时珍说：按：东垣李氏治疗瘰疬、马刀疮的散肿溃坚汤中，海藻和甘草同时使用。大概是因为坚硬积聚的疾病，平和的药物不能迅速奏效，必须利用相反相成的原理来达成功效。
【主治】治疗瘿瘤结气，消散颈部下方的硬核疼痛，痈肿症瘕等坚硬之气，腹中上下雷鸣般的声音，消除十二种水肿（《本经》）。治疗皮间积聚暴发的[病名]，瘤气结热，通利小便（《别录》）。辟除百邪鬼魅，治疗气急心下满闷，气下坠感，睾丸肿痛，去除腹中幽幽作响的症状（甄权）。治疗奔豚气、香港脚（脚气病），水气浮肿，宿食不消，五膈痰[阻]……
【发明】张元素说：海藻气味浓厚，纯阴，下沉。治疗瘿瘤、马刀等疮疡，坚硬而未溃破的。《内经》说：咸能软坚。营气运行不畅，外部表现为浮肿。配合各经引经药治疗，肿胀无不消退。
成无己说：咸味具有涌吐和泄下的作用。所以海藻的咸味，是用来泄除水气的。
孟诜说：海藻能使男子阳起，消除男子的[某种]疾病，适宜经常食用。南方人多食用，北方人效仿，反而倍增各种疾病，更不宜食用了。
李时珍说：海藻咸味能润下，寒性能泄热引水，所以能消除瘿瘤、结核、阴疽等坚硬积聚，并除去浮肿、香港脚、留饮、痰气等湿热之邪，使邪气从小便排出。
【附方】旧方两个，新方两个。
海藻酒，治疗瘿气。用海藻一斤，用绢袋装好，用清酒二升浸泡，春夏两天，秋冬三天。每次服用两合，每天三次。酒喝完再制作。剩下的渣滓晒干研末，每次服用方寸匕，每天三次。不超过两剂就能痊愈。（《肘后备急方》）
瘿气初起：海藻一两，黄连二两，研为末。时时含咽。先断绝一切浓味食物。（丹溪方）。项下瘰疬，像梅子李子形状。宜连续服用前方海藻酒以消除它。（《肘后备急方》）。
蛇盘瘰疬：发生在头项交接处。海藻菜（用荞麦面炒过），白僵蚕（炒）等分为末，用白梅泡汤调和制成丸药……
[Bencao Gangmu (Compendium of Materia Medica)]
[Nomenclature] Li Shizhen stated: "Zao" refers to aquatic plants with textures, as clean as if bathed, hence the name.
[Collected Explanations] Su Song stated: Zao grows in water and is found everywhere. The Book of Songs (Shijing) says, "Where to gather zao? In the ponds, in the running puddles," referring to this. Lu Ji's annotation states that zao grows at the bottom of water and has two types: one type has leaves like *Elsholtzia splendens* (Jisu), stems like chopsticks, and is four to five chi long; the other type has leaves like *Artemisia argyi* (Penghao), stems like hairpin shafts, called Juzao. Both types are edible. After boiling to remove the fishy odor, they can be steamed with rice or flour paste as vegetables, very smooth and delicious. People in Jing and Yang regions used them as grain during famines.
Chen Cangqi stated: Mazao grows in water, resembling connected horse teeth.
Li Shizhen stated: There are two types of zao, abundant in water. Shuizao has leaves two to three cun long, opposite each other, which is Mazao; Juzao has fine thread-like leaves resembling fish gills, growing segment by segment, which is Shuiyun, commonly known as Saicao, also called Niuyi Yun. The Erya states: "[Character], it is Niuza." Guo Pu annotated: "Fine leaves fluffy, lovely like silk, each segment several cun long, the longer ones having twenty to thirty segments, this is Yun." Both are edible, but for medicinal use, Zao is superior. The Zuo Zhuan mentions "Ping, Fan, Yun, Zao" as vegetables, referring to these.
[Flavor and Properties] Sweet, extremely cold, slippery, non-toxic.
[Indications] Treats sudden fever and heat dysentery, relieves thirst, taken as juice after crushing. For children's erysipelas (Chi Bai You Zhen) and fiery hot sores, apply crushed paste externally (Chen Cangqi).
[Enlightenment] Sun Simiao stated: Among all things in the world, none are colder than Zao vegetable. For those suffering from heat-toxin swelling and erysipelas (Dan Du), take channel zao vegetable, cut and crush it for application. Apply a thickness of three fen, change when dry; its efficacy is unparalleled.
(Shennong Bencao Jing, Middle Grade)
[Nomenclature] [Character] (pronounced 'dan', from Erya, recorded as [Character] in Mingyi Bielu), Luoshou (Benjing), Hairaluo (Erya Zhu)
[Collected Explanations] Mingyi Bielu states: Haizao grows in the pools and marshes of the East Sea, harvested on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, and dried.
Tao Hongjing stated: It grows on islands, black like messy hair but slightly larger, leaves generally resembling zao leaves.
Chen Cangqi stated: There are two types: Maweizao grows in shallow water, fine like short horse tails, black, and must be soaked to remove saltiness before use; Dayezao grows in deep seas and Silla (ancient Korea), leaves like water algae but larger. Seafarers tie ropes around their waists and dive to harvest it. After May, large fish may cause injury, so harvesting should cease. The Erya states: "Lun resembles Lun, Zu resembles Zu, found in the East Sea," referring precisely to these two algae.
Su Song stated: This is simply water algae growing in the sea, now produced in Dengzhou and Laizhou. Tao Hongjing cited Erya's Lun and Zu to annotate Kunbu, stating Kunbu resembles Zu, while Qingtai and Zicai resemble Lun; whereas Chen Cangqi considered Lun and Zu as two separate algae. Tao's view seems closer to the truth.
Li Shizhen stated: Haizao is harvested in coastal areas, also traded as sea vegetables under specific names across regions.
[Processing] [Physician Name] stated: When using, it must be steamed together with raw black soybeans and Zi Bei Tian Kui during the Fu hour, then dried for use.
Li Shizhen stated: Modern practitioners merely wash away the saltiness and bake dry for use.
[Flavor and Properties] Bitter, salty, cold, non-toxic.
Li Quan stated: Salty, slightly toxic.
Zhang Yuansu stated: Incompatible with Gancao (Licorice Root).
Li Shizhen stated: According to Li Dongyuan, in the Sanzhong Kuijian Tang (Decoction to Disperse Swelling and Soften Hardness) treating Luoli and Madao, both Haizao and Gancao are used. This is because diseases involving hard accumulations cannot be quickly resolved by mild medicines; one must utilize the principle of mutual antagonism to achieve success.
[Indications] Treats Yingliu (goiter) and qi stagnation, dissipates hard painful lumps under the neck, treats abscesses, masses, and hard qi sensations, rumbling sounds in the abdomen, and eliminates twelve types of edema (Benjing). Treats sudden accumulation in the skin, tumor qi with heat, promotes urination (Bielu). Ward off evil spirits, treat急促 qi with chest fullness, sensation of qi sinking, testicular swelling, and remove幽幽 sounds in the abdomen (Zhen Quan). Treat Ben Tun Qi (running piglet qi), Xianggangjiao (foot disease/gout), water qi edema, retained food not digesting, and phlegm obstruction in the five diaphragms...
[Enlightenment] Zhang Yuansu stated: Haizao has strong flavors, is purely yin, and sinks. It treats Yingliu, Madao, and other sores that are hard and un-ulcerated. The Classic states: "Salty softens hardness." When Ying qi does not flow smoothly, external edema occurs. Treating with appropriate meridian-guiding herbs ensures resolution of swelling.
Cheng Wuji stated: Salty flavor induces vomiting and purging. Thus, the salinity of Haizao is used to drain water qi.
Meng Shen stated: Haizao promotes male virility and eliminates male [disease], suitable for regular consumption. Southerners eat it often; northerners imitating this suffer increased illnesses, making it unsuitable for them.
Li Shizhen stated: Haizao's salty nature moistens and directs downward, while its cold nature drains heat and guides water out. Therefore, it eliminates hard accumulations like Yingliu, tubercles, and Yin Ju, and removes damp-heat from edema, Xianggangjiao, retained fluids, and phlegm qi, allowing pathogenic factors to exit via urine.
[Attached Prescriptions] Two old prescriptions, two new prescriptions.
Haizao Wine, treats Ying Qi. Use one jin of Haizao, place in a silk bag, soak in two sheng of clear wine. Soak for two days in spring/summer, three days in autumn/winter. Take two he per dose, three times daily. When wine is finished, prepare again. Dry the residue, powder it, take one Fang Cun Bi per dose, three times daily. Cure within two doses (Zhou Hou Fang).
Early stage Ying Qi: One liang of Haizao, two liang of Huanglian, powdered. Lick and swallow occasionally. First, avoid rich foods (Danxi Formula). Neck Luoli, shaped like plums or dates. Continuously administer the aforementioned Haizao Wine to resolve it (Zhou Hou Fang).
Snake-pattern Luoli: Occurring at the junction of head and neck. Haizao vegetable (stir-fried with buckwheat flour) and Bai Jiangcan (silkworm, stir-fried) equal parts, powdered. Mix with water from soaked white plum to form pills...