（《日华》）
【释名】土燕（《纲目》）。
【集解】诜曰∶石燕在乳穴石洞中者。冬月采之，堪食。余月，只可治病。
炳曰∶石燕似蝙蝠，口方，食石乳汁。
时珍曰∶此非石部之石燕也。《广志》云∶燕有三种，此则土燕乳于岩穴者是矣。
肉
【气味】甘，暖，无毒。
【主治】壮阳，暖腰膝，添精补髓，益气，润皮肤，缩小便，御风寒、岚瘴、温疫气。
（《日华》。诜曰∶治法∶取石燕二七枚，和五味炒熟，以酒一斗浸三日。每夜卧时饮一、
二盏，甚能补益，令人健力能食）。
（《本经》中品）
【校正】时珍曰∶《本经》中品有伏翼条，又有天鼠屎，今依《李当之本草》合而为一
【释名】蝙蝠（音编福）、天鼠（《本经》）、仙鼠（《唐本》）、飞鼠（《宋本》）、夜燕。
恭曰∶伏翼者，以其昼伏有翼也。
时珍曰∶伏翼，《尔雅》作服翼，齐人呼为仙鼠，《仙经》列为肉芝。
【集解】《别录》曰∶伏翼生太山川谷，及人家屋间。立夏后采，阴干。天鼠屎生合浦
山谷。十一月、十二月采。
弘景曰∶伏翼非白色倒悬者，不可服。
恭曰∶伏翼即仙鼠也，在山孔中食诸乳石精汁，皆千岁，纯白如雪，头上有冠，大如
鸠、鹊。阴干服之，令人肥健长生，寿千岁；其大如鹑，未白者已百岁，而并倒悬，其脑重
也。其屎皆白色，入药当用此屎。
颂曰∶恭说乃《仙经》所谓肉芝者。然今蝙蝠多生古屋中，白而大者盖稀。其屎亦有白
色，料其出乳石孔者，当应如此耳。
宗 曰∶伏翼白日亦能飞，但畏鸷鸟不敢出耳。此物善服气，故能寿。冬月不食，可知
矣。
时珍曰∶伏翼形似鼠，灰黑色。有薄肉翅，连合四足及尾如一。夏出冬蛰，日伏夜飞，
食蚊蚋。自能生育，或云鼍虱化蝠，鼠亦化蝠，蝠又化魁蛤，恐不尽然。生乳穴者甚大。或
云燕避戊己，蝠伏庚申，此理之不可晓者也。若夫白色者，自有此种尔。《仙经》以为千百
岁，服之令人不死者，乃方士诳言也。陶氏、苏氏从而信之，迂矣。按∶李石《续博物志》
云∶唐·陈子真得白蝙蝠大如鸦，服之，一夕大泄而死。又宋·刘亮得白蝙蝠、白蟾蜍合仙
丹，服之立死。呜呼！书此足以破惑矣。其说始载于《抱朴子》书，葛洪误世之罪，通乎天
下。又《唐书》云∶吐番有天鼠，状如雀鼠，其大如猫，皮可为裘。此则别是一种鼠，非此
天鼠也。
伏翼
【修治】 曰∶凡使要重一斤者。先拭去肉上毛，及去爪、肠，留肉、翅并嘴、
好酒浸一宿，取出以黄精自然汁五两，涂炙至尽，炙干用。
时珍曰∶近世用者，多 存性耳。
【气味】咸，平，无毒。《甄权》曰∶微热，有毒。
之才曰∶苋实、云实为之使。
【主治】目瞑痒痛，明目，夜视有精光。久服令人喜乐媚好无忧（《本经》。《日华》
久服解愁）。疗五淋，利水道（《别录》）。主女人生子余疾，带下病，无子（苏恭）。治
久咳上气，久疟瘰 ，金疮内漏，小儿 病惊风（时珍。藏器曰∶五月五日，取倒悬者晒
干，和桂心、薰陆香烧烟，辟蚊子。夜明砂、鳖甲为末，烧烟，亦辟蚊）。
【发明】时珍曰∶蝙蝠性能泻人，故陈子真等服之皆致死。观后治金疮方，皆致下利，
其毒可知。《本经》谓其无毒，久服喜乐无忧，《日华》云久服解愁者，皆误后世之言。适
足以增忧益愁而已。治病可也，服食不可也。
【附方】旧二，新九。
仙乳丸∶治上焦热，昼常好瞑。用伏翼（五两重）一枚（连肠胃炙燥），云实（微炒）
五两，威灵仙三两，牵牛（炒）、苋实各二两，丹砂、雌黄、铅丹各一两，腻粉半两，为末，
蜜丸绿豆大。每服七丸，食后木通汤下，以知为度。（《普济》）
久咳上气∶十年、二十年，诸药不效。用蝙蝠除翅、足，烧焦研末。米饮服之。（《百
一方》）
久疟不止∶《范汪方》∶用蝙蝠七个，去头、翅、足，捣千下，丸梧桐子大。每服一丸，
清汤下。鸡鸣时一丸，禺中一丸。
久疟不止∶伏翼丸∶用蝙蝠一枚（炙），蛇蜕皮一条（烧），蜘蛛五枚（去足，研如膏），
鳖甲一枚（醋炙），麝香半两，为末。五月五日午时研匀，以蜘蛛膏入炼蜜和，丸麻子大。
每温酒下五丸。（《圣惠方》）
小儿惊痫∶用入蛰蝙蝠一个，入成块朱砂三钱在腹内，以新瓦合， 存性，候冷为末。
空心分四服（儿小，分五服），白汤下。（《医学集成》）
小儿慢惊∶返魂丹∶治小儿慢惊，及天吊夜啼。用蝙蝠一枚（去肠、翅，炙黄焦），人
中白、干蝎（焙）、麝香各一分，为末，炼蜜丸绿豆大。每服乳汁下三丸。（《圣惠方》）
多年瘰 不愈∶神效方∶用蝙蝠一个，猫头一个，俱撒上黑豆，烧至骨化，为末掺之（干
即油调敷），内服连翘汤。（《集要》）
金疮出血不止，成内漏∶用蝙蝠二枚，烧末。水服方寸匕，当下水而血消也。（《鬼遗
方》）
腋下狐臭∶用蝙蝠一个，以赤石脂末半两涂遍，黄泥包固，晒干 存性。以田螺水调涂
腋下，待毒瓦斯上冲，急服下药，行一、二次妙。（《乾坤秘韫》）
干血气痛∶蝙蝠一个，烧存性。每酒服一钱，即愈。《生生编》
妇人断产∶蝙蝠一个烧研，以五朝酒浮调下。（《摘玄方》）
脑
【主治】涂面，去女子面 。服之，令人不忘（苏恭）。
血及胆
【主治】滴目，令人不睡，夜中见物（藏器。弘景曰∶伏翼目及胆，术家用为
洞视法。）
天鼠屎（《本经》）
【释名】鼠法（《本经》）、石肝（同上）、夜明砂（《日华》）、黑砂星。弘景曰∶方家不
用，俗不识也。
李当之曰∶即伏翼屎也，《方言》名天鼠尔。
【修治】时珍曰∶凡采得，以水淘去灰土恶气，取细砂晒干焙用。其砂乃蚊蚋眼也。
【气味】辛，寒，无毒。之才曰∶恶白蔹、白薇。
【主治】面痈肿，皮肤洗洗时痛，腹中血气，破寒热积聚，除惊悸（《本经》）。去面上
黑（《别录》）。烧灰，酒服方寸匕，下死胎（苏恭）。炒服，治瘰 （《日华》）。治马扑损
痛，以三枚投热酒一升，取清服立止，数服便瘥（苏颂。出《续传信方》）。熬捣为末，拌饭
与一岁至两岁小儿食之，治无辜病，甚验（慎微）。治疳有效（宗 ）。治目盲障翳，明目除
疟（时珍）。
【发明】时珍曰∶夜明砂及蝙蝠，皆厥阴肝经血分药也，能活血消积。故所治目翳盲障
，疟 疳惊，淋带，瘰 痈肿，皆厥阴之病也。按∶《类说》云∶定海徐道亨患赤眼，食蟹
遂成内障。五年忽梦一僧，以药水洗之，令服羊肝丸。求其方。僧曰∶用洗净夜明砂、当归
、蝉蜕、木贼（去节）各一两，为末。黑羊肝四两，水煮烂和，丸梧桐子大。食后熟水下五
十丸。如法服之，遂复明也。
【附方】旧一，新十三。
内外障翳∶夜明砂末，化入猪肝内，煮食饮汁，效。（《直指方》）
青盲不见∶夜明砂（糯米炒黄）一两，柏叶（微炙）一两。为末，牛胆汁和，丸梧桐子
大。每夜卧时，竹叶汤下二十丸；至五更，米饮下二十丸，瘥乃止。（《圣惠》）
小儿雀目∶夜明砂一两，微炒细研，猪胆汁和，丸绿豆大。每米饮下五丸。一方∶加黄
芩等分为末。米泔煮猪肝，取汁调服半钱。（并《圣惠》）
五疟不止∶《简要济众》∶用夜明砂末，每冷茶服一钱，立效。《圣惠》∶治疟发作无时，
经久不瘥。用蝙蝠粪五十粒，朱砂半两，麝香一钱，为末，糯米饭丸小豆大。未发时，白汤
下十丸
胎前疟疾∶夜明砂末三钱，空心温酒服。（《经验秘方》）
咳嗽不止∶蝙蝠去翅足，烧焦为末。一钱，食后白汤下。（《寿域神方》）
小儿 病∶以红纱袋盛夜明砂，佩之。（《直指方》）
一切疳毒∶夜明砂五钱，入瓦瓶内，以精猪肉三两薄切，入瓶内，水煮熟了。午前以肉
与儿食，饮其汁，取下腹中胎毒。次用生姜四两，和皮切炒，同黄连末一两，煮面糊丸黍米
大。食前米饮服，日三次。（《全幼心鉴》）
耳出汁∶夜明砂二钱，麝香一字，为末。拭净掺之。（《圣济》）
溃肿排脓∶夜明砂一两，桂半两，乳香一分。为末，入干砂糖半两。井水调敷。（《直
指方》）
腋下狐臭∶夜明砂末，豉汁调敷。同上
风 牙痛∶夜明砂（炒）、吴茱萸（汤泡，炒）等分为末，蟾酥和，丸麻子大。绵裹二
丸含之，吐涎。（《普济方》）
（《日华子本草》）
【释名】土燕（《本草纲目》）。
【集解】苏颂说：石燕产于乳穴石洞之中。冬季采集，可以食用。其他月份采集，只能用来治病。
李炳说：石燕形状像蝙蝠，嘴巴是方的，以岩石中的乳汁为食。
李时珍说：这不是矿物部记载的石燕。《广志》记载：燕子有三种，这种是在岩洞中筑巢的土燕。
肉
【气味】味甘，性暖，无毒。
【主治】壮阳，温暖腰膝，填补精髓，益气，滋润皮肤，缩小便，抵御风寒、山岚瘴气、温疫之气。
（出自《日华子本草》。苏颂说：炮制方法：取石燕十四枚，配合五味调料炒熟，用一斗酒浸泡三天。每晚睡觉前饮用一两盏，非常具有补益作用，能让人精力充沛、食欲增加。）
（《神农本草经》中品）
【校正】李时珍说：《神农本草经》中品有“伏翼”条目，又有“天鼠屎”，现在依据《李当之本草》将二者合并为一类。
【释名】蝙蝠（音同“编福”）、天鼠（《神农本草经》）、仙鼠（《唐本草》）、飞鼠（《宋本草》）、夜燕。
苏恭说：称为伏翼，是因为它白天潜伏且有翅膀。
李时珍说：伏翼，《尔雅》写作“服翼”，齐地人称之为仙鼠，《仙经》将其列为“肉芝”。
【集解】《名医别录》说：伏翼生于太山川谷，以及人家屋檐间。立夏后采集，阴干。天鼠屎生于合浦山谷。十一月、十二月采集。
陶弘景说：伏翼如果不是白色倒悬的，不可服用。
苏恭说：伏翼就是仙鼠，在山洞中食用各种乳石精华汁液，寿命可达千年，通体纯白如雪，头上有冠，大小像斑鸠、喜鹊。阴干后服用，能让人肥健长寿，活到千岁；那些大小像鹌鹑、尚未变白的已经百岁，也都倒悬着，因为脑部沉重。它们的粪便都是白色的，入药应当使用这种粪便。
苏颂说：苏恭所说的就是《仙经》中所谓的肉芝。然而现在的蝙蝠多生在古旧房屋中，白色且大的很少见。它们的粪便也有白色的，推测从乳石孔中出来的，应该就是这样吧。
陈承说：伏翼白天也能飞，只是畏惧猛禽不敢出来罢了。这种动物善于服气，所以能长寿。冬天不进食，由此可知。
李时珍说：伏翼形状像老鼠，灰黑色。有薄肉翅，连接四足和尾巴像一个整体。夏天出现，冬天蛰伏，白天潜伏夜晚飞行，捕食蚊蚋。自己能生育，有人说鼍虱化为蝙蝠，老鼠也化为蝙蝠，蝙蝠又化为魁蛤，恐怕不完全如此。生长在乳穴中的非常大。有人说燕子避开戊己日，蝙蝠潜伏在庚申日，这是无法理解的道理。至于白色的，自然有这种种类。《仙经》认为它们有千百岁，服用能让人不死，这是方士的欺骗之言。陶弘景、苏恭等人相信这些说法，真是迂腐。按：李石《续博物志》记载：唐代陈子真得到一只大如乌鸦的白蝙蝠，服用后，一夜之间剧烈腹泻而死。又宋代刘亮得到白蝙蝠、白蟾蜍合成仙丹，服用后立即死亡。唉！记录这些足以破除迷惑了。这种说法最初记载于《抱朴子》，葛洪误导世人的罪过，天下共知。又《唐书》记载：吐蕃有天鼠，形状像雀鼠，大如猫，皮可以做裘衣。这则是另一种鼠，不是这里说的天鼠。
伏翼
【修治】寇宗奭说：凡使用要选重达一斤的。先擦去肉上的毛，去掉爪子、内脏，保留肉、翅膀以及嘴，用好酒浸泡一夜，取出后用黄精的自然汁五两涂抹，炙烤至尽，烤干后使用。
李时珍说：近代使用的，多是存其药性而已。
【气味】味咸，性平，无毒。《甄权》说：微热，有毒。
徐之才说：苋实、云实为其使药。
【主治】眼睛昏花痒痛，明目，夜间视物有精光。长期服用使人喜乐美好无忧愁（《神农本草经》。《日华子本草》说：长期服用解除忧愁）。治疗五种淋证，通利水道（《名医别录》）。主治妇女产后余疾、带下病、不孕症（苏恭）。治疗久咳上气、久疟、瘰疬、金疮内漏、小儿惊风（李时珍。藏器说：五月五日，取倒悬的蝙蝠晒干，配合桂心、薰陆香烧烟，可驱避蚊子。夜明砂、鳖甲研末，烧烟，也能驱避蚊子）。
【发明】李时珍说：蝙蝠的性能能泻人，所以陈子真等人服用都导致死亡。看后面治疗金疮的方子，都导致腹泻，其毒性可知。《神农本草经》说它无毒，长期服用喜乐无忧，《日华子本草》说长期服用解愁，这些都是误导后世的言论。只足以增加忧愁罢了。可以用来治病，不可以作为食物服用。
【附方】旧方二首，新方九首。
仙乳丸：治疗上焦热盛，白天常想闭眼。用伏翼（重五两）一枚（连肠胃炙烤干燥），云实（微炒）五两，威灵仙三两，牵牛子（炒）、苋实各二两，丹砂、雌黄、铅丹各一两，腻粉半两，研为细末，蜂蜜调和制成绿豆大小的丸剂。每次服用七丸，饭后用木通汤送下，以见效为度。（《普济本事方》）
久咳上气：十年、二十年，各种药物无效。用蝙蝠除去翅膀、脚，烧焦研末。米饮送服。（《百一方》）
久疟不止：《范汪方》：用蝙蝠七个，去掉头、翅膀、脚，捣一千下，制成梧桐子大小的丸剂。每次服用一丸，清汤送下。鸡鸣时服一丸，禺中时服一丸。
久疟不止：伏翼丸：用蝙蝠一枚（炙烤），蛇蜕皮一条（烧焦），蜘蛛五枚（去脚，研成膏状），鳖甲一枚（醋炙），麝香半两，研为细末。五月五日午时研磨均匀，用蜘蛛膏加入炼蜜调和，制成麻子大小的丸剂。每次温酒送服五丸。（《圣惠方》）
小儿惊痫：用入蛰的蝙蝠一个，放入三钱成块朱砂在腹内，用新瓦覆盖，煅烧存性，候冷研末。空腹分四次服用（幼儿小，分五次），白开水送下。（《医学集成》）
小儿慢惊：返魂丹：治疗小儿慢惊，及天吊夜啼。用蝙蝠一枚（去肠、翅，炙烤至黄焦），人中白、干蝎（焙干）、麝香各一分，研为细末，炼蜜制成绿豆大小的丸剂。每次用乳汁送服三丸。（《圣惠方》）
多年瘰疬不愈：神效方：用蝙蝠一个，猫头一个，都撒上黑豆，烧至骨化，研末外掺（干燥时用油调敷），内服连翘汤。（《集验方》）
金疮出血不止，形成内漏：用蝙蝠二枚，烧成炭末。水送服一方寸匕，应当随小便排出而血止。（《鬼遗方》）
腋下狐臭：用蝙蝠一个，用赤石脂末半两涂遍，黄泥包裹固定，晒干煅烧存性。用田螺水调匀涂腋下，待毒瓦斯上冲，急服下药，排便一、二次后效果妙。（《乾坤秘韫》）
干血气痛：蝙蝠一个，烧存性。每次用酒送服一钱，即愈。《生生编》
妇人断产：蝙蝠一个烧研，用五更时的酒浮调送下。（《摘玄方》）
脑
【主治】涂抹面部，去除女子面皯。服用它，能让人不忘事（苏恭）。
血及胆
【主治】滴入眼中，让人不睡觉，夜间看见物体（藏器。陶弘景说：伏翼的眼睛及胆，术士用作洞视法。）
天鼠屎（《神农本草经》）
【释名】鼠法（《神农本草经》）、石肝（同上）、夜明砂（《日华子本草》）、黑砂星。陶弘景说：方家不用，俗人不认识。
李当之说：就是伏翼的粪便，《方言》称为天鼠。
【修治】李时珍说：凡是采得，用水淘去灰土恶气，取细砂晒干焙干后使用。这种砂其实是蚊蚋的眼睛。
【气味】味辛，性寒，无毒。徐之才说：畏白蔹、白薇。
【主治】面部痈肿，皮肤瘙痒刺痛，腹中血气，破除寒热积聚，消除惊悸（《神农本草经》）。去除面上黑斑（《名医别录》）。烧成灰，酒送服一方寸匕，下死胎（苏恭）。炒服，治疗瘰疬（《日华子本草》）。治疗马匹扑损疼痛，用三枚投入热酒一升，取清液服用立即停止，几次服用就好了（苏颂。出自《续传信方》）。熬捣为末，拌饭给一岁至两岁的儿童吃，治疗无辜病，非常有效（慎微）。治疗疳积有效（陈承）。治疗目盲障翳，明目除疟（李时珍）。
【发明】李时珍说：夜明砂及蝙蝠，都是厥阴肝经血分的药物，能活血消积。所以所治疗的目翳盲障、疟疾、疳积惊风、淋证带下、瘰疬痈肿，都是厥阴经的病。按：《类说》记载：定海徐道亨患赤眼，吃螃蟹后成为内障。五年后忽然梦见一位僧人，用药水洗之，让他服用羊肝丸。询问其方。僧人说：用洗净的夜明砂、当归、蝉蜕、木贼（去节）各一两，研为细末。黑羊肝四两，水煮烂调和，制成梧桐子大小的丸剂。饭后用热水送服五十丸。依法服用，于是复明了。
【附方】旧方一首，新方十三首。
内外障翳：夜明砂末，化入猪肝内，煮食并喝汁，有效。（《直指方》）
青盲不见：夜明砂（糯米炒黄）一两，柏叶（微炙）一两。研为细末，用牛胆汁调和，制成梧桐子大小的丸剂。每晚睡觉时，竹叶汤送服二十丸；到五更时，米饮送服二十丸，痊愈为止。（《圣惠方》）
小儿雀目：夜明砂一两，微炒细研，猪胆汁调和，制成绿豆大小的丸剂。每次米饮送服五丸。另一方：加黄芩等分为末。米泔水煮猪肝，取汁调服半钱。（均出自《圣惠方》）
五疟不止：《简要济众方》：用夜明砂末，每次冷茶送服一钱，立即见效。《圣惠方》：治疗疟疾发作无定时，经久不愈。用蝙蝠粪五十粒，朱砂半两，麝香一钱，研为细末，糯米饭制成小豆大小的丸剂。未发作时，白开水送服十丸。
胎前疟疾：夜明砂末三钱，空腹温酒送服。（《经验秘方》）
咳嗽不止：蝙蝠去翅足，烧焦为末。一钱，饭后白开水送服。（《寿域神方》）
小儿疳积：用红纱袋盛装夜明砂，佩戴在身上。（《直指方》）
一切疳毒：夜明砂五钱，放入瓦瓶内，将精猪肉三两薄切，放入瓶内，水煮煮熟。午前将肉给孩子吃，喝其汁，排出腹中胎毒。其次用生姜四两，带皮切炒，同黄连末一两，煮面糊制成黍米大小的丸剂。饭前米饮送服，每日三次。（《全幼心鉴》）
耳出汁：夜明砂二钱，麝香一字，研为细末。擦拭干净后掺入患处。（《圣济总录》）
溃肿排脓：夜明砂一两，桂半两，乳香一分。研为细末，加入干砂糖半两。井水调匀敷贴。（《直指方》）
腋下狐臭：夜明砂末，豉汁调敷。同上
风虫牙痛：夜明砂（炒）、吴茱萸（汤泡，炒）等分为末，蟾酥调和，制成麻子大小的丸剂。绵裹二丸含之，吐出涎水。（《普济方》）
(Ri Hua Ben Cao)
[Names] Earth Swallow (Ben Cao Gang Mu).
[Collection and Explanation] Su Song stated: Stone swallows are found in limestone caves. They can be eaten when harvested in winter; in other months, they are only suitable for treating diseases.
Li Bing stated: Stone swallows resemble bats, have square mouths, and feed on rock milk.
Li Shizhen stated: This is not the stone swallow mentioned in the Mineral section. The Guang Zhi records that there are three types of swallows; this one is the earth swallow that nests in rock caves.
Meat
[Flavor and Properties] Sweet, warm, non-toxic.
[Indications] Strengthens yang, warms the waist and knees, replenishes essence and marrow, benefits qi, moistens the skin, reduces urination, and protects against wind-cold, mountain miasma, and epidemic pathogens.
(From Ri Hua Ben Cao. Su Song stated: Preparation method: Take fourteen stone swallows, stir-fry them熟 with five flavors, soak them in one dou of wine for three days. Drink one or two cups before bed every night. This is very beneficial, making people strong and able to eat well.)
(Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing, Middle Grade)
[Correction] Li Shizhen stated: The Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing, Middle Grade, has entries for "Fu Yi" (Bat) and "Tian Shu Shi" (Heavenly Mouse Droppings). Now, following Li Dang's Ben Cao, I combine them into one entry.
[Names] Bat (pronounced like "Bian Fu"), Heavenly Mouse (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing), Immortal Mouse (Tang Ben Cao), Flying Mouse (Song Ben Cao), Night Swallow.
Su Gong stated: It is called Fu Yi because it hides during the day and has wings.
Li Shizhen stated: In Er Ya, Fu Yi is written as "Fu Yi". People in Qi call it Immortal Mouse, and Xian Jing lists it as "Rou Zhi" (Meat Mushroom).
[Collection and Explanation] Ming Yi Bie Lu stated: Fu Yi grows in the mountains and valleys of Tai, as well as under eaves of houses. Harvest after Start of Summer, dry in shade. Tian Shu Shi grows in the mountains and valleys of Hepu. Harvest in November and December.
Tao Hongjing stated: If Fu Yi is not white and hanging upside down, it should not be taken.
Su Gong stated: Fu Yi is indeed the Immortal Mouse. It lives in mountain holes, feeding on the essence of various mineral milks. It can live for a thousand years, pure white like snow, with a crest on its head, as large as a turtledove or magpie. Dried in shade and taken, it makes people fat, healthy, and long-lived, reaching a thousand years; those as large as quails, not yet white, are already a hundred years old, and also hang upside down due to the weight of their brains. Their droppings are all white; for medicinal use, these droppings should be used.
Su Song stated: What Su Gong described is what Xian Jing calls Rou Zhi. However, current bats mostly live in old houses, and white, large ones are rare. Their droppings can also be white; presumably, those from mineral milk holes would be like this.
Cheng Cheng stated: Fu Yi can fly during the day but fears birds of prey, so it does not come out. This creature is good at swallowing qi, which is why it lives long. It does not eat in winter, which can be inferred.
Li Shizhen stated: Fu Yi resembles a mouse, gray-black in color. It has thin fleshy wings connecting the four feet and tail into one unit. It appears in summer and hibernates in winter, hiding by day and flying by night, eating mosquitoes and gnats. It reproduces naturally. Some say tokay geckos transform into bats, mice transform into bats, and bats transform into giant clams, which is likely not entirely true. Those living in mineral caves are very large. Some say swallows avoid Wu and Ji days, and bats hide on Geng Shen days; this reasoning is incomprehensible. As for white ones, such varieties do exist naturally. Xian Jing claims they live for thousands of years and taking them prevents death; this is merely deception by alchemists. Tao Hongjing and Su Gong believed these stories, which is pedantic. According to Li Shi's Xu Bao Wu Zhi: In Tang Dynasty, Chen Zizhen obtained a white bat as large as a crow, took it, and died of severe diarrhea overnight. Also, Liu Liang of Song Dynasty obtained a white bat and white toad to make an elixir, took it, and died immediately. Alas! Recording this is sufficient to dispel confusion. This theory first appeared in Baopuzi; Ge Hong's sin of misleading the world is known throughout the realm. Also, Tang Shu records: Tubo had a Heavenly Mouse, shaped like a sparrow-mouse, as large as a cat, whose skin could be made into fur coats. This is a different kind of mouse, not the Heavenly Mouse discussed here.
Fu Yi (Bat)
[Processing] Kou Zongshi stated: When using, select those weighing one jin. First wipe off the hair on the meat, remove claws and intestines, keep the meat, wings, and beak. Soak in good wine overnight, take out, coat with five liang of natural juice of Polygonatum multiflorum, roast until dry, and use.
Li Shizhen stated: Modern usage often involves just preserving the medicinal nature.
[Flavor and Properties] Salty, neutral, non-toxic. Zhen Quan stated: Slightly hot, toxic.
Xu Zhicai stated: Amaranthus seed and Clitoria ternatea act as guides.
[Indications] Blurred vision, itching and pain in eyes, brightens eyesight, allows clear night vision. Long-term consumption brings joy, beauty, and freedom from sorrow (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. Ri Hua Ben Cao states: Long-term consumption relieves sorrow). Treats five types of strangury, promotes urination (Ming Yi Bie Lu). Mainly treats postpartum disorders, leukorrhea, and infertility in women (Su Gong). Treats chronic cough with rebellious qi, chronic malaria, scrofula, internal leakage from metal wounds, and pediatric convulsions (Li Shizhen. Canger stated: On the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, take upside-down bats, dry them, mix with Cinnamomum cassia bark and Frankincense, burn as smoke to repel mosquitoes. Ye Ming Sha and Testudo shell powdered, burned as smoke, also repels mosquitoes).
[Analysis] Li Shizhen stated: The nature of bats can purge the human body, which is why Chen Zizhen and others died after consuming them. Observing the subsequent formulas for metal wounds, which all cause diarrhea, its toxicity is evident. Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing says it is non-toxic and long-term consumption brings joy without sorrow; Ri Hua Ben Cao says long-term consumption relieves sorrow; these are all statements that mislead later generations. They only serve to increase worry and sorrow. It can be used to treat disease, but not for dietary consumption.
[Attached Formulas] Two old formulas, nine new formulas.
Xian Ru Wan: Treats heat in the upper jiao, frequent blinking during the day. Use one Fu Yi (weighing five liang) (roasted dry with intestines), five liang of Clitoria ternatea (lightly stir-fried), three liang of Saposhnikovia root, two liang each of Semen Kochiae (stir-fried) and Amaranthus seed, one liang each of Cinnabaris, Realgar, and Minium, half a liang of Calomelas. Grind into powder, mix with honey to make pills the size of mung beans. Take seven pills after meals, washed down with Wood Tongue Decoction, until effective. (Pu Ji Fang)
Chronic Cough with Rebellious Qi: Ten or twenty years, ineffective with various medicines. Use bats, remove wings and feet, char and grind into powder. Wash down with rice water. (Bai Yi Fang)
Chronic Malaria Unceasing: Fan Wang Fang: Use seven bats, remove head, wings, and feet, pound a thousand times, make pills the size of Chinese elm seeds. Take one pill per dose, washed down with clear soup. One pill at cockcrow, one pill at yu zhong.
Chronic Malaria Unceasing: Fu Yi Wan: Use one bat (roasted), one snake skin (burned), five spiders (remove feet, grind into paste), one turtle shell (vinegar-roasted), half a liang of Moschus. Grind into powder. On the noon of the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, mix evenly with spider paste and refined honey, make pills the size of hemp seeds. Take five pills with warm wine. (Sheng Hui Fang)
Pediatric Convulsions: Use one bat that has entered hibernation, place three qian of chunky Cinnabar inside its abdomen, cover with a new tile, calcine to preserve nature, cool and grind into powder. Divide into four doses for empty stomach (five doses for small children), wash down with white water. (Yi Xue Ji Cheng)
Pediatric Slow Convulsion: Fan Hun Dan: Treats pediatric slow convulsion and night crying due to heaven-dangling. Use one bat (remove intestines and wings, roast until yellow and charred), one fen each of Urina Calcinata, Scorpio (baked), and Moschus. Grind into powder, mix with refined honey to make pills the size of mung beans. Take three pills washed down with breast milk. (Sheng Hui Fang)
Chronic Scrofula Not Healing: Shen Xiao Fang: Use one bat, one cat head, sprinkle black soybeans on both, burn until bones turn to ash, grind into powder and apply externally (mix with oil if dry). Internally take Lian Qiao Tang. (Ji Yao)
Metal Wound Bleeding Unstoppable, Forming Internal Leakage: Use two bats, burn to ash. Wash down with water using a measure of one cun cube; blood will stop upon urination. (Gui Yi Fang)
Axillary Fox Odor: Use one bat, coat thoroughly with half a liang of Red Halloysite powder, wrap tightly with yellow mud, dry and calcine to preserve nature. Mix with water snail juice and apply to armpits. When toxin rises, urgently take the following medicine; excretion one or two times is excellent. (Qian Kun Mi Yun)
Dry Blood Qi Pain: One bat, calcined. Take one qian washed down with wine each time, immediately cured. Sheng Sheng Bian
Women Sterility: One bat burned and ground, mixed with wine from the fifth watch and taken. (Zhai Xuan Fang)
Brain
[Indications] Apply to face to remove facial melasma in women. Taking it prevents forgetfulness (Su Gong).
Blood and Gallbladder
[Indications] Drip into eyes to induce insomnia and seeing objects at night (Canger. Tao Hongjing stated: Bat eyes and gallbladder are used by sorcerers for the method of piercing sight.)
Tian Shu Shi (Heavenly Mouse Droppings) (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing)
[Names] Shu Fa (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing), Shi Gan (ibid.), Ye Ming Sha (Ri Hua Ben Cao), Black Sand Star. Tao Hongjing stated: Alchemists do not use it; common people do not recognize it.
Li Dang stated: It is the feces of Fu Yi, called Tian Shu in Fang Yan.
[Processing] Li Shizhen stated: Upon collection, wash with water to remove dirt and bad odors, take the fine sand, dry and bake for use. This sand consists of mosquito eyes.
[Flavor and Properties] Pungent, cold, non-toxic. Xu Zhicai stated: Averse to Bai Lian and Bai Wei.
[Indications] Facial carbuncles and swelling, skin itching and stinging pain, abdominal blood and qi stagnation, breaks up cold-heat accumulations, eliminates palpitations (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing). Removes black spots on the face (Ming Yi Bie Lu). Burned to ash, taken with wine in a measure of one cun cube, expels dead fetus (Su Gong). Stir-fried and taken, treats scrofula (Ri Hua Ben Cao). Treats pain from horse falls and injuries: throw three units into one sheng of hot wine, take the clear liquid, pain stops immediately, recovers after several doses (Su Song. From Xu Chuan Xin Fang). Boil and grind into powder, mix with rice and feed to children aged one to two years to treat innocent disease, very effective (Shen Wei). Effective for infantile malnutrition (Cheng Cheng). Treats blindness and corneal opacity, brightens eyes, eliminates malaria (Li Shizhen).
[Analysis] Li Shizhen stated: Ye Ming Sha and bats are both herbs entering the Blood aspect of the Jueyin Liver Meridian, capable of invigorating blood and resolving accumulations. Therefore, the conditions they treat—corneal opacity, blindness, malaria, infantile malnutrition and convulsions, strangury and leukorrhea, scrofula and carbuncles—are all Jueyin diseases. According to Lei Shuo: Xu Daoheng from Dinghai suffered from red eye disease, which became internal cataracts after eating crab. Five years later, he dreamed of a monk who washed his eyes with medicine and told him to take Sheep Liver Pills. He asked for the formula. The monk said: Use one liang each of washed Ye Ming Sha, Angelica sinensis, Cicada slough, and Equisetum hiemale (remove joints), grind into powder. Mix with four liang of black sheep liver boiled soft, make pills the size of Chinese elm seeds. Take fifty pills washed down with hot water after meals. Following this method, his sight was restored.
[Attached Formulas] One old formula, thirteen new formulas.
Internal and External Cataracts: Ye Ming Sha powder, melt into pig liver, boil and eat/drink the juice, effective. (Zhi Zhi Fang)
Blue Blindness (No Vision): Ye Ming Sha (stir-fried with glutinous rice until yellow) one liang, Biota leaf (lightly roasted) one liang. Grind into powder, mix with ox bile, make pills the size of Chinese elm seeds. Take twenty pills washed down with bamboo leaf tea at bedtime; take twenty pills washed down with rice water at wu geng, stop when cured. (Sheng Hui)
Pediatric Night Blindness: Ye Ming Sha one liang, lightly stir-fried and finely ground, mix with pig bile, make pills the size of mung beans. Take five pills washed down with rice water. Another formula: Add Scutellaria baicalensis in equal parts, grind into powder. Boil pig liver in rice water, take juice and mix with half a qian for oral administration. (Both from Sheng Hui)
Five Types of Malaria Unceasing: Jian Yao Ji Zhong Fang: Use Ye Ming Sha powder, take one qian with cold tea, immediate effect. Sheng Hui Fang: Treats malaria with irregular onset, lingering and not healing. Use fifty grains of bat feces, half a liang of Cinnabar, one qian of Moschus, grind into powder, make pills the size of adzuki beans with glutinous rice paste. Take ten pills washed down with white water before onset.
Malaria During Pregnancy: Ye Ming Sha powder three qian, take with warm wine on an empty stomach. (Jing Yan Mi Fang)
Unceasing Cough: Bat remove wings and feet, char and grind into powder. One qian, take with white water after meals. (Shou Yu Shen Fang)
Pediatric Malnutrition: Put Ye Ming Sha in a red gauze bag and wear it. (Zhi Zhi Fang)
All Kinds of Malnutrition Toxins: Ye Ming Sha five qian, put in a clay bottle, add three liang of thinly sliced lean pork, boil in water until cooked. Before noon, give the meat to the child to eat and drink the juice to expel fetal toxins from the abdomen. Next, take four liang of ginger, slice with peel and stir-fry, mix with one liang of Coptis chinensis powder, cook with flour paste to make pills the size of millet grains. Take before meals washed down with rice water, three times a day. (Quan You Xin Jian)
Ear Discharge: Ye Ming Sha two qian, Moschus one zi, grind into powder. Cleanse the area and apply powder. (Sheng Ji Zong Lu)
Ulcerated Swelling Draining Pus: Ye Ming Sha one liang, Cinnamon half a liang, Frankincense one fen. Grind into powder, add half a liang of dry granulated sugar. Mix with well water and apply. (Zhi Zhi Fang)
Axillary Fox Odor: Ye Ming Sha powder, mix with fermented soybean juice and apply. Same as above.
Wind-Worm Toothache: Ye Ming Sha (stir-fried), Evodia fruit (soaked in water, stir-fried) in equal parts, grind into powder, mix with Bufonis Venenum, make pills the size of hemp seeds. Wrap two pills in cotton and hold in mouth to spit out saliva. (Pu Ji Fang)