（音袄。《别录》下品）
【释名】钩、 （《尔雅》）、苦板。
时珍曰∶凡物稚曰 ，此物嫩时可食，故以名之。
【集解】弘景曰∶苦
处处有之，伧人取茎生食之。
保升曰∶所在下湿
地有之，茎圆无刺，可生啖，子若猫蓟。五月五日采苗，曝干。
恭曰∶今人以为漏芦，非也。
时珍曰∶《尔雅》钩、 。即此苦 也。 大
如拇指，中空，茎头有苔似蓟，初生可食。许慎《说文》言∶江南人食之下气。今浙东人清
明节采其嫩苗食之，云一年不生疮疖。亦捣汁和米为食，其色清，久留不败。《造化指南》
云∶苦板大者名苦藉，叶如地
其无花实者，名地胆草，汁苦如胆也。处处湿地有之。入炉火家用。
苗
【气味】苦，微寒，无毒。
【主治】面目通身漆疮。烧灰敷之，亦可生食（《别录》）。烧灰疗金
治丹毒（大明）。煎汤洗痔，
（《本经》上品）
【释名】野兰（《本经》）、荚蒿（苏恭）、
时珍曰∶屋之西北黑处谓之漏；凡物黑色谓之芦。此草秋后即黑，异于众草，故有漏芦
之称。《唐韵》作KT ，其荚如麻，故俗呼为鬼油麻云。
【集解】《别录》曰∶漏芦生乔山山谷。八月采根，阴干。
弘景曰∶乔山应是黄帝所葬处，乃在上郡。今出近道。市人取苗用之。俗中取根名鹿骊
根，苦酒摩以疗疮疥。
恭曰∶此药俗名荚蒿，茎叶似白蒿，花黄，生荚，长似细麻之荚，大如箸许，有四五瓣，
七、八月后皆黑，异于众草，蒿之类也。常用其茎叶及子，未见用根。其鹿骊，山南谓之木
藜芦，有毒，非漏芦也。今人以马蓟似苦 者为漏芦，亦非也。
志曰∶别本注言漏芦茎大如箸，高四五尺，子房似油麻房而小。江东人取其苗用，胜于
根。江宁及上党者佳。陶云鹿骊，苏云木藜芦，皆非也。漏芦自别。
藏器曰∶南人用苗，北土用根，乃树生，如茱萸树，高二三尺，有毒杀蛊，山人以洗疮
疥。
保升曰∶叶似角蒿，今曹、兖州下湿处最多。六月、七月采茎，日干，黑于众草。
大明曰∶花苗并可用。形并气味似干牛蒡，头上有白花子。
颂曰∶今汴东州郡及秦、海州皆有之。旧说茎叶似白蒿，花黄有荚，茎若箸大，房类油
麻而小。今诸郡所图上，惟单州者差相类；沂州者花叶颇似牡丹；秦州者花似单叶寒菊，紫
色，五、七枝同一干；海州者，花紫碧，如单叶莲花，花萼下及根旁有白茸裹之，根如蔓荆
而细，又类葱本，黑色，淮甸人呼为老翁花。三州所生花虽别，而叶颇相类，但秦、海州者
叶更作锯齿状。一物而殊类如此，医家何所适从？当依旧说，以单州出者为胜。又本草飞廉
一名漏芦，云与苦 相类，其根生则肉白皮黑，干则黑如玄参。七、八月采花，阴干用。
所说与秦州、海州所图漏芦花、叶及根颇相近，然彼人但名漏芦，不曰飞廉也。
曰∶一种真似漏芦，只是味苦、酸，误服令人吐不止。
时珍曰∶按沈存中《笔谈》云∶今方家所用漏芦乃飞廉也。飞廉一名漏芦，苗似
苦，根如牛蒡绵头者是也。采时用根。今闽中所谓漏芦，茎如油麻，高六七寸，秋深枯黑
如漆，采时用苗，乃真漏芦也。余见飞廉下。
根苗
【修治】 曰∶凡采得漏芦，细锉，以生甘草相对拌蒸之，从巳至申，拣出晒干用。
【气味】苦、咸，寒，无毒。《别录》曰∶大寒。藏器曰∶有毒。
杲曰∶无毒。足阳明本经药也。
大明曰∶连翘为之使。
【主治】皮肤热毒，恶疮疽痔，湿痹，下乳汁。久服轻身益气，耳目聪明，不老延
年（《本经》）。止遗溺，热气疮痒如麻豆，可作浴汤（《别
风赤眼，小儿壮热，扑损，续筋骨，乳痈、瘰 、金疮，止血排脓，补血长肉，通经脉（大
明
【发明】弘景曰∶此药久服甚益人，而服食方罕见用之。近道出者，惟疗 疥耳，市人
皆取苗用。
为手足阳明药，而古方治痈疽发背，以漏芦汤为首称也。庞安常《伤寒论》治痈疽及预解时
行痘疹热，用漏芦叶，云无则以山栀子代之。亦取其寒能解热，盖不知其能入阳明之故也。
【附方】旧二，新六。
腹中蛔虫∶漏芦为末，以饼 和方寸匕，服之。（《外台秘要》）
时泄痢，冷热不调∶以漏芦一两，杵为散。每服一钱，以猪肝一两，入盐少许，以水同
煮熟，空心顿食之。（《圣惠方》）
入药末一半，同熬成膏，入后末和丸梧子大，每温水下三十丸。（《圣济总录》）
产后带下∶方同上。
乳汁不下，乃气脉壅塞也，又治经络凝滞，乳内胀痛，邪畜成痈，服之自然内消∶漏
二两半，蛇蜕十条（炙焦），栝蒌十个（烧存性）。为末。每服二钱，温酒调下，良久以热羹
汤投之，以通为度。（《和剂方》）历节风痛，筋脉拘挛∶古圣散∶用漏芦（麸炒）半两，地
龙（去土炒）半两，为末。生姜二两取汁，入蜜三两，同煎三五沸，入好酒五合，盛之。每
以三杯，调末一钱，温服。（《圣济总录》）
一切痈疽发背，初发二日，但有热证，便宜服漏芦汤，退毒下脓，乃是宣热拔毒之剂，
热退
半两，大黄（微炒）一两，为细末。每服二钱，姜枣汤调下。（李迅《痈疽集验方》）
白秃头疮∶五月收漏芦草，烧灰，猪膏和涂之。（《圣济总录》）
【漏芦】（音袄。《名医别录》列为下品）
【释名】钩、[缺字]（出自《尔雅》）、苦板。
李时珍说：凡是植物幼苗称为“[缺字]”，这种草药嫩的时候可以吃，所以用这个名字来称呼它。
【集解】陶弘景说：漏芦到处都有，北方人取它的茎生吃。
苏保升说：各地低湿的地方都有生长，茎是圆的没有刺，可以生吃，种子像猫蓟。五月五日采集苗，晒干。
苏恭说：现在的人把它当作漏芦，是不对的。
李时珍说：《尔雅》中的钩、[缺字]，就是这种苦[缺字]。它的根大如拇指，中间空心，茎头有苔藓状物类似蓟草，初生时可以食用。许慎在《说文解字》中说：江南人吃了它能下气。现在浙江东部的人在清明节采摘它的嫩苗食用，说一年不生疮疖。也可以捣汁和米一起煮食，颜色清亮，久放不坏。《造化指南》说：大的叫苦藉，叶像地[缺字]；那些没有花实的，叫地胆草，汁液苦得像胆汁一样。湿地处处都有。可以放入炉火中家用。
【气味】味苦，性微寒，无毒。
【主治】面目及全身漆疮。烧成灰敷患处，也可以生吃（出自《名医别录》）。烧成灰治疗金创（刀伤），治疗丹毒（出自《唐本草》）。煎汤洗痔疮，
【漏芦】（出自《神农本草经》上品）
【释名】野兰（出自《神农本草经》）、荚蒿（苏恭）、[缺字]。
李时珍说：房屋的西北阴暗处称为“漏”；凡是黑色的物体称为“芦”。这种草秋天后就变黑，不同于其他草，所以有漏芦的名称。《唐韵》写作KT，它的荚果像麻，所以俗称为鬼油麻。
【集解】《名医别录》说：漏芦生长在乔山山谷。八月采集根部，阴干。
陶弘景说：乔山应该是黄帝埋葬的地方，在上郡。现在出产于近道。市场上的人取苗使用。民间取根名为鹿骊根，用醋磨碎治疗疮疥。
苏恭说：这种药俗名叫荚蒿，茎叶像白蒿，花黄色，结荚，长像细麻的荚，大如筷子，有四五瓣，七、八月后都变黑，不同于众草，属于蒿类。常用其茎叶和子，未见用根。那个鹿骊，山南称为木藜芦，有毒，不是漏芦。现在人们把马蓟中像苦[缺字]的当作漏芦，也不对。
寇宗奭说：别本注解说漏芦茎大如筷子，高四五尺，子房像油麻房但较小。江东人取其苗使用，胜过根。江宁和上产的佳良。陶弘景说的鹿骊，苏恭说的木藜芦，都不对。漏芦是独立的。
陈藏器说：南方人用苗，北方土用根，它是树生，像茱萸树，高二三尺，有毒能杀蛊，山人用它洗疮疥。
苏保升说：叶像角蒿，现在曹州、兖州低湿处最多。六月、七月采茎，日晒干，比众草黑。
孟诜说：花苗都可以用。形状和气味像干牛蒡，头上有白花子。
苏颂说：现在汴东州郡以及秦州、海州都有。旧说茎叶像白蒿，花黄有荚，茎像筷子大，房像油麻但小。现在各郡所绘图中，只有单州的比较相似；沂州的叶花颇像牡丹；秦州的叶花像单叶寒菊，紫色，五、七枝同一干；海州的叶花紫碧，像单叶莲花，花萼下及根旁有白茸包裹，根像蔓荆但细，又像葱根，黑色，淮甸人称为老翁花。三州所生花虽不同，但叶颇相似，只是秦、海州的叶更呈锯齿状。一种东西却如此不同，医家该听谁的？应当依从旧说，以单州出产的为优。另外本草中飞廉一名漏芦，说与苦[缺字]相似，其根生则肉白皮黑，干则黑如玄参。七、八月采花，阴干用。所说与秦州、海州所图漏芦花、叶及根颇相近，然而那里的人只称漏芦，不称飞廉。
张杲说：有一种真像漏芦，只是味苦、酸，误服让人吐个不停。
李时珍说：按沈括《笔谈》说：现在方家所用的漏芦其实是飞廉。飞廉一名漏芦，苗像苦[缺字]，根像牛蒡绵头的是。采时用根。现在福建所谓的漏芦，茎像油麻，高六七寸，深秋枯黑如漆，采时用苗，才是真漏芦。我见飞廉条下有详细记载。
【修治】张杲说：凡采集到漏芦，细锉，以生甘草相对拌蒸，从巳时至申时，拣出晒干用。
【气味】味苦、咸，性寒，无毒。《名医别录》说：大寒。陈藏器说：有毒。
张杲说：无毒。是足阳明胃经的本经药。
孟诜说：连翘是它的使药。
【主治】皮肤热毒，恶疮疽痔，湿痹，下乳汁。久服轻身益气，耳目聪明，不老延年（出自《神农本草经》）。止遗尿，热气疮痒如麻豆，可作浴汤（出自《唐本草》）。治疗风赤眼，小儿壮热，扑损，续筋骨，乳痈、瘰疬、金疮，止血排脓，补血长肉，通经脉（出自《唐本草》）。
【发明】陶弘景说：此药久服很对人有益，而服食方中罕见使用它。近道出产的，只治疗疮疥罢了，市人都取苗使用。
漏芦为手足阳明经药，而古方治疗痈疽发背，以漏芦汤为首选。庞安常《伤寒论》治疗痈疽及预防解时行痘疹热，用漏芦叶，说没有就用山栀子代替。也是取其寒能解热，大概不知道它能入阳明经的缘故。
【附方】旧方二首，新方六首。
腹中蛔虫：漏芦研为末，以饼和方寸匕，服用。（《外台秘要》）
时泄痢，冷热不调：用漏芦一两，杵为散。每服一钱，用猪肝一两，入少许盐，用水同煮熟，空腹顿食。（《圣惠方》）
[缺字]入药末一半，同熬成膏，入后末和丸梧子大，每温水下三十丸。（《圣济总录》）
产后带下：方同上。
乳汁不下，乃气脉壅塞也，又治经络凝滞，乳内胀痛，邪畜成痈，服之自然内消：漏芦二两半，蛇蜕十条（炙焦），栝蒌十个（烧存性）。研为末。每服二钱，温酒调下，良久以热羹汤投之，以通为度。（《和剂局方》）历节风痛，筋脉拘挛：古圣散：用漏芦（麸炒）半两，地龙（去土炒）半两，研为末。生姜二两取汁，入蜜三两，同煎三五沸，入好酒五合，盛之。每以三杯，调末一钱，温服。（《圣济总录》）
一切痈疽发背，初发二日，但有热证，便宜服漏芦汤，退毒下脓，乃是宣热拔毒之剂，热退[止]：漏芦半两，大黄（微炒）一两，为细末。每服二钱，姜枣汤调下。（李迅《痈疽集验方》）
白秃头疮：五月收漏芦草，烧灰，猪膏和涂之。（《圣济总录》）
[Loulu] (Pronounced 'ao'. Listed as Lower Grade in *Bie Lu*).
[Names] Gou, [Missing Character] (*Erya*), Kuban.
Li Shizhen said: Plants in their early stage are called "[Missing Character]". This herb can be eaten when young, hence its name.
[Collected Explanations] Tao Hongjing said: Loulu is found everywhere; people in the north take the stems and eat them raw.
Su Baosheng said: It grows in low and damp places everywhere. The stem is round and thornless, edible raw; the seeds resemble those of Cirsium japonicum (Maoji). Collect the herbs on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month and dry them in the sun.
Su Gong said: What people nowadays call Loulu is incorrect.
Li Shizhen said: The "Gou" and "[Missing Character]" mentioned in *Erya* refer to this Kuban. Its root is as thick as a thumb, hollow inside, with moss-like growths at the stem tip resembling Cirsium; it is edible when newly sprouted. Xu Shen stated in *Shuowen Jiezi*: People in Jiangnan eat it to direct Qi downward. Nowadays, people in eastern Zhejiang pick its tender shoots during the Qingming Festival to eat, claiming it prevents sores and boils for a year. It can also be crushed for juice and cooked with rice; the color remains clear and does not spoil over time. *Zaohua Zhinan* states: Larger ones are called Kuji, with leaves like Di[Missing Character]; those without flowers or fruits are called Dichangcao, with juice as bitter as gallbladder bile. It grows in wet places everywhere and can be used in household stoves.
[Aroma and Flavor] Bitter, slightly cold, non-toxic.
[Indications] Eczema caused by lacquer affecting the face, eyes, and whole body. Burn to ash and apply topically, or eat raw (*Bie Lu*). Burn to ash to treat metal wounds (Jinchuang) and erysipelas (Dandu) (*Tang Bencao*). Decoct to wash hemorrhoids,
[Loulu] (Listed as Upper Grade in *Shennong Bencao Jing*)
[Names] Yelan (*Shennong Bencao Jing*), Jia Hao (Su Gong), [Missing Character].
Li Shizhen said: The dark northwest corner of a house is called "Lou"; anything black is called "Lu". This herb turns black after autumn, unlike other grasses, hence the name Loulu. *Tang Yun* writes it as KT; its pods resemble hemp, hence the common name Gui Youma (Ghost Sesame).
[Collected Explanations] *Bie Lu* states: Loulu grows in the valleys of Qiao Mountain. Collect the roots in August and dry them in the shade.
Tao Hongjing said: Qiao Mountain should be where the Yellow Emperor was buried, located in Shang Commandery. It is now produced near the roads. Market vendors use the herbs. In folk practice, the root is named Luli Gen, rubbed with vinegar to treat sores and scabies.
Su Gong said: This medicine is commonly known as Jia Hao. The stems and leaves resemble Artemisia lavandulaefolia (Baihao), with yellow flowers and pods. The pods are long like fine hemp pods, about the thickness of a chopstick, with four or five segments. After July and August, they turn black, distinct from other grasses, belonging to the Artemisia category. Usually, the stems, leaves, and seeds are used; roots are rarely seen in use. The Luli referred to is called Mulilu in southern mountains, which is toxic and is not Loulu. Nowadays, people mistake Cirsium maackii (Maji) resembling Kuban for Loulu, which is also incorrect.
Kou Zongshi said: Notes in another edition state that Loulu stems are as thick as chopsticks, 4-5 chi high, with seed capsules resembling sesame pods but smaller. People in Jiangdong use the herbs, which are superior to roots. Those from Jiangning and Shangdang are excellent. Tao's Luli and Su's Mulilu are incorrect. Loulu is distinct.
Chen Cangqi said: Southerners use the herbs, northerners use the roots. It grows like a tree, similar to Cornus officinalis (Zhuyu), 2-3 chi high, toxic, kills gu poison, and mountain people use it to wash sores and scabies.
Su Baosheng said: Leaves resemble Polygala sibirica (Jiaohao); most abundant in low areas of Caozhou and Yanzhou. Collect stems in June and July, dry in the sun, turning darker than other grasses.
Meng Shen said: Flowers and herbs are both usable. Shape and flavor resemble dried Arctium lappa (Niubang), with white flower heads.
Su Song said: Now found in prefectures east of Bian, as well as Qinzhou and Haizhou. Old descriptions say stems and leaves resemble Baihao, yellow flowers with pods, stems chopstick-thick, capsules small like sesame. Among current illustrations, only those from Danzhou are somewhat similar; Yizhou's look like Peony; Qinzhou's resemble single-petal chrysanthemum, purple, 5-7 branches on one stalk; Haizhou's are purple-blue, like single-petal lotus, with white fuzz below the calyx and around the root. Roots are thin like Vitex rotundifolia (Manjing) and resemble scallion roots, black, called Laowenghua by Huaidian people. Although flowers differ among the three regions, leaves are similar, except Qinzhou and Haizhou have serrated leaves. How should physicians choose? Follow old texts; Danzhou origin is best. Additionally, Feilian is also named Loulu in materia medica, said to resemble Kuban. Its root is white inside and black outside when fresh, black like Scrophularia ningpoensis (Xuanshen) when dry. Collect flowers in July-August, dry in shade. This description is close to Qinzhou and Haizhou illustrations, but locals there only call it Loulu, not Feilian.
Zhang Gao said: One variety looks exactly like Loulu but tastes bitter and sour; mistaken ingestion causes persistent vomiting.
Li Shizhen said: According to Shen Kuo's *Bitan*, what physicians currently use as Loulu is actually Feilian. Feilian, also called Loulu, has herbs resembling Kuban and roots like Arctium with cottony heads; roots are collected. What Fujian calls Loulu has stems like sesame, 6-7 cun high, turning black as lacquer in late autumn; herbs are collected, which is true Loulu. See Feilian entry for details.
[Preparation] Zhang Gao said: Upon collecting Loulu, cut finely, steam with raw Licorice root opposite each other from Si hour to Shen hour, pick out and dry for use.
[Aroma and Flavor] Bitter, salty, cold, non-toxic. *Bie Lu* says: Very cold. Chen Cangqi says: Toxic.
Zhang Gao says: Non-toxic. It is a principal herb of the Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian.
Meng Shen says: Forsythia suspensa (Lianqiao) acts as its guide drug.
[Indications] Skin heat toxins, malignant sores, carbuncles, hemorrhoids, damp bi syndrome, promotes lactation. Long-term use lightens the body, benefits Qi, clarifies ears and eyes, prevents aging and prolongs life (*Shennong Bencao Jing*). Stops enuresis, treats hot sores itching like millet beans, can be used as a bath decoction (*Tang Bencao*). Treats wind-induced red eyes, childhood high fever, trauma, reconnects bones and tendons, mastitis, scrofula, metal wounds, stops bleeding, expels pus, nourishes blood and flesh, unblocks meridians (*Tang Bencao*).
[Elucidation] Tao Hongjing said: This herb is beneficial for long-term use, yet rarely used in longevity formulas. Those from nearby regions only treat sores and scabies; market vendors use the herbs.
Loulu enters the Hand and Foot Yangming meridians. Ancient formulas for carbuncles and back abscesses prioritize Loulu Tang. Pang Anchang's *Shanghan Lun* uses Loulu leaves for carbuncles and preventing seasonal pox heat, substituting Gardenia jasminoides (Shanzhizi) if unavailable, utilizing its cold nature to resolve heat, likely unaware of its entry into the Yangming meridian.
[Attached Prescriptions] Two old, six new.
Roundworms in abdomen: Powder Loulu, mix with dough into a square-inch dose, take orally (*Waitai Miyao*).
Intermittent dysentery, imbalance of cold and heat: Pound 1 liang of Loulu into powder. Take 1 qian per dose, cook with 1 liang pork liver and a little salt in water until done, eat on an empty stomach (*Shenghui Fang*).
[Missing Character]: Mix half the medicinal powder, boil into paste, mix with remaining powder, make pills size of wutze seeds, take 30 pills with warm water (*Shengji Zonglu*).
Leukorrhea postpartum: Same formula as above.
Insufficient lactation due to qi and vessel obstruction, also treats meridian stagnation, breast distension and pain, pathogenic accumulation forming abscesses, natural internal resolution upon taking: 2.5 liang Loulu, 10 snake skins (charred), 10 Trichosanthes kirilowii (Gualu) (charred retaining carbon). Powderize. Take 2 qian per dose, mixed with warm wine, follow with hot soup later, stop when flow is established (*Heji Jufang*). Joint pain from Li-jie wind, tendon contraction: Guseng San: Use 0.5 liang Loulu (bran-fried), 0.5 liang Earthworm (Di Long, earth removed and fried). Powderize. Extract juice from 2 liang ginger, add 3 liang honey, boil 3-5 times, add 5 he of good wine. Take 3 cups, mix with 1 qian powder, drink warm (*Shengji Zonglu*).
All carbuncles and back abscesses, within two days of onset, presenting heat signs, should promptly take Loulu Tang to reduce toxicity and drain pus; it is a formula to vent heat and extract toxins, stopping when heat subsides: 0.5 liang Loulu, 1 liang Rhubarb (Da Huang, lightly fried), powderize finely. Take 2 qian per dose, mixed with Ginger and Jujube decoction (Li Xun *Yongju Jiyan Fang*).
White tinea capitis: Collect Loulu in May, burn to ash, mix with pig fat and apply (*Shengji Zonglu*).