（《本经》中品）
【释名】荔实（《别录》）、马蔺子（《唐本》）
马帚（《尔雅》）、铁扫帚（《救荒》）、剧草（《本经》
三坚。
恭曰∶此即马蔺子也。《月令》∶仲冬荔挺出。郑玄注云∶荔，马薤也。《通俗文》云
∶一名马蔺。本草谓之荔实。
高诱云∶荔挺出，荔草挺出也。讲礼者不识，呼为荔挺，又作马苋，并误矣。马苋亦名豚耳，
即马齿也。
河南北人呼为铁扫帚，是矣。
【集解】《别录》曰∶蠡实生河东川谷，五月采实，阴干。
诸郡及鼎、澧州亦有之，近汴尤多。叶似薤而长浓，三月开紫碧花，五月结实作角子，如麻
大而赤色有棱，根细长，通黄色，人取以为刷。三月开花，五月采实，并阴干用。许慎《说
文》云∶荔似蒲而小，根可为刷。高诱云∶河北平泽率生之。江东颇多，种于阶庭，但呼为
旱蒲，不知即马薤也。
时珍曰∶蠡草生荒野中，就地丛生，一本二、三十茎，苗高三、四尺，叶中抽茎，开花
结实。
【正误】宗 曰∶蠡实，陶隐居言方药不用，俗无识者。本草诸家所注不相应。若果是
马蔺，则《日华子本草》不当更言可为菜蔬。盖马蔺叶出土已硬，又无味，马牛皆不食，岂
堪人食？今不敢以蠡实为马蔺，更俟博识。
荔字之讹也。张揖《广雅》云∶荔又名马蔺，其说已明。又按∶周定王《救荒本草》言∶其
嫩苗味苦，炸熟换水浸去苦味，油盐调食，则马蔺亦可作菜矣。寇氏但据陶说疑之，欠考矣。
陶氏不识药多矣。今正其误。
实
【修治】时珍曰∶凡入药炒过用，治疝则以醋拌炒之。
【气味】甘，平，无毒。保升曰∶寒。
颂曰∶山人服之，云大温，甚有奇效。
【主治】皮肤寒热，胃中热气，风寒湿痹，坚筋骨，令人嗜食。久服轻身（《本经
》）。止心烦满，利大小便，长肌肤肥大（《别录》）。疗
金疮血内流，痈肿，有效（苏恭）。妇人血气烦闷，产后血晕，并经脉
不止，崩中带下，消一切疮疖，止鼻衄吐血，通小肠，消酒毒，治黄病，杀蕈毒，敷蛇虫咬
（大明）。治小腹疝痛，腹内冷积，水痢诸病（时珍）。
【附方】旧二，新六。
诸冷极病，医所不治者∶马蔺子九升洗净，空腹服一合，酒下，日三服
寒疝诸疾，寒疝不能食，及腹内一切诸疾，消食肥肌。马蔺子一升，每日取一把，以面拌煮
吞之，服尽愈。（姚僧坦《集验方》）
喉痹肿痛∶《卫生易简方》∶用蠡实一合，升麻五分，水一升，煎三合，入少蜜搅匀，细
呷，大验。《圣惠方》∶用马蔺子二升，升麻一两。为末，蜜丸。水服一钱。又方∶马蔺子八
钱，牛蒡子六钱。为末，空心温水服方寸匕。水痢百病∶张文仲《备急方》∶用马蔺子，以
六月六日面熬，各等分，为末，空心米饮服方寸匕。如无六月六日面，常面亦可，牛骨灰亦
可。又方∶马蔺子、干姜、黄连各等分，为散，熟汤服二方寸匕，入腹即断也。冷、热皆治，
常用神效，不得轻之。忌猪肉、冷水。肠风下血，有疙瘩疮，破者不治∶马蔺子一斤（研破
酒浸，夏三、冬七日，晒干），何首乌半斤，雄黄、雌黄各四两，为末，以浸药酒打糊丸梧
子大。每服三十丸，温酒下，日三服，见效。（《普济方》）
花、茎及根、叶
【主治】去白虫（《本经》）。疗喉痹
【发明】颂曰∶蠡草、花、实，皆入药。《列仙传》云∶寇先生宋人，好种荔，食其葩
实，是矣。
时珍曰∶按《叶水东日记》云∶北方田野人患胸腹饱胀者，取马楝花擂凉水服，即泄数
行而愈。
据此则多服令人泄之说有验，而蠡实之为马蔺更无疑矣。
【附方】旧三，新七。
睡死不寤∶蠡实根一握，杵烂，以水绞汁，稍稍灌之。（《外台秘要》）
喉痹口噤∶马蔺花二两，蔓荆子一两，为末，温水服一钱。
喉痹肿痛，喘息欲死者∶《外台秘要》∶用马蔺根、叶二两，水一升半，煮一盏，细饮
之，立瘥。《圣惠方》∶用根捣汁三合，蜜一合，慢火熬成，徐徐点之，日五七度。一方∶单
汁饮之，口噤者灌下。无生者，以刷煎汁。
沙石热淋∶马蔺花七枚（烧），故笔头二七枚（烧），粟米一合（炒）。为末。每服三钱，
酒下，日二服。名通神散。
小便不通∶马蔺花（炒）、茴香（炒）、葶苈（炒），为末，每酒服二钱。（《十便良方》）
一切痈疽，发背恶疮∶用铁扫帚，同松毛、牛膝，以水煎服。（《乾坤生意》）
面上瘢 ∶取铁扫帚，地上自落叶，并子，煎汤频洗，数次自消。（《寿域神方》）
面 鼻渣∶马蔺子花，杵敷之佳。（《肘后方》）
【附录】必似勒（《拾遗》） 藏器曰∶辛，温，无毒。主冷气，胃闭不消食，心腹胀满。
生昆仑，状似马蔺子。
（收录于《神农本草经》中品）
【释名】荔实（出自《名医别录》）、马蔺子（出自《唐本草》）、马帚（出自《尔雅》）、铁扫帚（出自《救荒本草》）、剧草（出自《神农本草经》）、三坚。
李恭说：这就是马蔺子。《礼记·月令》记载：“仲冬时节，荔挺出。”郑玄注释说：“荔，就是马薤。”《通俗文》说：“又名马蔺。本草书中称之为荔实。”
高诱说：“荔挺出，意思是荔草挺拔而出。”讲习礼仪的人不认识它，误称为“荔挺”，又写作“马苋”，都错了。“马苋”又名豚耳，也就是马齿苋。
河南和河北一带的人称它为铁扫帚，这是正确的。
【集解】《名医别录》说：蠡实生长在河东的河流山谷中，五月采集果实，阴干。
各郡以及鼎州、澧州也有出产，靠近汴京的地方尤其多。叶子像薤菜但更长更浓密，三月开紫碧色的花，五月结成果实呈角状，像麻籽一样大且为赤色有棱，根细长，通体黄色，人们取来用作刷子。三月开花，五月采果，一并阴干备用。许慎在《说文解字》中说：“荔类似蒲草但较小，根可用来做刷子。”高诱说：“河北平原沼泽地带大多生长这种植物。江东地区很多，种植在台阶庭院中，只叫它旱蒲，不知道它就是马薤。”
李时珍说：蠡草生长在荒野中，就地丛生，一株有两三十个茎，苗高三四尺，叶中抽出茎，开花结实。
【正误】陈承说：蠡实，陶隐居说在方药中不使用，民间无人认识。历代本草各家注解都不相符。如果确实是马蔺，那么《日华子本草》就不应当再说它可以作为蔬菜食用。因为马蔺的叶子出土后已经变硬，又没有味道，马牛都不吃，怎么经得起人吃呢？现在不敢将蠡实认定为马蔺，暂且等待博学之士考证。
这是“荔”字的讹误。张揖在《广雅》中说：“荔又名马蔺”，这个说法已经很明确了。另外查考：周定王《救荒本草》说：其嫩苗味苦，炸熟后换水浸泡去除苦味，用油盐调味食用，那么马蔺也可以作为蔬菜了。寇宗奭只是依据陶弘景的说法产生怀疑，缺乏考察。陶弘景不识的药物太多了。现在纠正他的错误。
【修治】李时珍说：凡是入药需炒过后使用，治疗疝气则用醋拌炒。
【气味】甘，平，无毒。保升说：性寒。
苏颂说：山人服用它，说性大温，非常有奇效。
【主治】治疗皮肤寒热，胃中热气，风寒湿痹，坚固筋骨，使人增进食欲。长期服用可使身体轻便（出自《神农本草经》）。止心烦胸闷，通利大小便，促进肌肤生长丰满（出自《名医别录》）。治疗金创血内流，痈肿，有效（苏恭）。治疗妇人血气烦闷，产后血晕，月经不止，崩漏带下，消除一切疮疖，止鼻出血吐血，通利小肠，消除酒毒，治疗黄疸病，杀灭菌类毒素，敷治蛇虫咬伤（出自《大明本草》）。治疗小腹疝痛，腹内冷积，水泻痢疾等各种疾病（李时珍）。
【附方】旧方二首，新方六首。
各种极寒重症，医生无法治疗的：马蔺子九升洗净，空腹服用一合，用酒送下，每日三次。
寒疝各种疾病，寒疝不能进食，以及腹内各种疾病，消食肥肌。马蔺子一升，每天取一把，用面粉拌煮后吞服，服完即愈。（姚僧坦《集验方》）
喉痹肿痛：《卫生易简方》：用蠡实一合，升麻五分，水一升，煎至三合，加入少许蜂蜜搅匀，细细咽下，效果显著。《圣惠方》：用马蔺子二升，升麻一两。研为末，蜜丸。温水送服一钱。另一法：马蔺子八钱，牛蒡子六钱。研为末，空腹温水送服一方寸匕。
水泻痢疾百种病症：张文仲《备急方》：用马蔺子，以六月六日的面粉炒制，各等分，研为末，空腹米饮送服一方寸匕。如果没有六月六日的面，普通面粉也可以，牛骨灰也可以。另一法：马蔺子、干姜、黄连各等分，研为散剂，熟汤送服二方寸匕，入腹即刻见效。冷证、热证皆治，常用神效，不可轻视。忌食猪肉、冷水。
肠风下血，有疙瘩疮，破溃者不治：马蔺子一斤（研碎用酒浸泡，夏季三天，冬季七天，晒干），何首乌半斤，雄黄、雌黄各四两，研为末，用浸药的酒打糊制成梧桐子大小的丸药。每次服用三十丸，温酒送下，每日三次，见效。（《普济方》）
花、茎及根、叶
【主治】驱除白虫（出自《神农本草经》）。治疗喉痹
【发明】苏颂说：蠡草的花、实，皆可入药。《列仙传》说：寇先生是宋国人，喜欢种植荔，食用它的花和实，这是正确的。
李时珍说：查考《叶水东日记》说：北方田野里的人患胸腹饱胀的，取马楝花擂碎凉水服用，随即腹泻数次而痊愈。
据此则多服令人泄泻的说法是有验证的，而蠡实就是马蔺就更无疑了。
【附方】旧方三首，新方七首。
睡死不醒：蠡实根一把，捣烂，用水绞汁，慢慢灌服。（《外台秘要》）
喉痹口噤（牙关紧闭）：马蔺花二两，蔓荆子一两，研为末，温水送服一钱。
喉痹肿痛，喘息欲死者：《外台秘要》：用马蔺根、叶二两，水一升半，煮至一盏，细细饮用，立刻痊愈。《圣惠方》：用根捣汁三合，蜂蜜一合，慢火熬成，徐徐点之，每日五到七次。另一法：单用汁液饮用，牙关紧闭者灌服。没有鲜品的，用刷子煎汁代替。
沙石热淋：马蔺花七枚（烧炭），旧笔头十四枚（烧炭），粟米一合（炒）。研为末。每次服用三钱，酒送下，每日两次。名为通神散。
小便不通：马蔺花（炒）、茴香（炒）、葶苈（炒），研为末，每次酒服二钱。（《十便良方》）
一切痈疽，发背恶疮：用铁扫帚，同松毛、牛膝，用水煎服。（《乾坤生意》）
面上瘢痕：取铁扫帚，地上自然落叶，连同种子，煎汤频繁清洗，数次后自然消退。（《寿域神方》）
面部黑斑鼻渣：马蔺子花，捣碎外敷为佳。（《肘后方》）
【附录】必似勒（出自《本草拾遗》） 陈藏器说：辛，温，无毒。主治冷气，胃闭不消食，心腹胀满。生长在昆仑山，形状像马蔺子。
(Liu Shi, recorded in the Middle Category of *Shennong Bencao Jing*)
**[Names]** Lishi (recorded in *Mingyi Bielu*), Malinzi (recorded in *Tang Bencao*), Mazhou (recorded in *Erya*), Tiesaozhou (recorded in *Jiuhuang Bencao*), Jucuo (recorded in *Shennong Bencao*), Sanjian.
Li Gong stated: This is indeed Malinzi. The *Liji Yue Ling* states: "In the middle of winter, Li tichu emerges." Zheng Xuan's annotation says: "Li refers to Ma Xie." The *Tongsu Wen* states: "Also known as Malin. In Bencao texts, it is called Lishi."
Gao You stated: "Li tichu" means the Li grass emerges upright. Scholars of ritual did not recognize it, calling it "Litichu," and also wrote it as "Maxian," both of which are errors. Maxian is also known as Tun'er, which is Portulaca oleracea (Purslane).
People in Henan and Hebei call it Tiesaozhou, which is correct.
**[Collection & Description]** *Mingyi Bielu* states: Liu Shi grows in the rivers and valleys of Hedong. The fruits are harvested in May and dried in the shade.
It is also found in various commanderies, as well as in Dingzhou and Lizhou, with particularly abundant yields near Bianjing. The leaves resemble those of Allium tuberosum (Chinese chives) but are longer and denser. It blooms with purple-green flowers in March and bears horn-shaped fruits in May, resembling hemp seeds in size, reddish in color with ridges. The roots are slender, yellow throughout, and people use them as brushes. It flowers in March and fruits in May; both are collected and dried in the shade for use. Xu Shen in *Shuowen Jiezi* stated: "Li resembles Pu grass but is smaller, and its roots can be used as brushes." Gao You stated: "It grows predominantly in the plains and marshes of Hebei. There is much of it in Jiangdong, where it is planted in courtyards and steps, but only called Hanpu, without knowing that it is Ma Xie."
Li Shizhen stated: Li grass grows in wild fields, clustering locally. One plant has two or thirty stems, growing three to four chi high. Stems emerge from the leaves, producing flowers and fruits.
**[Correction of Errors]** Chen Cheng stated: Regarding Liu Shi, Tao Hongjing said it was not used in prescriptions, and commoners were unfamiliar with it. Various annotations in Bencao texts do not correspond. If it were indeed Malin, then *Rihua Zi Bencao* should not have stated it could be eaten as a vegetable. Since Malin leaves become hard upon emerging from the soil and have no taste, even horses and cattle refuse to eat them, how could they be suitable for human consumption? I dare not identify Liu Shi as Malin at present, and await verification by scholars.
This is an error in the character "Li." Zhang Yi in *Guangya* stated: "Li is also named Malin," making the identification clear. Furthermore, according to Zhou Dingwang's *Jiuhuang Bencao*: "The tender shoots are bitter; after blanching and soaking in water to remove bitterness, they can be seasoned with oil and salt for eating, thus Malin can serve as a vegetable." Kou Zongshi merely doubted this based on Tao's remarks, lacking sufficient investigation. Tao Hongjing failed to recognize many medicinal substances. I now correct this error.
**[Preparation)** Li Shizhen stated: For medicinal use, it must be stir-fried before application. To treat hernia, it is stir-fried with vinegar.
**[Flavor and Toxicity]** Sweet, neutral, non-toxic. Bao Sheng stated: Cold.
Su Song stated: Mountain dwellers who consume it say it is greatly warming and produces remarkable effects.
**[Indications]** Treats skin alternating cold and heat, heat qi in the stomach, bi syndrome caused by wind-cold-dampness, strengthens bones and tendons, and increases appetite. Long-term consumption lightens the body (*Shennong Bencao Jing*). Stops mental restlessness and fullness, promotes urination and defecation, and nourishes skin and flesh (*Mingyi Bielu*). Treats internal bleeding from traumatic injuries, carbuncles and sores, with efficacy (Su Gong). Treats women's blood and qi stagnation causing vexation, postpartum blood dizziness, metrorrhagia and leukorrhea, eliminates all types of boils and ulcers, stops epistaxis and hematemesis, unblocks the Small Intestine, eliminates alcohol toxicity, treats jaundice, kills mushroom toxins, and applies to snake and insect bites (*Daming Bencao*). Treats lower abdominal hernia pain, cold accumulation in the abdomen, watery dysentery, and other diseases (Li Shizhen).
**[Prescriptions]** Two old prescriptions, six new ones.
For various extreme cold diseases untreatable by physicians: Wash nine sheng of Malinzi. Take one he measured cup on an empty stomach, taken with wine, three times daily.
For various cold hernia diseases, inability to eat due to cold hernia, and all abdominal ailments, promoting digestion and flesh gain: Take one sheng of Malinzi, take one handful daily, mix with flour, boil, and swallow. Cure upon completion. (Yao Sengtan, *Jiyan Fang*)
For throat obstruction with swelling and pain: *Weisheng Yijian Fang*: Use one he measured cup of Liu Shi and five fen of Shengma. Decoct in one sheng of water until three he measured cups remain. Add a little honey, stir evenly, and sip slowly. Highly effective. *Shenghui Fang*: Use two sheng of Malinzi and one liang of Shengma. Grind into powder, make pills with honey. Take one qian with water. Another prescription: Eight qian of Malinzi and six qian of Niubangzi. Grind into powder, take one fangcunbi with warm water on an empty stomach.
For various watery dysenteries: Zhang Wenzhong, *Beiji Fang*: Use Malinzi, stir-fried with flour from the sixth day of the sixth lunar month, in equal parts. Grind into powder, take one fangcunbi with rice drink on an empty stomach. If flour from the sixth day of the sixth month is unavailable, ordinary flour or bone ash of cattle may be used. Another prescription: Equal parts of Malinzi, Ganjiang, and Huanglian. Grind into powder, take two fangcunbi with cooked water. Cuts off symptoms immediately upon entering the abdomen. Treats both cold and heat patterns. Commonly used with divine efficacy; do not underestimate it. Avoid pork and cold water.
For intestinal wind with bloody stool, nodular sores, those that have ulcerated are untreatable: One jin of Malinzi (crushed and soaked in wine, three days in summer, seven days in winter, then sun-dried), half a jin of Heshouwu, four liang each of Xionghuang and Cihuang. Grind into powder. Make pills the size of wutong seeds using the wine used for soaking the herbs. Take thirty pills each time with warm wine, three times daily, until effective. (*Puji Fang*)
**[Flowers, Stems, Roots, and Leaves]**
**[Indications]** Expels roundworms (*Shennong Bencao Jing*). Treats throat obstruction.
**[Elucidation]** Su Song stated: The grass, flowers, and fruits of Liu Shi are all used medicinally. *Liexian Zhuan* states: Master Kou was a person from Song who liked planting Li and consuming its flowers and fruits; this is correct.
Li Shizhen stated: According to *Ye Shuidong Riji*: People in the northern countryside suffering from chest and abdominal distension take crushed Malian flowers mixed with cold water, resulting in several bowel movements and recovery.
Based on this, the claim that excessive consumption causes diarrhea is verified, leaving no doubt that Liu Shi is indeed Malin.
**[Prescriptions]** Three old prescriptions, seven new ones.
Coma/unconsciousness: Take one handful of Liu Shi root, pound until mushy, squeeze juice with water, and drip slowly into the mouth. (*Waitai Miyao*)
Throat obstruction with jaw lock: Two liang of Malin flowers, one liang of Manjingzi. Grind into powder, take one qian with warm water.
Throat obstruction with swelling, pain, and suffocating panting: *Waitai Miyao*: Use two liang of Malin roots and leaves. Decoct in one and a half sheng of water until one zhan remains. Drink slowly; cure is immediate. *Shenghui Fang*: Pound roots to extract three he measured cups of juice, add one he measured cup of honey, simmer slowly until thickened, and apply slowly, five to seven times daily. Another method: Drink single juice alone; if jaw-locked, force-feed. If fresh material is unavailable, decoct brush bristles instead.
Sand-stone hot strangury: Seven Malin flowers (charred), fourteen old brush heads (charred), one he measured cup of millet (stir-fried). Grind into powder. Take three qian with wine, twice daily. Named Tongshen San.
Urinary retention: Stir-fried Malin flowers, stir-fried Huixiang, stir-fried Tingli. Grind into powder. Take two qian with wine. (*Shibian Liangfang*)
All carbuncles and malignant sores/back abscesses: Use Tiesaozhou together with Songmao and Niuxi. Decoct in water and drink. (*Qiankun Shengyi*)
Facial scars: Take Tiesaozhou, including naturally fallen leaves and seeds from the ground. Decoct in water and wash frequently. Disappears after several times. (*Shouyu Shenfang*)
Facial freckles and nasal debris: Mash Malin flowers and apply topically for best results. (*Zhouhou Fang*)
**[Appendix]** Bislei (recorded in *Bencao Shiyi*). Chen Cangqi stated: Pungent, warm, non-toxic. Treats cold qi, gastric closure with indigestion, and chest/abdominal fullness. Grows in Kunlun, resembling Malinzi in appearance.