（《别录》下品）
【释名】 （音意。《尔雅》）、水老鸦（《衍义》）。
时珍曰∶案《韵书》，卢与兹并黑也。此鸟色深黑，故名。 者，其声自呼也。
【集解】时珍曰∶鸬 ，处处水乡有之。似 而小，色黑。亦如鸦，而长喙微曲，善没
水取鱼。日集洲渚，夜巢林木，久则粪毒多令木枯也。南方渔舟往往縻畜数十，令其捕鱼。
杜甫诗∶家家养乌鬼，顿顿食黄鱼。或谓即此。又一种似鸬 ，而蛇头长项，冬月羽毛落尽
，栖息溪岸，见人不能行，即没入水者，此即《尔雅》所谓 头、鱼 者，不入药用。 音
拗。
藏器曰∶一种头细身长项上白者，名鱼 。不入药用。
【正误】弘景曰∶此鸟不卵生，口吐其雏，亦一异也。
藏器曰∶此鸟胎生，从口出，如兔吐儿，故产妇执之易生。
宗 曰∶人言孕妇忌食鸬 ，为其口吐雏。尝官于澧州，公廨后有一大木，上有三四
十窠。日夕视之，既能交合，又有碧色卵壳布地。则陶、陈之说，误听人言也。
时珍曰∶一种 鸟（或作KT ）似鸬 而色白，人误以为白鸬 是也。雌雄相视，雄
鸣
上风，雌鸣下风而孕，口吐其子。庄周所谓白 相视，眸子不运而风化者也。昔人误以吐雏
为鸬 ，盖 、 音相近耳。 善高飞，能风能水，故舟首画之。又有似 而短项，背上绿
色，腹背紫白色者，名青 。一名乌 。陶氏谓乌贼鱼乃此鸟所化。或云即鸭，非也。
肉
【气味】酸、咸，冷，微毒。
【主治】大腹鼓胀，利水道（时珍）。
【发明】时珍曰∶鸬 ，《别录》不见功用。惟雷氏《炮炙论》序云∶体寒腹大，全赖
鸬。注云∶治腹大如鼓体寒者，以鸬 烧存性为末，米饮服之立愈。窃谓诸腹鼓大，皆属
于热，卫气并循于血脉则体寒。此乃水鸟，其气寒冷而利水。寒能胜热，利水能去湿故也。
又《外台》云∶凡鱼骨哽者，但密念鸬 不已即下。此乃厌伏之意耳。
头
【气味】微寒。
【主治】哽及噎，烧研，酒服（《别录》）。
骨
【主治】烧灰水服，下鱼骨哽（弘景）。
【附方】新一。
雀卵面斑∶鸬 骨烧研，入白芷末，猪脂和，夜涂旦洗。（《摘玄方》）
喙
【主治】噎病，发即衔之。便安（《范汪》）。
嗉
【主治】鱼哽，吞之最效（时珍）。
翅羽
【主治】烧灰，水服半钱，治鱼哽噎即愈（时珍。出《太平御览》）。
蜀水花
《别录》曰∶鸬 屎也。
弘景曰∶溪谷间甚多，当自取之，择用白处。市卖者不可信。
颂曰∶屎多在山石上，色紫如花，就石刮取。《别录》谓屎即蜀水花，而唐面膏方中，
二物并用，未知其的。
时珍曰∶当以《别录》为正。唐方盖传写之讹误也。
【气味】冷，微毒。
【主治】去面上黑 痣（《别录》）。疗面瘢疵，及汤火疮痕。和脂油，敷疔疮（大明）
。南人治小儿疳蛔，干研为末，炙猪肉蘸食，云有奇效（苏颂）。杀虫（时珍）。
【附方】旧二，新一。
鼻面酒 ∶鸬 屎一合研末，以腊月猪脂和之。每夜涂旦洗。（《千金》）
鱼骨哽咽∶鸬 屎研，水服方寸匕，并以水和涂喉外。（《范汪方》）
断酒∶鸬 屎烧研，水服方寸匕，日一服。（《外台》）
（收录于《名医别录》下品）
【释名】 （读音为“意”。出自《尔雅》）、水老鸦（出自《本草衍义》）。
李时珍说：查考韵书，“卢”与“兹”都有黑色的意思。这种鸟颜色深黑，所以得名。“ ”是模拟它叫声的拟声词。
【集解】李时珍说：鸬 ，各地水乡都有。外形像乌鸦但体型较小，颜色黑。也像乌鸦，但嘴长且微弯，善于潜水捕鱼。白天聚集在沙洲和小岛上，晚上栖息在树林中，时间久了，其粪便毒性大，常导致树木枯死。南方渔船上往往饲养几十只，让它们捕鱼。
杜甫的诗中说：“家家养乌鬼，顿顿食黄鱼。”有人说是鸬 。又有一种鸟像鸬 ，但头似蛇、脖子长，冬天羽毛落尽，栖息在溪岸，见到人不能行走，就潜入水中，这就是《尔雅》所说的 头、鱼 者，不入药使用。 读音为拗。
孟诜（藏器）说：有一种头细身长、脖子上有白毛的，名叫鱼 。不入药使用。
【正误】陶弘景说：这种鸟不是卵生，而是口吐雏鸟，这也是一个奇异之处。
孟诜（藏器）说：这种鸟是胎生，从口中产出，像兔子吐仔一样，所以产妇拿着它容易分娩。
苏颂（宗 ）说：人们说孕妇忌讳吃鸬 ，因为它口吐雏鸟。我曾官任澧州，公署后面有一棵大树，上面有三四十个巢穴。早晚观察，发现它们既能交配，地上又有碧色的蛋壳散落。那么陶弘景、孟诜的说法，是误信了别人的话。
李时珍说：有一种 鸟（有的写作KT）像鸬 但颜色白，人们误以为是白鸬 。雌雄对视，雄鸟在上风鸣叫，雌鸟在下风鸣叫而受孕，口吐出幼子。庄子所说的白 雌雄对视，眼珠不动而自然孵化就是这种情况。古人误把吐雏当作鸬 ，大概是因为 和 音相近罢了。 善于高飞，能乘风御水，所以船头画着它的形象。又有像 但脖子短，背上绿色，腹背紫白色的，名叫青 。一名乌 。陶弘景说乌贼鱼是由这种鸟变化而来的。有人说就是鸭子，不对。
【气味】酸、咸，性冷，微毒。
【发明】李时珍说：鸬 ，《名医别录》未见其功效记载。只有雷敩的《炮炙论》序言中说：身体寒冷腹部肿大，全靠鸬 。注解说：治疗腹部大如鼓、身体寒冷的病症，将鸬 烧存性研成末，用米汤送服，立即痊愈。我推测各种腹部鼓大，大多属于热证，卫气并合循行于血脉则导致身体寒冷。这是水鸟，其气寒冷且利水。寒性能胜热，利水性能祛湿，所以有效。
另外《外台秘要》说：凡是鱼骨卡喉的人，只要不停地密念“鸬 ”二字，骨头就会落下。这大概是厌伏（心理暗示或巫术）的意思罢了。
头
【气味】微寒。
【主治】鱼骨卡喉及噎膈，烧成灰研末，用酒送服（《名医别录》）。
骨
【主治】烧成灰用水送服，可排出鱼骨卡喉（陶弘景）。
【附方】新收一方。
雀卵面斑（面部色斑）：鸬 骨烧成灰研末，加入白芷末，用猪脂调和，晚上涂抹，早上洗去。（出自《摘玄方》）
喙
【主治】噎病，发病时就衔住它。随即安宁（《范汪方》）。
嗉囊
【主治】鱼骨卡喉，吞服最见效（李时珍）。
翅羽
【主治】烧成灰，用水送服半钱，治疗鱼骨卡喉噎塞即愈（李时珍。出自《太平御览》）。
蜀水花
《名医别录》说：鸬 的粪便。
陶弘景说：溪谷间很多，应当自行采集，选择白色的部分使用。市场上卖的不可信。
苏颂说：粪便多在山石上，颜色紫如花，就在石头上刮取。《名医别录》说屎就是蜀水花，但唐代的面膏方中，这两样东西同时使用，不知道是否确切。
李时珍说：应当以《名医别录》为准。唐代的方子是传抄产生的讹误。
【气味】性冷，微毒。
【主治】去除面上黑痣（《名医别录》）。治疗面部瘢痕瑕疵，以及烫伤火疮留下的痕迹。配合油脂，敷治疔疮（寇宗奭）。南方人治疗小儿疳积蛔虫，干研为末，烤猪肉蘸着吃，说有奇效（苏颂）。杀虫（李时珍）。
【附方】旧方两首，新方一首。
鼻面酒 （治疗鼻部及面部酒渣/红斑）：鸬 屎一合研成末，用腊月猪脂调和。每晚涂抹，早上洗去。（出自《千金方》）
鱼骨哽咽：鸬 屎研细，用水送服一方寸匕，并用和水涂在喉咙外部。（出自《范汪方》）
断酒（戒酒）：鸬 屎烧成灰研末，用水送服一方寸匕，每天服用一次。（出自《外台秘要》）
(Recorded in the Lower Category of *Bie Lu*)
**[Names]** (Pronounced "Yi". From *Erya*); Water Crow (*Bencao Yan Yi*).
Li Shizhen says: According to rhyme books, "Lu" and "Zi" both mean black. This bird is deep black in color, hence the name. " " is an onomatopoeia for its call.
**[Collected Explanations]** Li Shizhen says: The Cormorant is found in water regions everywhere. It resembles a crow but is smaller, with black plumage. Like a crow, it has a long, slightly curved beak and is skilled at diving into water to catch fish. It gathers on sandbars and islets during the day, and nests in forests at night. Over time, its feces are toxic and often cause trees to wither. In southern regions, fishing boats often keep dozens of them to catch fish.
Du Fu's poem says: "Every household keeps the 'Wugui' (Black Ghost), eating yellow fish every meal." Some say this refers to the cormorant. There is another bird resembling the cormorant, with a snake-like head and a long neck; in winter, its feathers fall out completely. It perches by streams, cannot walk when seeing people, and dives into the water. This is what *Erya* calls the Touyu and Yuyu, which is not used in medicine. The pronunciation of Touyu is "Niu".
Meng Shen (Cangqi) says: There is a species with a slender head, long body, and white neck, named Yuyu. It is not used in medicine.
**[Correction of Errors]** Tao Hongjing says: This bird does not lay eggs; it gives birth to young through its mouth, which is also a peculiarity.
Meng Shen (Cangqi) says: This bird is viviparous, giving birth from the mouth like a rabbit producing offspring; therefore, holding it helps women give birth easily.
Su Song (Zong ) says: People say pregnant women should avoid eating cormorants because it spits out its young. I once served as an official in Lizhou. Behind the government office stood a large tree with thirty or forty nests. Observing it morning and evening, I saw that they could mate, and there were green eggshells scattered on the ground. Thus, the statements of Tao Hongjing and Meng Shen were errors based on hearsay.
Li Shizhen says: There is a type of Bai Niao (sometimes written as KT) resembling the cormorant but white in color, which people mistakenly identify as a white cormorant. When male and female gaze at each other, the male calls from upwind and the female from downwind, leading to pregnancy, and they spit out their young. This is what Zhuangzi referred to as the Bai Niao gazing at each other, with unblinking eyes, undergoing natural hatching. Ancients mistakenly attributed spitting out young to the cormorant, likely because the characters for Niao and Yu sound similar. The Niao is good at high flight, riding wind and water, hence its image is painted on the prow of boats. There is another bird resembling the Niao but with a short neck, green back, and purple-white belly, named Qing Niao. Also known as Wu Niao. Tao Hongjing stated that the cuttlefish is transformed from this bird. Some say it is a duck, which is incorrect.
**[Properties and Flavor]** Sour, salty, cold, slightly toxic.
**[Indications]** Abdominal distension (Da Fu Gu Zhang), promoting urination (Li Shizhen).
**[Elucidation]** Li Shizhen says: The Cormorant's medicinal uses are not recorded in *Bie Lu*. Only Lei Xiao's *Pao Zhi Lun* preface states: For those with cold bodies and enlarged abdomens, reliance is placed entirely on the Cormorant. The annotation notes: To treat abdominal enlargement like a drum accompanied by coldness, burn the Cormorant until carbonized, grind into powder, and take with rice water for immediate cure. I speculate that various cases of abdominal distension generally belong to heat syndromes; when Wei Qi (Defensive Qi) merges and circulates within the blood vessels, it causes coldness in the body. As a water bird, its nature is cold and promotes diuresis. Coldness overcomes heat, and diuresis removes dampness, hence its efficacy.
Additionally, *Waitai Mi Yao* states: For anyone with a fish bone stuck in the throat, simply chanting "Cormorant" incessantly will cause the bone to pass. This is likely due to psychological suggestion or apotropaic intent.
**Head**
**[Properties and Flavor]** Slightly cold.
**[Indications]** Fish bone impaction and dysphagia, burnt to ash, ground, and taken with wine (*Bie Lu*).
**Bone**
**[Indications]** Burnt to ash and taken with water to expel impacted fish bones (Tao Hongjing).
**[Attached Prescriptions]** New prescription one.
Sparrow Egg Facial Spots: Burn Cormorant bone to ash, mix with Angelica dahurica (Baizhi) powder and lard. Apply at night and wash off in the morning. (*Zhixuan Fang*)
**Beak**
**[Indications]** Dysphagia; hold it in the mouth when symptoms arise. Relief follows immediately. (*Fan Wang Fang*)
**Crop**
**[Indications]** Fish bone impaction; swallowing it is most effective (Li Shizhen).
**Wings and Feathers**
**[Indications]** Burnt to ash, half a qian taken with water to cure fish bone impaction and dysphagia immediately (Li Shizhen. From *Taiping Yulan*).
**Shu Shui Hua**
*Bie Lu* states: This is Cormorant feces.
Tao Hongjing says: It is abundant in valleys and streams; collect it yourself and select the white parts. Those sold in markets are unreliable.
Su Song says: Feces accumulate on mountain rocks, appearing purple like flowers; scrape them directly from the stones. *Bie Lu* identifies feces as Shu Shui Hua, but Tang dynasty facial cream prescriptions use both substances together, so it is unclear if this is accurate.
Li Shizhen says: We should follow *Bie Lu* as correct. The error in Tang prescriptions arose from copying mistakes.
**[Properties and Flavor]** Cold, slightly toxic.
**[Indications]** Remove black moles on the face (*Bie Lu*). Treat facial scars and blemishes, as well as burns and scald marks. Mix with oil and apply to carbuncles (Kou Zongshi). Southerners treat pediatric malnutrition with roundworms by grinding it dry into powder and dipping roasted pork in it for consumption, claiming miraculous effects (Su Song). Expels parasites (Li Shizhen).
**[Attached Prescriptions]** Two old prescriptions, one new prescription.
Rosacea/Nasal Redness: One he of Cormorant feces ground into powder, mixed with lard from the twelfth lunar month. Apply nightly and wash off in the morning. (*Qianjin Fang*)
Fish Bone Impaction: Grind Cormorant feces, take one fangcun bi with water, and also apply the mixture with water externally to the throat. (*Fan Wang Fang*)
Alcohol Cessation: Burn Cormorant feces to ash, grind, and take one fangcun bi with water, once daily. (*Waitai Mi Yao*)