味甘，平，无毒。主补五脏，益气，续筋骨，长肌肉，去诸痹。久服轻身不饥，耐老，
通神明。一名 芜。生太山川谷。
作藤生，树如葡萄，叶如鬼桃，蔓延木上，汁白。今世人方药都不复识用此，《仙经》
数
和》一八七页）
味辛，温，无毒。主治邪气，辟毒疫温鬼，强志，主淋露。治气劣，肌中偏寒，主气不
足，消毒，杀鬼精物，温疟，蛊毒，行药之精。久服不梦寤魇寐，轻身致神仙，一名蜜香。
生永昌山谷。
此即青木香也。永昌不复贡，今皆从外国舶上来，乃云大秦国。以治毒肿，消恶气，有
验。
今皆用合香，不入药用。惟制蛀虫丸用之，常能煮以沐浴，大佳尔。（《大观》卷六，《政
和》一六○页）
味苦，寒、大寒，无毒。主治骨间寒热，惊痫，邪气，续绝伤，定五脏，杀蛊毒。除胃
中伏热，时气温热，热泄下痢，去肠中小虫，益肝胆气，止惊惕。久服益智，不忘，轻身，
耐老。一名陵游。生齐朐山谷及宛朐，二月、八月、十一月、十二月采根，阴干。（贯众为
之使，恶防葵、地黄。）
今出近道，吴兴为胜。状似牛膝，味甚苦，故以胆为名。（《大观》卷六，《政和》一六
三页）
（为君）
味苦、酸，平，无毒。主治寒湿痿痹，四肢拘挛，膝痛不可屈伸，逐血气，伤热火烂，
堕胎。治伤中少气，男子阴消，老人失溺，补中续绝，填骨髓，除脑中痛及腰脊痛，妇人月
水不通，血结，益精，利阴气，止发白。久服轻身耐老。一名百倍。生河内川谷及临朐。二
月、八月、十月采根，阴干。（恶萤火、陆英、龟甲、畏白前。）
今出近道蔡州者，最长大柔润，其茎有节，似牛膝，故以为名也。乃云有雌雄，雄者茎
紫
味甘，性平，无毒。主要功效是补益五脏，益气力，接续筋骨，促进肌肉生长，祛除各种痹证。长期服用可使身体轻盈，不易感到饥饿，延缓衰老，通利神明。又名芜。生长在太山的山谷中。
它呈藤本植物形态，树干像葡萄树，叶子像鬼桃（一种植物），蔓延在树木上，汁液为白色。如今世人的方药中都不再认识和使用这种药材，《仙经》……（和）一八七页）
味辛，性温，无毒。主要治疗邪气，辟除毒疫、温病及鬼魅之邪，增强意志，主治淋沥露疾。治疗气虚衰弱，肌肉中偏寒的症状，主治气不足，消毒，杀灭鬼精物，治疗温疟，蛊毒，作为引经药引导其他药物发挥精华作用。长期服用不做噩梦惊梦，身体轻盈，达到成仙的境界，又名蜜香。生长在永昌的山谷中。
这就是青木香。永昌不再进贡，现在都从外国商船运来，据说来自大秦国。用它治疗毒肿，消除恶气，有疗效。
现在都用来制作合香，不进入药用。只有制作防蛀虫丸时使用它，经常煮水沐浴，效果非常好。（《大观本草》卷六，《政和本草》一六○页）
味苦，性寒、大寒，无毒。主要治疗骨节间的寒热症状，惊痫，邪气，接续断裂的损伤，安定五脏，杀灭蛊毒。清除胃中的伏热，时令气温引起的温热病，热性泄泻和下痢，去除肠道中的小虫，补益肝胆之气，止住惊惕。长期服用能益智，不忘事，身体轻盈，延缓衰老。又名陵游。生长在齐地朐山山谷及宛朐，二月、八月、十一月、十二月采集根部，阴干。（贯众为其使药，忌用防葵、地黄。）
现在出产于邻近道路的地方，吴兴产的最好。形状类似牛膝，味道非常苦，所以以胆为名。（《大观本草》卷六，《政和本草》一六三页）
（作为君药）
味苦、酸，性平，无毒。主要治疗寒湿引起的痿痹，四肢拘挛，膝盖疼痛不能屈伸，驱逐血气，治疗伤热火烂（火热毒邪导致的皮肤溃烂），堕胎。治疗内伤导致的气少，男子阴部消渴，老人尿失禁，补益中气，接续断绝，填充骨髓，去除脑中痛及腰脊痛，妇人月经不通，血结，补益精气，利阴气，止住头发变白。长期服用身体轻盈，延缓衰老。又名百倍。生长在河内的山谷及临朐。二月、八月、十月采集根部，阴干。（忌用萤火、陆英、龟甲，畏白前。）
现在出产于邻近道路蔡州的，最长大柔润，其茎有节，类似牛膝，所以以此命名。有人说它有雌雄之分，雄者的茎呈紫色……
Sweet in flavor, neutral in nature, non-toxic. Primarily tonifies the five Zang organs, supplements Qi, reconnects sinews and bones, promotes muscle growth, and expels various Bi syndromes (obstruction syndromes). Long-term consumption lightens the body, prevents hunger, delays aging, and clarifies the mind (Shenming). Also known as Wu. Grows in the valleys of Mount Tai.
It is a vine-like plant, with a trunk resembling that of a grapevine, leaves like *Prunus pseudocerasus* (Guitao), creeping over trees, with white juice. Nowadays, physicians and pharmacists no longer recognize or use this herb; the *Xianjing*... (He) page 187)
Pungent in flavor, warm in nature, non-toxic. Primarily treats pathogenic factors, wards off toxic epidemics, warm diseases, and malevolent spirits, strengthens willpower, and treats enuresis and leakage. Treats Qi deficiency and weakness, coldness in the muscles, insufficient Qi, detoxification, killing malevolent entities, treating warm malaria, gu poison, and acting as a guiding agent to enhance the efficacy of other herbs. Long-term consumption prevents nightmares and sleep disturbances, lightens the body, and leads to immortality. Also known as Mixiang. Grows in the valleys of Yongchang.
This is Qingmuxiang (Aristolochia contorta root). Yongchang no longer offers it as tribute; now it arrives via foreign merchant ships, reportedly from Daqin (Rome). It is effective in treating toxic swellings and eliminating foul qi.
Nowadays, it is primarily used in making blended incense and is not commonly used in medicinal preparations. It is only used in making anti-moth pills and for boiling water for bathing, which is highly beneficial. (*Daguan Bencao*, Vol. 6, *Zhenghe Bencao*, page 160)
Bitter in flavor, cold to very cold in nature, non-toxic. Primarily treats cold-heat sensations between the bones, convulsions and epilepsy, pathogenic factors, reconnects severed injuries, stabilizes the five Zang organs, kills gu poison. Clears latent heat in the stomach, seasonal warm-heat diseases, heat-induced diarrhea and dysentery, removes small intestinal parasites, benefits Liver and Gallbladder Qi, and stops fright and tremors. Long-term consumption enhances intelligence, prevents forgetfulness, lightens the body, and delays aging. Also known as Lingyou. Grows in the valleys of Qu Mountain in Qi and Wanqu. Roots are harvested in February, August, November, and December, and dried in the shade. (*Guanzhong* is its assistant herb; avoid *Fangkui* and *Dihuang*.)
Currently produced in nearby regions, those from Wuxing are superior. The shape resembles Niuxi (Achyranthes root), and the taste is extremely bitter, hence the name "Dan" (Gallbladder/Bile). (*Daguan Bencao*, Vol. 6, *Zhenghe Bencao*, page 163)
(As the Sovereign Herb)
Bitter and sour in flavor, neutral in nature, non-toxic. Primarily treats cold-damp Wei-Bi syndromes (flaccidity and obstruction), limb contracture, knee pain with inability to flex or extend, expels blood stasis and Qi stagnation, treats sores caused by fire-heat toxins, and induces abortion. Treats internal injury leading to Qi deficiency, male genital atrophy/thirst, elderly urinary incontinence, tonifies the Middle Jiao, reconnects severances, fills the marrow, eliminates headache in the brain and lower back/spine pain, treats amenorrhea in women, blood stasis, benefits essence, promotes Yin Qi, and stops premature graying of hair. Long-term consumption lightens the body and delays aging. Also known as Baibei. Grows in the valleys of Henei and Linqu. Roots are harvested in February, August, and October, and dried in the shade. (Avoid *Yinghuo*, *Luying*, *Guijia*; wary of *Baiqian*.)
Those produced in Caizhou, near the main roads, are the largest, longest, softest, and most moist. Its stem has nodes, resembling Niuxi, hence the name. It is said to have male and female varieties; the male variety has purple stems...