白芷， 是也，出吴地者良。经曰∶“能蚀脓。”今人用治带下、肠有败脓、淋露不
已，腥秽殊甚，遂至脐腹更增冷痛。此盖为败脓血所致，卒无已期，须以此排脓。白芷一两
，单叶红蜀葵根二两，芍药根白者、白矾各半两，矾烧枯别研，余为末，同以蜡丸，如梧子
大。空肚及饭前米饮下十丸或十五丸。俟脓尽。仍别以他药补之。
用根，似细辛，但根色白，叶如马蹄之下。市者往往乱细辛，须如此别之。《尔雅
》以谓“似葵而香”，是也。将杜蘅与细辛相对，便见真伪。况细辛惟出华州者良。杜蘅其
色
黄白，拳局而脆，干则作团。
紫菀用根，其根柔细，紫色，益肺气，经具言之。《唐本》注言“无紫菀时，亦用白
菀”。白菀即女菀也。今《本草》无白菀之名，盖唐修《本草》时已删去。
张仲景用治伤寒坏后百合病须此也。茎高三尺许，叶如大柳叶，四向攒枝而上。其颠
即有淡黄白花，四垂向下覆，长蕊。花心有檀色，每一枝颠，须五六花。子紫色，圆如梧子
，生于枝叶间。每叶一子，不在花中，此又异也。根即百合，其色白，其形如松子壳，四向
攒生，中间出苗。
今天下皆有之。苗如天茄子，开小白花，结青壳。熟则深红，壳中子大如樱，亦红色
。樱中复有细子，如落苏之子，食之有青草气。此即苦耽也。今《图经》又立苦耽条，显然
重复。《本经》无苦耽。
白芷，就是这种药材，产自吴地（今江浙一带）的质量较好。医经中说：“它能腐蚀脓液。”现在人们用它治疗带下病、肠道内有腐败脓液、淋沥不尽，气味腥臭难闻，甚至导致脐腹部更加寒冷疼痛。这大概是由败坏的脓血引起的，如果没有止期，必须用此药来排出脓液。取白芷一两，单叶红蜀葵根二两，白色的芍药根和白矾各半两，白矾烧至枯焦后单独研磨成粉，其余药材研为细末，混合后用蜡制成丸剂，大小如梧桐子。空腹及饭前用米汤送服十丸或十五丸。等到脓液排尽后，再另外用其他药物进行补益。
使用根部，形状类似细辛，但根的颜色是白色的，叶子像马蹄的形状。市场上卖的往往混淆了细辛，必须这样加以区别。《尔雅》中说它“像葵菜但有香味”，指的就是白芷。将杜蘅与细辛相对照，就能看出真伪。况且细辛只有华州出产的质量好。杜蘅的颜色黄白，卷曲而脆，干燥时聚集成团。
紫菀使用根部，其根柔软纤细，呈紫色，能补益肺气，医经中对此有详细说明。《唐本草》的注释说“没有紫菀的时候，也可以用白菀”。白菀就是女菀。现在的《本草》中没有白菀的名字，大概是唐代修订《本草》时已经删去了。
张仲景用它来治疗伤寒病好后出现的百合病，需要用到这种药。茎高约三尺，叶子像大的柳叶，向四周聚集向上生长。顶端有淡黄色的白花，四垂向下覆盖，花蕊较长。花心呈檀色，每一枝顶端需要有五六朵花。种子紫色，圆得像梧桐子，生长在枝叶之间。每片叶子结一个种子，不在花朵中，这也是它的独特之处。根部就是百合，颜色白色，形状像松子壳，向四周聚集生长，中间长出苗。
如今天下各地都有生长。苗像天茄子，开小白花，结青色的壳。成熟后变成深红色，壳中的种子大如樱桃，也是红色的。樱桃里面还有细小的种子，像茄子（落苏）的种子，吃它有青草的气味。这就是苦耽。现在的《图经》又设立了苦耽条目，明显重复了。《神农本草经》中没有苦耽。
Angelicae Dahuricae Radix (Baizhi, 白芷) is this herb; the variety from Wu region (Wu Di, 吴地) is of good quality. The classics state: "It can erode pus." Currently, people use it to treat leukorrhea (dai xia, 带下), putrid pus in the intestines, and persistent discharge with a foul odor, which may even cause increased cold pain in the umbilical and abdominal regions. This is likely caused by putrid blood and pus, which has no end date unless expelled by this herb. Take Angelicae Dahuricae Radix (Baizhi, 白芷) one liang, root of Malva verticillata var. altheoides (Shuhui Gen, 蜀葵根) two liang, white root of Paeonia lactiflora (Shaoyao Gen, 芍药根), and Alum (Bai Fan, 白矾) half liang each. The Alum is calcined until dry and ground separately; the remaining herbs are ground into powder. They are mixed and formed into pills using wax, sized like Sophora japonica seeds (Wuzi, 梧子). Take ten or fifteen pills on an empty stomach and before meals with rice water. Wait until the pus is exhausted, then supplement with other medicines.
The root is used; it resembles Asari Radix et Rhizoma (Xixin, 细辛), but the root color is white, and the leaves resemble the shape of a horse's hoof. Those sold in the market often confuse it with Asari Radix et Rhizoma (Xixin, 细辛); they must be distinguished as follows. *Erya* states it is "like Malva but fragrant," referring to Angelicae Dahuricae Radix (Baizhi, 白芷). Comparing Houttuyniae Herba (Duheng, 杜蘅) with Asari Radix et Rhizoma (Xixin, 细辛) reveals their authenticity. Moreover, only Asari Radix et Rhizoma (Xixin, 细辛) from Huazhou is of good quality. Houttuyniae Herba (Duheng, 杜蘅) is yellowish-white, curled and brittle, forming a ball when dried.
Asteris Tatarici Radix (Ziwan, 紫菀) uses the root; its root is soft and fine, purple in color, and benefits Lung Qi (Fei Qi, 肺气), as detailed in the classics. The annotation in *Tang Bencao* says, "When Asteris Tatarici Radix (Ziwan, 紫菀) is unavailable, Baiwan can also be used." Baiwan is Nvwan. The current *Bencao* lacks the name Baiwan, likely because it was deleted during the Tang dynasty revision of *Bencao*.
Zhang Zhongjing (Zhang Zhongjing, 张仲景) uses it to treat Baihe Bing (Lily Disease, 百合病) after the deterioration of Shanghan (Cold Damage, 伤寒). The stem is about three chi high, leaves resemble large willow leaves, gathering towards four directions and growing upward. At the tip, there are pale yellow-white flowers hanging downwards, with long stamens. The flower heart is sandalwood-colored; each branch tip requires five or six flowers. The seeds are purple, round like Sophora japonica seeds (Wuzi, 梧子), growing between branches and leaves. Each leaf bears one seed, not within the flower, which is another difference. The root is Lily Bulb (Baihe, 百合), white in color, shaped like a pine cone shell, growing in clusters towards four directions, with shoots emerging from the center.
It grows everywhere today. The seedling resembles Solanum melongena (Tianqiezi, 天茄子), opening small white flowers, bearing green shells. When ripe, it turns deep red; the seeds inside the shell are as large as cherries, also red. Inside the cherry-like structure are fine seeds, like those of Solanum melongena (Luosu, 落苏), having a grassy smell when eaten. This is Kudan. The current *Tujing* establishes a separate entry for Kudan, which is obviously repetitive. *Shennong Bencao Jing* does not list Kudan.