癫之言 ， 仆也。凡物上重下轻则仆，故人病气聚于头顶则患 。《素·脉解》太阳
所谓
癫疾者，阳尽在上，而阴气从下，下虚上实，故癫疾也。与厥论巨阳之厥，发为 仆同义。
是明以癫为仆也。癫，经文作巅，故注云顶上曰巅。古字无巅，止作颠，后人加 旁遂作癫
。
亦或省作 ，《玉篇》痫，小儿 病也是也。且据《玉篇》，知癫痫实一病。《病源》亦云
十岁以上为癫，十岁以下为痫，然则二字之分，分于年之长少也。《金匮》风引汤下云，治
大人癫、小儿痫，即此意。近世不晓此义，专指古之风邪为癫，而以别于子痫。执今之名，
检古之书，无怪乎其谓古方不可治今病矣！
《灵》、《素》、《本草》有五癃、癃闭之名，而仲景以下诸书并无之。考杨上善《太
素》
注∶癃，淋也。因知淋、癃乃一声之转。《毛诗·皇矣》与尔临冲，《韩诗》作与尔隆冲，
是其的证。所以通淋于癃者，以癃训罢。《汉书》云∶臣有疲癃之病。注∶癃，罢病也。而
《素问》说癃者，一日数十溲，则膀胱之胞罢疲矣，故得假借取义。近世不知此义，歧而二
之。徐灵胎《轨范》以癃、闭、利、淋四字为目，又自注云∶绝不便为癃。于此叹识字之难
！根据字当作麻，《说文》麻，疝类。则是麻之名，取义于腹痛，故仲景亦以少腹弦急，痛引
脐中为正。后世以其病状淋沥不宣，遂借淋字为之。详泉所撰《证原》中。
“癫”的意思是跌倒。凡是物体上重下轻就会倾倒，所以人如果气机郁结在头顶，就会患癫病。《素问·脉解》篇中说太阳经所谓的癫疾，是因为阳气全部聚集在上部，而阴气从下部随之上升，导致下部虚弱、上部实盛，因此发生癫疾。这与《素问·厥论》中关于足太阳膀胱经之厥逆，发作时出现突然跌倒的症状意义相同。这明确说明将“癫”解释为“仆”（跌倒）。在经文里，“癫”写作“巅”，所以注释说头顶称为“巅”。古字中没有“巅”字，只写作“颠”，后人加上“疒”旁遂写作“癫”。
也有简写为“痫”的情况，《玉篇》记载：“痫，是小儿的惊风病。”并且根据《玉篇》，可知癫痫实际上是一种病。《诸病源候论》也说十岁以上称为癫，十岁以下称为痫，那么这两个字的区别，在于年龄的大小不同。《金匮要略》风引汤方后注云：“治疗大人癫病、小儿痫病”，就是这个意思。近代人不明白这个含义，专门指古代所说的风邪致病为癫，从而将其与子痫区分开来。执着于现在的名称去查阅古代的书籍，难怪他们会认为古方不能治疗今病！
《灵枢》、《素问》、《神农本草经》中有“五癃”、“癃闭”的名称，但张仲景以下的医书中都没有这些记载。考证杨上善在《太素》中的注释：“癃，就是淋。”由此可知，“淋”和“癃”是一个词的声音转变。《诗经·皇矣》中的“与尔临冲”，《韩诗》版本写作“与尔隆冲”，这就是确凿的证据。之所以将“淋”通假为“癃”，是因为用“罢”（疲乏）来训释“癃”。《汉书》中说：“臣下有疲癃的疾病。”注释说：“癃，就是疲乏的病。”而《素问》中描述的癃病，是一天排尿数十次，这说明膀胱的气化功能已经疲乏无力了，所以可以借用来取义。近代人不知道这个含义，将其分为两个概念。徐灵胎在《医学源流论·轨范》中将“癃”、“闭”、“利”、“淋”四个字作为条目，又自己注释说：“完全不能小便叫做癃。”对此不禁感叹认识汉字之难！根据字形应当作“麻”，《说文解字》中“麻”属于疝类疾病。那么“麻”这个名称，取义于腹痛，所以张仲景也以少腹拘急紧绷，疼痛牵引到脐中作为正证。后世因为这种病的症状表现为尿意频数、淋漓不尽，于是借用“淋”字来指代它。详见泉所撰写的《证原》一书中。
"Dian" (epilepsy/sudden collapse) means to fall or prostrate. Whenever an object is heavy at the top and light at the bottom, it tends to topple; thus, when a person's Qi accumulates at the vertex of the head, they suffer from Dian. In the *Suwen* (Basic Questions), chapter "Mai Jie" (Explanation of Pulse Patterns), it states that the so-called Dian disease of the Taiyang (Greater Yang) channel occurs because Yang Qi has entirely gathered in the upper part, while Yin Qi follows from below, resulting in deficiency in the lower part and excess in the upper part, hence causing Dian disease. This shares the same meaning as the description in the *Juelun* (Treatise on Jue) regarding Jue of the Great Yang (Taiyang), which manifests as sudden collapse. This clearly indicates that Dian is interpreted as "Pu" (falling/prostrating). In the classic texts, Dian is written as "Dian" (vertex), hence annotations state that the top of the head is called "Dian". The ancient character did not have "Dian", only using "Dian"; later generations added the "disease" radical (bing zi tou) to write it as "Dian".
It is also sometimes abbreviated as "Xian" (pediatric epilepsy). The *Yupian* records: "Xian refers to convulsive diseases in children." Furthermore, based on the *Yupian*, it is known that Dian and Xian are essentially the same disease. The *Zhubing Yuanhou Lun* (Source Book of Diseases and Etiologies) also states that those over ten years old are called Dian, while those under ten are called Xian. Therefore, the distinction between the two characters lies in age. Under the formula Fengyin Tang in the *Jingui Yaolue* (Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Cabinet), it notes: "Treats adult Dian and pediatric Xian," which reflects this intent. Modern practitioners fail to understand this meaning, specifically attributing ancient wind-pathogen diseases to Dian, thereby distinguishing it from Zi Xian (maternal epilepsy). Clinging to modern nomenclature to inspect ancient texts, it is no wonder they claim that ancient formulas cannot treat modern diseases!
The *Ling Shu* (Spiritual Pivot), *Su Wen*, and *Shennong Bencao Jing* mention the terms "Wu Long" (Five Types of Obstruction) and "Long Bi" (Urinary Retention/Obstruction), but these terms do not appear in books by Zhang Zhongjing and subsequent authors. Examining Yang Shangshan’s annotation in the *Taisu* (Great Simplicity): "Long is Lin (stranguria)." From this, we know that Lin and Long are phonetic variations of the same word. In the *Classic of Poetry* (Shijing), poem "Huang Yi", the phrase "Yu Er Lin Chong" appears, whereas the *Han Shi* version writes it as "Yu Er Long Chong", which serves as definitive proof. The reason for equating Lin with Long is that Long is defined by "Ba" (fatigue/exhaustion). The *Book of Han* states: "Ministers suffer from fatigue and Long disease." The annotation explains: "Long refers to a disease of exhaustion." In the *Suwen*, the condition described as Long involves urinating dozens of times a day, indicating that the bladder's Qi transformation function has become exhausted; thus, the term is borrowed to convey this meaning. Modern scholars, unaware of this etymology, have split them into two distinct concepts. Xu Lingtai, in his work *Gui Fan* (Standard Track), lists "Long", "Bi", "Li", and "Lin" as separate categories, yet annotates himself: "Complete inability to urinate is called Long." One cannot help but sigh at the difficulty of correctly interpreting Chinese characters! Based on the character form, it should be written as "Ma" (numbness/pain). The *Shuowen Jiezi* classifies "Ma" under Shan (hernia-like disorders). Thus, the name "Ma" derives its meaning from abdominal pain, which is why Zhang Zhongjing also considers tightness and urgency in the lower abdomen, with pain radiating to the umbilicus, as the correct syndrome presentation. Later generations, observing symptoms of dribbling and incomplete voiding, borrowed the character "Lin" to describe it. This is detailed in Quan’s work *Zheng Yuan*.