味甘，寒。主五脏六腑寒热、羸瘦、五癃，利小便。久服，坚骨、长肌肉、轻
《名医》曰∶生少室山。十二月采之。
案∶《说文》云∶KT ，古文终，葵菜也。《广雅》云∶ ，葵也。考KT 与终形相近，
当即《尔雅》 葵。《尔雅》云∶ 葵，繁露。郭璞云∶承露也，大茎小叶，花紫黄色。《
本草图经》云∶吴人呼为繁露，俗呼胡燕支，子可妇人涂面及作口脂。按∶《名医》别有落
葵条，一名繁露，亦非也。陶弘景以为终冬至春作子，谓之冬葵，不经甚矣。
味甘，寒。主青盲，明目，除邪，利大小便，去寒热。久服，益气力、不饥、轻身。一
名马苋。
《名医》曰∶一名莫实。生淮阳及田中，叶如蓝。十一月采。
案∶《说文》云∶苋，苋菜也。《尔雅》云∶蒉，赤苋。郭璞云∶今苋叶之赤茎者。李
当之云∶苋实，当是今白苋。《唐本注》云∶赤苋，一名 ，今名莫实，字误。
味苦，寒。主大水身面四肢浮肿，下水，杀蛊毒，咳逆上气，及食诸果，病在胸腹中，
皆吐下之。生平泽。
《名医》曰∶生蒿高。七月七日采，阴干。
案∶《说文》云∶瓜， 也，象形；蒂，瓜当也。《广雅》云∶水芝，瓜也。陶弘景云∶
甜瓜蒂也。
味甘，平。主令人阅泽，好颜色，益气不饥。久服，轻身、耐老。一名水芝（《御览》
作土芝）。生平泽。
《吴普》曰∶瓜子，一名瓣。七月七日采，可作面脂（《御览》）。
《名医》曰∶一名白瓜子。生蒿高。冬瓜仁也，八月采。
案∶《说文》云∶瓣，瓜中实。《广雅》云∶冬瓜 也，其子谓之瓤。陶弘景云∶白，
当为甘，旧有白字。据《名医》云∶列中白瓜子，则本名当无。
冬葵子：味甘，性寒。主治五脏六腑的寒热病证、身体消瘦虚弱、五种癃闭（小便不通或淋沥涩痛），能通利小便。长期服用，能使骨骼坚固、肌肉生长、身体轻健。
《名医别录》说：产于少室山。十二月采集。
考证按语：《说文解字》说：“𦵔”（kuí），是古文的“终”字，指葵菜。《广雅》说：“𦵔”，就是葵。考察“𦵔”与“终”字形相近，应当就是《尔雅》所说的“𦵔”葵。《尔雅》说：𦵔葵，又叫繁露。郭璞注释说：意思是承接露水，茎大叶小，花呈紫黄色。《本草图经》说：吴地人叫它繁露，俗名叫胡燕支，其种子可供妇女涂面及制作口脂。按：《名医别录》另有“落葵”条目，也叫繁露，这也是不对的。陶弘景认为它在冬至到春天结子，所以叫冬葵，这非常不合常理。
瓜子（此处指马苋/莫实）：味甘，性寒。主治青盲（眼疾，视物不清），明目，祛除邪气，通利大小便，去除寒热。长期服用，能补益力气、不感到饥饿、使身体轻健。又名马苋。
《名医别录》说：又名莫实。产于淮阳及田地中，叶子像蓝草。十一月采集。
考证按语：《说文解字》说：苋，就是苋菜。《尔雅》说：蒉，就是赤苋。郭璞注释说：就是现在叶子红色茎干的苋菜。李当之说：苋实，应当就是现在的白苋。《唐本草注》说：赤苋，一名“𦵔”，现在名叫莫实，是字误。
瓜蒂：味苦，性寒。主治严重的水肿，导致身体、面部、四肢浮肿，能下水湿，杀灭蛊毒，治疗咳嗽气逆上冲，以及因食用各种果实导致的胸腹中疾病，都能通过催吐或泻下排出。产于低湿之地。
《名医别录》说：产于蒿高。七月七日采集，阴干。
考证按语：《说文解字》说：瓜，是象形字；蒂，是瓜当（瓜的底部连接处）。《广雅》说：水芝，就是瓜。陶弘景说：这是甜瓜的蒂。
冬瓜仁：味甘，性平。主使人皮肤润泽，面色美好，补益正气，不感到饥饿。长期服用，使身体轻健、耐衰老。又名水芝（《太平御览》作土芝）。产于低湿之地。
《吴普本草》说：瓜子，又名瓣。七月七日采集，可制作面脂（出自《太平御览》）。
《名医别录》说：又名白瓜子。产于蒿高。是冬瓜的种子，八月采集。
考证按语：《说文解字》说：瓣，是瓜中的果实。《广雅》说：是冬瓜的瓤，它的种子叫做瓤。陶弘景说：“白”字应当是“甘”字，旧本有“白”字。根据《名医别录》记载，列有“白瓜子”条目，则原本名称中应当没有“白”字。
Winter Mallow Seed (Dongkuizi): Sweet in flavor, cold in nature. It primarily treats cold and heat disorders of the five zang-organs and six fu-organs, emaciation and weakness, and the five types of lin syndrome (urinary retention or dysuria). It promotes urination. Long-term consumption strengthens the bones, promotes muscle growth, and lightens the body.
Mingyi Bielu (Supplementary Records of Famous Physicians) states: It is produced in Shaoshi Mountain. Harvested in the twelfth lunar month.
Commentary: Shuowen Jiezi (Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters) states: "Kui" (𦵔) is the ancient character for "Zhong" (终), referring to the mallow vegetable. Guangya (Extended Erudition) states: "Kui" is the mallow. Examining the characters, "Kui" (𦵔) and "Zhong" (终) are similar in form; it should be the "Kui" mentioned in Erya (The Ready Guide). Erya states: Kui mallow is also called Fanlu (Heavy Dew). Guo Pu annotates: It means receiving dew; it has large stems and small leaves, with purple-yellow flowers. Bencao Tujing (Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica) states: People in the Wu region call it Fanlu, and its common name is Huyanzhi. Its seeds can be used by women for facial application and making lip rouge. Note: Mingyi Bielu has a separate entry for Luokui (Amaranthus tricolor), also called Fanlu, which is incorrect. Tao Hongjing believed it produces seeds from the Winter Solstice to spring, hence called Dongkui (Winter Mallow), which is highly irrational.
Melon Seed (referring to Ma Xian/Mo Shi here): Sweet in flavor, cold in nature. It primarily treats Qingmang (green blindness, visual impairment), brightens the eyes, eliminates pathogenic factors, promotes urination and defecation, and removes cold and heat. Long-term consumption boosts Qi and strength, prevents hunger, and lightens the body. Also known as Ma Xian (Purslane).
Mingyi Bielu states: Also known as Mo Shi. Produced in Huaiyang and fields; leaves resemble Indigofera tinctoria. Harvested in the eleventh lunar month.
Commentary: Shuowen Jiezi states: Xian is the amaranth vegetable. Erya states: Kui is Chi Xian (Red Amaranth). Guo Pu annotates: It is the current amaranth with red stems. Li Dangzhi states: Xian Shi (Amaranth Seed) should be the current Bai Xian (White Amaranth). Tang Ben Zhu (Tang Dynasty Materia Medica Annotation) states: Chi Xian, also named "Kui", is now called Mo Shi; this is a character error.
Melon Pedicel (Guadi): Bitter in flavor, cold in nature. It primarily treats severe edema causing swelling of the body, face, and four limbs. It drains dampness, kills Gu poison (parasitic or toxic pathogens), treats coughing with adverse rising of Qi, and addresses diseases in the chest and abdomen caused by consuming various fruits, expelling them through vomiting or purgation. Produced in marshy lowlands.
Mingyi Bielu states: Produced in Gaogao. Harvested on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month and dried in the shade.
Commentary: Shuowen Jiezi states: Gua (Melon) is a pictograph; Di (Pedicel) is the base of the melon. Guangya states: Shui Zhi (Water Chestnut/Zhi) is the melon. Tao Hongjing states: This is the pedicel of the sweet melon.
Winter Melon Seed (Dongguaren): Sweet in flavor, neutral in nature. It primarily makes the skin moist and lustrous, improves complexion, benefits Qi, and prevents hunger. Long-term consumption lightens the body and delays aging. Also known as Shui Zhi (recorded as Tu Zhi in Taiping Yulan). Produced in marshy lowlands.
Wu Pu Bencao states: Melon seed, also known as Ban. Harvested on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month; can be used to make facial cream (cited in Taiping Yulan).
Mingyi Bielu states: Also known as Bai Guazi (White Melon Seed). Produced in Gaogao. It is the seed of the winter melon, harvested in the eighth lunar month.
Commentary: Shuowen Jiezi states: Ban is the fruit inside the melon. Guangya states: It is the pulp of the winter melon, and its seeds are called Rang. Tao Hongjing states: The character "Bai" (White) should be "Gan" (Sweet); old editions contained the character "Bai". According to Mingyi Bielu, there is an entry for "Bai Guazi", so the original name likely did not contain the character "Bai".