味甘，平。主心腹结气，伤中、伤饱，胃络脉绝，羸瘦短气。久服，轻身、不老、不饥。
生川谷及堤阪。
《吴普》曰∶一名马韭，一名舋冬，一名忍冬，一名忍陵，一名不死药，一名仆垒，一
名随脂（《太平御览》引云∶一名羊韭，秦，一名马韭，一名禹韭，韭；越，一名羊齐，一
名麦韭，一名禹韭，一名舋韭，一名禹余粮），神农、岐伯∶甘，平；黄帝、桐君、雷公∶
甘，无毒；李氏∶甘，小温；扁鹊∶无毒。生山谷肥地。叶如韭，肥泽丛生。采无时，实青
黄。
《名医》曰∶秦，名羊韭；齐，名麦韭；楚，名马韭；越，名羊蓍，一名禹葭，一名禹
余粮，叶如韭，冬夏长生，生函谷肥土、石间久废处。二月、三月、八月、十月采，阴干。
案∶《说文》云∶ ， 冬草。《中山经》云∶青要之山，是多仆累，据《吴普》说，即
麦门冬也。忍、 ，垒、累，音同，陶弘景云∶实如青珠，根似 麦，故谓麦门冬。
味苦，平。主风寒所击，金疮，止痛，贲豚，痫痉，女子疝瘕。久服，轻身、耐
老。一名羌活，一名羌青，一名扩羌使者。生川谷。
《吴普》曰∶独活，一名胡王使者，神农、黄帝∶苦，无毒。八月采。此药有风花不
动，无风独摇（《御览》）。
《名医》曰∶一名胡王使者，一名独摇者。此草，得风不摇，无风自动。生雍州，或陇
西南安。二月、八月采根，曝干。
案∶《列仙传》云∶山图服羌活、独活，则似二名。护羌、胡王，皆羌字缓声，犹专诸
为专设诸，庚公差为瘐公之斯，非有义也。
味甘，性平。主治心腹部的结聚之气，内伤、饱食过度导致的损伤，胃络脉断绝（气血不通），身体消瘦、呼吸短促。长期服用，能使身体轻盈、延缓衰老、减少饥饿感。
生长在河流山谷及堤岸山坡上。
《吴普》说：又名马韭，又名舋冬，又名忍冬，又名忍陵，又名不死药，又名仆垒，又名随脂（《太平御览》引用说：在秦地，又名羊韭，又名马韭，又名禹韭；在越地，又名羊齐，又名麦韭，又名禹韭，又名舋韭，又名禹余粮）。神农、岐伯认为：味甘，性平；黄帝、桐君、雷公认为：味甘，无毒；李氏认为：味甘，性小温；扁鹊认为：无毒。生长在山谷肥沃之地。叶子像韭菜，肥厚润泽丛生。采集没有固定时间，果实呈青黄色。
《名医别录》说：在秦地，名叫羊韭；在齐地，名叫麦韭；在楚地，名叫马韭；在越地，名叫羊蓍，又名禹葭，又名禹余粮，叶子像韭菜，冬夏常青，生长在函谷关的肥沃土壤或石头间废弃已久的地方。二月、三月、八月、十月采集，阴干。
按语：《说文解字》说：这是冬天的草。《中山经》说：青要山，有很多仆累，根据《吴普》的说法，就是麦门冬。忍、舋、垒、累，读音相同，陶弘景说：果实像青色的珠子，根像小麦，所以称为麦门冬。
味苦，性平。主治风寒侵袭，刀箭创伤，止痛，奔豚气（气从少腹上冲心胸），癫痫痉挛，女子疝气瘕块。长期服用，能使身体轻盈、耐老。又名羌活，又名羌青，又名扩羌使者。生长在河流山谷中。
《吴普》说：独活，又名胡王使者，神农、黄帝认为：味苦，无毒。八月采集。这种药有风花时不动，无风时独自摇动（《太平御览》引）。
《名医别录》说：又名胡王使者，又名独摇者。这种草，遇风不摇，无风自动。生长在雍州，或者陇西南安。二月、八月采集根部，晒干。
按语：《列仙传》说：山图服用羌活、独活，那么似乎这两个名字是指同一种东西。护羌、胡王，都是“羌”字的缓读声，就像专诸被称为专设诸，庚公差被称为瘐公之斯一样，并没有特殊的含义。
Sweet, neutral. Primarily treats qi stagnation in the chest and abdomen, internal injury, damage from overeating, severance of the stomach collateral vessels (blockage of qi and blood in the stomach meridians), emaciation, and shortness of breath. Long-term use makes the body light, prevents aging, and reduces hunger.
Grows in river valleys and on embankments and hillsides.
Wu Pu states: Also known as Ma Jiu (Horse Leek), Xin Dong, Ren Dong (Winterberry/Honeysuckle - *Note: distinct from Honeysuckle herb*), Ren Ling, Bu Si Yao (Immortality Medicine), Pu Lei, Sui Zhi. (Taiping Yulan quotes: In Qin, also known as Yang Jiu (Sheep Leek) or Ma Jiu or Yu Jiu; in Yue, also known as Yang Qi, Mai Jiu (Wheat Leek), Yu Jiu, Xin Jiu, Yu Yu Liang). Shen Nong and Qi Bo state: Sweet, neutral; Huang Di, Tong Jun, and Lei Gong state: Sweet, non-toxic; Li Shi states: Sweet, slightly warm; Bian Que states: Non-toxic. Grows in fertile areas of mountains and valleys. Leaves resemble leeks, thick, lustrous, and growing in clumps. Can be harvested at any time; fruits are greenish-yellow.
Ming Yi Bie Lu states: In Qin, it is called Yang Jiu; in Qi, it is called Mai Jiu; in Chu, it is called Ma Jiu; in Yue, it is called Yang Shi, also known as Yu Jia or Yu Yu Liang. Leaves resemble leeks, evergreen in winter and summer, growing in fertile soil or among stones in abandoned places near Hangu Pass. Harvested in February, March, August, and October, dried in the shade.
Commentary: Shuo Wen says: [Character for Maidong] is a winter grass. Zhong Shan Jing says: Qingyao Mountain has much Pu Lei. According to Wu Pu's description, this refers to Maidong. Ren, Xin, Lei, and Lei share similar pronunciations. Tao Hongjing states: The fruits resemble green pearls, and the roots resemble wheat grains, hence the name Maidong (Wheat Winter).
Bitter, neutral. Primarily treats injuries caused by wind-cold, traumatic wounds from metal weapons, alleviates pain, Ben Tun (Rushing Pig syndrome/abdominal gas rising upwards), epilepsy and spasms, and women's hernia and masses. Long-term use makes the body light and enhances longevity. Also known as Qiang Huo, Qiang Qing, Kuo Qiang Shi Zhe. Grows in river valleys.
Wu Pu states: Du Huo is also known as Hu Wang Shi Zhe (Envoy of the King of Hu). Shen Nong and Huang Di state: Bitter, non-toxic. Harvested in August. This herb does not move when there is wind but sways alone when there is no wind (cited from Taiping Yulan).
Ming Yi Bie Lu states: Also known as Hu Wang Shi Zhe or Du Yao Zhe (Swaying Alone). This plant does not sway when exposed to wind but moves automatically when there is no wind. Grows in Yongzhou, or Longnan An. Roots are harvested in February and August and sun-dried.
Commentary: Lie Xian Zhuan states: Shan Tu consumed Qiang Huo and Du Huo, suggesting these two names may refer to the same entity. Hu Qiang and Hu Wang are both slow pronunciations of the character "Qiang," similar to how Zhuan Zhu was referred to as Zhuan She Zhu, or Geng Cha Gong as Yu Gong Zhi Si, without specific semantic distinction.