（灵枢通天篇 全）
黄帝问于少师曰∶余尝闻人有阴阳，何谓阴人？何谓阳人？少师曰∶天地之间，六合之内，不离于五，人亦应之，
非徒一阴一阳而已也，而略言耳，口弗能遍明也。黄帝曰∶愿略闻其意，有贤人圣人，心能备而行之乎。少师曰∶盖有
太阴之人，少阴之人，太阳之人，少阳之人，阴阳和平之人。凡五人者，其态不同，其筋骨气血各不等。黄帝曰∶其不
等者，可得闻乎？（六合之内，数不离五，义见下章。心能备而行之乎，谓贤圣之心本异于人，其有能兼备阴阳者否也？
太阴少阴太阳少阳者，非如经络之三阴三阳也，盖以天禀之纯阴者曰太阴，多阴少阳者曰少阴，纯阳者曰太阳，多阳少
阴者曰少阳，并阴阳和平之人而分为五态也。此虽以禀赋为言，至于血气疾病之变，则亦有纯阴纯阳、寒热微甚及阴阳
和平之异也。故阳脏者偏宜于寒，阴脏者偏宜于热，或先阳而后变为阴者，或先阴而后变为阳者，皆医家不可不察也。）
少师曰∶太阴之人，贪而不仁，下齐湛湛，（此下言五人之情性也。下齐，谦下整齐也。湛湛，水澄貌，亦卑下自明
之意。）好内而恶出，心和而不发，（心和者，阴性柔也。不发者，阴多藏也。内，纳同。）不务于时，（知有己也。）动而
后之，（不先发也。）此太阴之人也。（此其深情浓貌，奸狡不露者，是为太阴之人。）
少阴之人，小贪而贼心，（贪小利而心残贼也。）见人有亡，常若有得，（见他人之有失，为自己之得志，即幸灾乐祸
之谓。）好伤好害，（阴性残忍也。）见人有荣，乃反愠怒，（心多忌刻，忧人富贵也。愠音 。）心疾而无恩，（心存嫉妒，
故无恩也。）此少阴之人也。（阴险贪残，小人之品，此少阴之人也。）
太阳之人，居处于于，（于于，自足貌。）好言大事，无能而虚说，（喜夸张而无实济也。）志发于四野，（心妄好强也。）
举措罔顾是非，（粗疏不精也。）为事如常自用，事虽败而常无悔，（为事庸常而喜自用，虽至于败而自是不移，故无反悔
之心。）此太阳之人也。（有始无终，虎皮羊质，此太阳之人也。）
少阳之人， 谛好自贵，（ 谛，审而又审也。小有聪明，因而自贵。 音是。谛音帝。）有小小官，则高自宜，（局
量褊浅，易盈满也。）好为外交而不内附，（务虚文也。）此少阳之人也。（妄自尊贵，不知大体，此少阳之人也。）
阴阳和平之人，居处安静，（安静处顺，无妄动也。无为惧惧，心有所主，乃能不动，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈，是
无惧惧也。）无为欣欣，（利欲不能入，富贵不能淫，是无欣欣也。）婉然从物，（君子之接人也，言忠信，行笃敬，虽蛮
貊之邦行矣，是婉然从物也。婉音苑。）或与不争，（圣人之道，为而不争。老子曰∶以其不争，故天下莫能与之争。）与
时变化，（时移则事变，世更则俗易，惟圣人随世以为法，因时而致宜，故能阴能阳，能弱能强，随机动静，而与化推移
也。夫冰炭钩绳，何时能合？若以圣人为之中，则兼复而并之，未有可是非者也。）尊则谦谦，（位尊而志谦也。狐丘丈
人曰∶人有三怨∶爵高者人妒之，官大者主恶之，禄浓者怨逮之。孙叔敖曰∶吾爵益高，吾志益下；吾官益大，吾心益
小；吾禄益浓，吾施益博。以是免于三怨可乎？易曰∶天道亏盈而益谦，地道变盈而流谦，鬼神害盈而福谦，人道恶盈
而好谦。谦尊而光，卑而不可逾，君子之终也。）谭而不治，是谓至治。（谭而不治，无为而治也；无为而治，治之至也。
子思子曰∶中也者天下之大本也，和也者天下之达道也，致中和，天地位焉，万物育焉。其阴阳和平之人之谓乎？）
古之善用针艾者，视人五态乃治之，盛者泻之，虚者补之。（此下言五治也。）黄帝曰∶治人之五态奈何？少师曰∶
太阴之人多阴而无阳，其阴血浊，其卫气涩，阴阳不和，缓筋而浓皮，不之疾泻，不能移之。（无阳则气少，故血浊不清，
而卫气涩滞也。曰阴阳不和者，四态之人无不然，于此而首言之，他可概见矣。气少不行，故其筋缓。阴体重浊，故其
皮浓。皮浓血浊，非疾泻之不能移易也。）少阴之人，多阴少阳，小胃而大肠，六腑不调，其阳明脉小而太阳脉大，必审
调之，其血易脱，其气易败也。（小胃，故足阳明之胃脉亦小。大肠，故手太阳之小肠脉亦大。此其多阴少阳者，以阳明
为五脏六腑之海，小肠为传送之腑，胃小则藏贮少而气必微，小肠大则传送速而气不蓄，阳气既少而又不蓄，则多阴少
阳矣。必当审察而善调之，然其气少不能摄血，故多致血易脱而气易败也。）太阳之人，多阳而少阴，必谨调之，无脱其
阴，而泻其阳，阳重脱者易狂，阴阳皆脱者，暴死不知人也。（太阳之人，少阴者也，阴气既少而复泻之，其阴必脱，故
曰无脱其阴而但可泻其阳耳。然阴不足者阳亦无根，若泻之太过则阳气重脱，而脱阳者狂，甚至阴阳俱脱，则暴死不知
人也。）少阳之人，多阳少阴，经小而络大，血在中而气外，实阴而虚阳，独泻其络脉则强，气脱而疾，中气不足，病不
起也。（经脉深而属阴，络脉浅而属阳，故少阳之人，多阳而络大，少阴而经小也。血脉在中，气络在外，所当实其阴经
而泻其阳络，则身强矣。惟是少阳之人，尤以气为主，若泻之太过，以致气脱而疾，则中气乏而难于起矣。）阴阳和平之
人，其阴阳之气和，血脉调，谨诊其阴阳，视其邪正，安容仪，审有余不足，盛则泻之，虚则补之，不盛不虚 以经取
之。此所以调阴阳，别五态之人者也。（不盛不虚以经取之者，言本无盛虚之可据，而或有邪正之不调者，但求所在之经
以取其病也。）
黄帝曰∶夫五态之人者，相与毋故，卒然新会，未知其行也，何以别之？（此下言五人之态度也。毋音无。卒音猝。）
少师答曰∶众人之属，不知五态之人者，故五五二十五人，而五态之人不与焉。五态之人，尤不合于众者也。（众人者，
即下章阴阳二十五人之谓，与五态之人不同，故不合于众也。）黄帝曰∶别五态之人奈何？少师曰∶太阴之人，其状
然黑色，念然下意，临临然长大， 然未偻，此太阴之人也。（ ，色黑不明也。念然下意，意念不扬也，即上文下齐
之谓。临临然，临下貌。 然未偻，言膝 若屈，而实非伛偻之疾也。盖以太阴之人，禀质阴浊，故其形色志意有如此
者。 ，萏、探二音。偻音吕。）少阴之人，其状清然窃然，固以阴贼，立而躁 ，行而似伏，此少阴之人也。（清然者，
言似清也。窃然者，行如鼠雀也。固以阴贼者，残贼之心坚不可破也。立而躁 者，阴险之性时多躁暴也。出没无常，
行而似伏，此则少阴人之态度。 ，险同。）太阳之人，其状轩轩储储，反身折 ，此太阳之人也。（轩轩，高硕貌，犹
俗谓轩昂也。储储，蓄积貌，盈盈自得也。反身折 ，言仰腰挺腹，其 似折也。是皆妄自尊大之状，此则太阳人之态
度。储音除。）少阳之人，其状立则好仰，行则好摇，其两臂两肘则常出于背，此少阳之人也。（立则好仰，志务高也。
行则好摇，性多动也。两臂两肘出于背，喜露而不喜藏也。此则少阳人之态度。）阴阳和平之人，其状委委然，随随然，
然，愉愉然。HT HT 然，豆豆然，众人皆曰君子，此阴阳和平之人也。（委委，雍容自得也。随随，和光同尘也。
，尊严敬慎也。愉愉，悦乐也。HT HT ，周旋也。豆豆，磊落不乱也。若人者，人人得而敬爱之，故众人皆曰君
子。君子者，贤圣之通称，如诗指文王为岂第君子，礼运曰禹汤文武成王周公，由此其选也，此六君子者，未有不谨于
礼者之谓，即阴阳和平之人，其得天地之正气者欤？ ，鱼容切。愉音余。HT 音旋。）
《灵枢·通天篇》（全文）
黄帝向少师问道：我曾经听说人有阴阳之分，什么是阴人？什么是阳人？少师回答说：天地之间，六合之内，万物都不离开“五”这个范畴，人也与之相应。这不仅仅是单纯的一阴一阳而已，只是粗略地说说罢了，口中无法详尽阐明。黄帝说：希望能大致听听其中的意思，如果有贤人或圣人，他们的内心能够兼备并践行这些道理吗？少师说：大概有太阴之人、少阴之人、太阳之人、少阳之人、阴阳和平之人这五种类型。这五种人的形态不同，他们的筋骨气血也各不相同。黄帝说：他们不同的地方，可以讲给我听吗？
少师说：太阴之人，贪婪而不仁义，外表谦下整齐，内心深沉如静水，喜好索取而厌恶给予，内心平和但不轻易表露情感，不顺应时势，做事总是后发制人。这就是太阴之人。
少阴之人，贪图小利且心存贼害之心，看到别人遭遇损失，常常觉得自己得了好处，喜欢伤害他人，看到别人荣耀，反而心生恼怒，心中嫉妒而没有恩德。这就是少阴之人。
太阳之人，举止自满自得，喜欢谈论大事，却没有能力却空谈虚言，志向张扬于四方，行动不顾是非对错，做事像往常一样固执己见，即使事情失败也从不后悔。这就是太阳之人。
少阳之人，审慎而自视高贵，如果有一点小小的官职，就自我抬高，喜好结交外人而不亲近内部，这就是少阳之人。
阴阳和平之人，居住处事安静，没有恐惧之心，也没有欣喜若狂之态，温和地顺从万物，与人不争，随着时代变化而变化，地位尊贵却保持谦逊，不言而治，这叫做最高的治理境界。
古代善于使用针和艾灸的医生，观察人的这五种体质类型再进行治疗，实证用泻法，虚证用补法。黄帝问：治疗这五种体质类型的人该怎么做？少师说：太阴之人多阴而无阳，他的阴血浑浊，卫气涩滞，阴阳不和，筋脉弛缓而皮肤厚实，如果不迅速泻除邪气，就不能改变这种状态。少阴之人，多阴少阳，胃小大肠大，六腑功能不调，他的足阳明脉小而手太阳脉大，必须仔细调理，他的血液容易脱失，气也容易败坏。太阳之人，多阳而少阴，必须谨慎调理，不要使其阴气脱失，而去泻其阳气，如果阳气过度脱失容易发狂，如果阴阳都脱失，就会突然死亡而不省人事。少阳之人，多阳少阴，经脉细小而络脉粗大，血行于内而气浮于外，应当充实阴分而泻除阳分，只泻其络脉则身体强健，但如果气脱得太快，中气不足，病就很难痊愈。阴阳和平之人，他的阴阳之气调和，血脉通畅，仔细诊察其阴阳，观察邪正情况，安顿仪容，审察有余和不足，实证则泻之，虚证则补之，不盛不虚则取本经穴位治疗。这就是调理阴阳，辨别五种体质类型的方法。
黄帝说：这五种体质类型的人，如果没有旧交情，突然新相遇，不知道他们的行为表现，凭什么来区分他们？少师回答说：普通大众中的人，不了解这五种体质类型的人，所以有阴阳二十五种人，但这五种体质类型的人不包括在内。这五种体质类型的人，尤其不同于普通人。黄帝说：如何区分这五种体质类型的人？少师说：太阴之人，样子黑沉沉的，意念低沉，看起来高大，膝盖微曲但并非驼背，这就是太阴之人。少阴之人，样子清高而隐秘，本性阴险贼害，站立时躁动不安，行走时好像缩着身子，这就是少阴之人。太阳之人，样子轩昂自负，仰腰挺腹，背部弯曲，这就是太阳之人。少阳之人，站立时喜欢仰头，行走时喜欢摇摆，两臂两肘经常露在背后，这就是少阳之人。阴阳和平之人，样子雍容自得，随和顺从，庄严敬慎，愉悦快乐，周旋有序，磊落不乱，大家都称他为君子，这就是阴阳和平之人。
*Ling Shu: Tong Tian Pian* (Complete Text)
Huangdi asked Shaoshi, "I have heard that people are divided into Yin and Yang. What is a Yin person? What is a Yang person?" Shaoshi replied, "Within the heaven and earth, inside the six directions, all things adhere to the number 'Five', and humans correspond to this as well. It is not merely a simple matter of one Yin and one Yang; this is but a brief overview, for it cannot be fully explained in words." Huangdi said, "I wish to hear the gist of it. If there were worthy men or sages, could their minds possess and practice these principles?" Shaoshi said, "There are generally five types: Taiyin persons, Shaoyin persons, Taiyang persons, Shaoyang persons, and Yin-Yang Peaceful persons. These five types differ in their physical forms, and their sinews, bones, Qi, and blood are each unequal." Huangdi said, "May I hear about their inequalities?"
Shaoshi said, "A Taiyin person is greedy and unkind. Outwardly humble and orderly, inwardly deep and calm like still water, they prefer to take and dislike to give. Their mind is harmonious but does not easily express itself. They do not strive to conform to the times, and act only after others have moved. This is a Taiyin person."
"A Shaoyin person has small greed and a thieving heart. Seeing others suffer loss, they often feel as if they have gained something themselves. They enjoy harming and injuring others. Seeing others honored, they become resentful. Their hearts are filled with jealousy and lack kindness. This is a Shaoyin person."
"A Taiyang person is self-satisfied and loves to discuss grand matters, yet lacks ability and speaks empty words. Their ambitions spread everywhere. Their actions disregard right and wrong. In conducting affairs, they rely solely on themselves as usual; even if they fail, they never regret. This is a Taiyang person."
"A Shaoyang person is cautious yet considers themselves noble. If they hold a minor official position, they elevate themselves excessively. They prefer external alliances and do not attach internally. This is a Shaoyang person."
"A Yin-Yang Peaceful person lives quietly and peacefully. They have no fear, nor do they show excessive joy. They gently accommodate things, do not contend with others, and change with the times. Though respected, they remain humble. Through non-action, they achieve perfect governance. This is called the highest state of governance."
In ancient times, those skilled in acupuncture and moxibustion would observe a person's constitution among these five types before treating them. For excess conditions, they used draining methods; for deficiency conditions, they used tonifying methods. Huangdi asked, "How should one treat persons of these five types?" Shaoshi said, "Taiyin persons have much Yin and little Yang. Their Yin blood is turbid, and their Wei Qi (Defensive Qi) is stagnant. Yin and Yang are disharmonious; their sinews are lax and their skin thick. Without rapid draining, this condition cannot be altered."
"Shaoyin persons have much Yin and little Yang. Their stomach is small, and their large intestine is large. The six Fu organs are imbalanced. Their Foot Yangming pulse is small, and their Hand Taiyang pulse is large. One must carefully regulate them. Their blood is prone to depletion, and their Qi is prone to failure."
"Taiyang persons have much Yang and little Yin. One must be cautious in regulation, avoiding the depletion of their Yin while draining their Yang. If Yang is excessively depleted, madness may ensue. If both Yin and Yang are depleted, sudden death and unconsciousness may occur."
"Shaoyang persons have much Yang and little Yin. Their Jing Mai (Regular Meridians) are small, and their Luo Mai (Collaterals) are large. Blood resides within, while Qi floats outside. One should solidify the Yin and drain the Yang. Draining only the collaterals strengthens the body. However, if Qi is depleted too rapidly, leading to insufficiency of Middle Qi, the illness will be difficult to cure."
"In Yin-Yang Peaceful persons, the Qi of Yin and Yang is harmonious, and the blood vessels are regulated. Carefully diagnose Yin and Yang, observe pathogenic factors and healthy Qi, maintain proper demeanor, and examine surplus and deficiency. Drain excess, tonify deficiency, and if neither excess nor deficiency is present, treat by selecting points from the affected meridian. This is how one regulates Yin and Yang and distinguishes persons of the five types."
Huangdi asked, "Regarding these five types of persons, if they meet suddenly without prior acquaintance, how can we distinguish them based on their behavior?" Shaoshi answered, "Among the general populace, people do not understand the five constitutional types. Thus, there are twenty-five types derived from Yin-Yang combinations, but the five constitutional types are distinct from these. Persons of the five types are particularly different from the masses." Huangdi asked, "How do we distinguish persons of the five types?" Shaoshi said, "A Taiyin person appears dark-complexioned, with a lowly demeanor, tall stature, and knees slightly bent but not stooped. This is a Taiyin person."
"A Shaoyin person appears aloof and secretive, inherently treacherous. They stand restlessly and walk as if crouching. This is a Shaoyin person."
"A Taiyang person appears dignified and self-important, standing with an arched back and protruding belly. This is a Taiyang person."
"A Shaoyang person likes to look up when standing and sways when walking, often holding their arms and elbows behind their backs. This is a Shaoyang person."
"A Yin-Yang Peaceful person appears graceful, compliant, dignified, joyful, well-mannered, and upright. Everyone calls them a Junzi (Gentleman). This is a Yin-Yang Peaceful person."