（灵枢骨度篇 全）
黄帝问于伯高曰∶脉度言经脉之长短，何以立之？伯高曰∶先度其骨节之大小广狭长短，而脉度定矣。黄帝曰∶愿
闻众人之度，人长七尺五寸者，其骨节之大小长短各几何？（此言欲知脉度者，必先求骨度以察其详也。众人者，众人
之常度也，常人之长多以七尺五寸为率。如经水篇岐伯云八尺之士，周礼考工记亦曰人长八尺，乃指伟人之度而言，皆
古黍尺数也。黍尺一尺，得今曲尺八寸。详义见附翼律原黄钟生度条中。）伯高曰∶头之大骨围二尺六寸，（此下言头围
胸围腰围之总数也。围，周遭也。二尺六寸，皆古黍尺之数。后仿此。人身之骨，头为最巨，头骨谓之髑髅。男子自顶
及耳并脑后共八片，惟蔡州人多一，共九片，脑后横一缝，当正直下至发际别有一直缝。女人头骨止六片，亦脑后一横
缝，当正直下则无缝也。此男女头骨之别。髑音独。髅音娄。）胸围四尺五寸，（此兼胸胁而言也。缺盆之下两乳之间为
胸，胸前横骨三条，左右肋骨各十二条，八长四短，女人多檠夫骨两条，左右各十四条也。）腰围四尺二寸。（平脐周遭
曰腰。人之肥瘦不同，腰之大小亦异，四尺二寸，以中人之大略言也。）发所复者颅至项尺二寸，（此下言仰人之纵度也。
发所复者，谓发际也。前发际为额颅。后发际以下为项。前自颅，后至项，长一尺二寸。）发以下至颐长一尺，（腮下为
颔。颔中为颐。前发际下至颐长一尺。）君子终折。（终，终始也。折，折衷也。言上文之约数虽如此，然人有大小不同，
故君子当约其终始，而因人以折衷之。此虽指头胸为言，则下部亦然矣。）结喉以下至缺盆中长四寸，（舌根之下，肺之
上系，屈曲外凸者为结喉。膺上横骨为巨骨。巨骨上陷中为缺盆。）缺盆以下至 KT 长九寸，过则肺大，不满则肺小。
（KT ，一名鸠尾，一名尾翳，蔽心骨也。缺盆之下，鸠尾之上，是为之胸，肺脏所居，故胸大则肺亦大，胸小则肺
亦小也。 KT 音结于。） KT 以下至天枢长八寸，过则胃大，不及则胃小。（天枢，在脐旁二寸，足阳明经穴。自
KT 之下，脐之上，是为中焦，胃之所居，故上腹长大者胃亦大，上腹短小者胃亦小也。）天枢以下至横骨长六寸半，
过则回肠广长，不满则狭短。（横骨，阴毛中曲骨也。自天枢下至横骨，是为下焦，回肠所居也。故小腹长大者回肠亦大，
小腹短狭者回肠亦小也。）横骨长六寸半，横骨上廉以下至内辅之上廉长一尺八寸，（横骨横长六寸半，一曰七寸半。廉，
隅际也。内辅，膝间内侧大骨也。亦曰辅骨。）内辅之上廉以下至下廉长三寸半，（此言辅骨之上下隅也。）内辅下廉下至
内踝长一尺三寸，内踝以下至地长三寸，（足跟前两旁高骨为踝骨，内曰内踝，外曰外踝。踝，胡寡切。）膝 以下至跗
属长一尺六寸，跗属以下至地长三寸。（膝后曲处曰 。足面曰跗。跗属，言足面前后皆跗之属也。 音国。跗，附、敷
二音。）故骨围大则大过，小则不及。（凡上文所言皆中人之度，其有大者过之，小者不及也。下文同法。）角以下至柱骨
长一尺，（此下言侧人之纵度也，角，头侧大骨，耳上高角也。柱骨，肩骨之上，颈项之根也。）行腋中不见者长四寸，（此
自柱骨下通腋中，隐伏不见之处。）腋以下至季胁长一尺二寸，（胁下尽处短小之肋，是为季胁。季，小也。）季胁以下至
髀枢长六寸，足股曰髀。髀上外侧骨缝曰枢，此运动之机也。髀，并米切，又音比。）髀枢以下至膝中长一尺九寸，（膝
中，言膝外侧骨缝之次。）膝以下至外踝长一尺六寸，外踝以下至京骨长三寸，京骨以下至地长一寸。（京骨，足太阳穴
名，在足小趾本节后大骨下，赤白肉际陷中。）耳后当完骨者广九寸，（此言耳后之横度也。耳后高骨曰完骨，足少阳穴
名，入发际四分，左右相去广九寸。）耳前当耳门者广一尺三寸，两颧之间相去七寸，两乳之间广九寸半，两髀之间广六
寸半。（此言仰人之横度也。耳门者，即手太阳听宫之分。目下高骨为颧。两髀之间，言两股之中，横骨两头尽处也。）
足长一尺二寸，广四寸半。（此下言手足之度也。足掌长一尺二寸。广，阔也。）肩至肘长一尺七寸，（肩，肩端也。臂之
中节曰肘。）肘至腕长一尺二寸半，（臂掌之节曰腕。）腕至中指本节长四寸，本节至其末长四寸半。（本节，指之后节根
也。末，指端也。）项发以下至背骨长二寸半，（项发，项后发际也。背骨，除项骨之外，以第一节大椎骨为言也。）膂骨
以下至尾 二十一节长三尺，上节长一寸四分分之一，奇分在下，故上七节至于膂骨九寸八分分之七。（膂骨，脊骨也。
项脊骨共二十四椎，内除项骨三节，膂骨自大椎而下至尾 计二十一节，共长三尺。上节各长一寸四分分之一，即一寸
四分一厘也。故上之七节，共长九寸八分七厘。其有余不尽之奇分，皆在下部诸节也。脊骨外小而内大，人之能负重者，
以是骨之巨也。尾 骨，男子者尖，女子者圆而平。 音底。）此众人骨之度也，所以立经脉之长短也。是故视其经脉之
在于身也，其见浮而坚、其见明而大者多血，细而况者多气也。（此结首节而言。因骨度以辨经络，乃可察其血气之盛衰
也。）
《灵枢·骨度篇》（全文）
黄帝向伯高问道：脉度篇论述了经脉的长短，那么是如何确立这些标准的呢？伯高回答说：首先要测量人体骨节的大小、宽窄和长短，然后经脉的长度就确定了。黄帝说：我想了解常人的度量标准，身高七尺五寸的人，其骨节的大小长短各是多少？（这段文字意在说明想要了解脉度，必须先通过骨度来详细考察。所谓“众人”，是指普通人的常规度量，常人身高多以七尺五寸为平均标准。如《经水篇》中岐伯所说八尺高的士人，《周礼·考工记》也说人身长八尺，这些都是指伟人的尺寸而言，都是古代黍尺的数值。古制一尺相当于现在的曲尺八寸。详细含义见附录《翼律原黄钟生度条》中。）伯高说：头部大骨的周长是二尺六寸。（以下讲述头围、胸围、腰围的总长度。围，指周围一圈。二尺六寸，均为古黍尺的数值。后文仿照此例。人身上的骨头，以头部最大，头骨称为髑髅。男子从头顶到耳朵再到脑后共有八片骨头，只有蔡州人多一片，共九片，脑后有一条横缝，正对下方直到发际处另有一条直缝。女子头骨只有六片，脑后也有一条横缝，正对下方则没有缝隙。这是男女头骨的区别。髑音独，髅音娄。）胸部周长四尺五寸，（这里兼指胸廓和胁部。锁骨下两乳之间为胸，胸前有三条横骨，左右肋骨各十二条，其中八根长四根短，女性多两根假肋，左右各十四条。）腰部周长四尺二寸。（平齐肚脐周围称为腰。人的胖瘦不同，腰的大小也不同，四尺二寸是以中等身材的大致情况来说的。）从前发际复盖处到后颈项部长一尺二寸，（以下讲述直立时身体的纵向长度。发所复盖处，即指发际。前发际以上为额颅，后发际以下为项。从前额颅到后项，长一尺二寸。）前发际以下到下巴颏长一尺，（腮下为颔，颔中间为颐。前发际下到颐长一尺。）君子应当折中衡量。（终，指始末；折，指折中。意思是上文所说的约数虽然如此，但人有大小差异，所以君子应当综合始末，因人制宜地进行折中判断。这虽然主要指头和胸而言，下部也是如此。）喉结以下到锁骨窝中长四寸，（舌根之下，肺的上端系带，弯曲外凸的部分叫结喉。胸口上方的横骨叫巨骨。巨骨上方的凹陷处叫缺盆。）缺盆以下到鸠尾穴长九寸，超过这个长度则肺大，不足则肺小。（KT，即鸠尾穴，又名尾翳，是遮蔽心脏的骨头。缺盆之下，鸠尾之上，称为胸，是肺脏居住的地方，所以胸廓大则肺也大，胸廓小则肺也小。KT音同“结于”。）鸠尾以下到天枢穴长八寸，超过则胃大，不足则胃小。（天枢穴位于脐旁二寸，属足阳明胃经穴位。自鸠尾之下，脐之上，称为中焦，是胃居住的地方，所以上腹部长大者胃也大，上腹部短小者胃也小。）天枢以下到横骨长六寸半，超过则回肠宽大且长，不足则狭窄且短。（横骨，即阴毛中间的曲骨。从天枢下到横骨，称为下焦，是回肠居住的地方。所以小腹部长大者回肠也大，小腹部短狭者回肠也小。）横骨长六寸半，横骨上缘以下到大腿内侧辅骨上缘长一尺八寸，（横骨横向长六寸半，另一种说法是七寸半。廉，指棱角边缘。内辅，指膝盖内侧的大骨，也称辅骨。）内辅上缘以下到下缘长三寸半，（这里讲述辅骨上下两个边缘的距离。）内辅下缘以下到内踝长一尺三寸，内踝以下到地面长三寸，（脚跟两旁的高骨叫踝骨，内侧叫内踝，外侧叫外踝。踝，读音为胡寡切。）膝弯以下到足背连接处长一尺六寸，足背连接处以下到地面长三寸。（膝后弯曲处叫腘。足面叫跗。跗属，指足面前后都属于跗的范围。腘音国。跗，读附或敷音。）所以骨围大则相应部位过大，小则相应部位不及。（凡上述所言都是中等身材的标准，有大的超过它，小的不及它。下文同理。）耳角以下到柱骨长一尺，（以下讲述侧身时的纵向长度。角，指头侧面的大骨，即耳上方的高角。柱骨，指肩骨上方，颈项的根部。）沿腋下隐伏不见处长四寸，（这是从柱骨下通至腋中，隐伏看不见的地方。）腋下到季胁长一尺二寸，（胁下尽头处短小的肋骨，称为季胁。季，意为小。）季胁以下到髀枢长六寸，大腿称为髀。髀上外侧的骨缝称为枢，这是运动的枢纽。髀，读音并米切，又读比音。）髀枢以下到膝中长一尺九寸，（膝中，指膝盖外侧骨缝的中间位置。）膝以下到外踝长一尺六寸，外踝以下到京骨长三寸，京骨以下到地面长一寸。（京骨，足太阳膀胱经穴位名，在足小趾本节后大骨下，赤白肉交界处的凹陷中。）耳后完骨处宽度为九寸，（这里讲述耳后的横向宽度。耳后高骨叫完骨，是足少阳胆经穴位，入发际四分，左右相距宽九寸。）耳前耳门处宽度为一尺三寸，两颧骨之间相距七寸，两乳头之间宽九寸半，两髀（大腿）之间宽六寸半。（这里讲述直立时的横向宽度。耳门穴，即手太阳小肠经听宫穴的位置。眼下高骨为颧骨。两髀之间，指两股中间，横骨两头尽头处。）脚长一尺二寸，宽四寸半。（以下讲述手足的尺寸。足掌长一尺二寸。广，指宽度。）肩膀到肘部长一尺七寸，（肩，指肩端。臂的中节叫肘。）肘到腕部长一尺二寸半，（臂与手掌连接的关节叫腕。）腕到中指本节长四寸，本节到指尖长四寸半。（本节，指手指后节的根部。末，指指尖。）后发际以下到背骨长二寸半，（项发，指颈后发际。背骨，除颈椎外，以第一节大椎骨为代表。）脊柱以下到尾骶骨二十一节长三尺，第一节长一寸十四分之一，剩余的分数在下面，所以上七节直到脊柱部分共长九寸八分七厘。（膂骨，即脊骨。颈部脊骨共二十四椎，除去颈椎三节，膂骨自大椎以下到尾骶骨共计二十一节，总共长三尺。第一节各长一寸十四分之一，即一寸一分四厘。所以上部的七节，共长九寸八分七厘。其余不尽的零头分数，都在下部各节中。脊骨外部小而内部大，人能负重，是因为这些骨头巨大。尾骶骨，男子尖端，女子圆而平。骶音底。）这就是常人的骨度标准，用来确立经脉的长短。因此观察身上的经脉，那些显现浮起且坚实、明亮且粗大的，多为血盛；细小且稀疏的，多为气盛。（这里总结开头一节的意思。通过骨度来辨别经络，才能察知气血的盛衰状况。）
*Lingshu: Gu Du Chapter* (Full Text)
Huangdi asked Bogao, saying: The chapter on Mai Du (Pulse Lengths) discusses the lengths of the meridians; how are these standards established? Bogao replied: One must first measure the size, width, and length of the bone joints, and then the lengths of the meridians can be determined. Huangdi said: I wish to hear about the measurements of ordinary people. For a person who is seven chi five cun tall, what are the sizes and lengths of their bone joints? (This passage explains that to understand Mai Du, one must first seek Gu Du [Bone Measurements] to examine the details. "Zhongren" refers to the common measurements of ordinary people; the height of common people is generally taken as seven chi five cun. As Qibo stated in the *Jing Shui Chapter*, an eight-chi tall scholar, and the *Rites of Zhou · Kaogong Ji* also states that humans are eight chi tall; these refer to the dimensions of great men, all using ancient millet rulers. One ancient chi equals eight modern carpenter's cun. Detailed meanings are seen in the appendix *Yi Lu Yuan Huang Zhong Sheng Du Tiao*.) Bogao said: The circumference of the large bones of the head is two chi six cun. (The following describes the total circumferences of the head, chest, and waist. "Wei" means surrounding circle. Two chi six cun are all numbers from the ancient millet ruler system. The following imitates this example. Among the bones of the human body, the head is the largest; the skull is called "Dulou". Men have eight pieces of bone from the vertex to the ears and back of the head, except for people from Caizhou who have one more piece, totaling nine. There is a transverse suture at the back of the head, and directly below it to the hairline, there is another vertical suture. Women have only six pieces of skull bone, with one transverse suture at the back of the head, but no suture directly below it. This is the difference between male and female skulls. "Du" sounds like "du", "Lou" sounds like "lou".) The chest circumference is four chi five cun. (This includes both the chest and the hypochondrium. The area between the two breasts below the clavicle is the chest. There are three horizontal bones in front of the chest, and twelve ribs on each side, eight long and four short. Women have two additional false ribs, fourteen on each side.) The waist circumference is four chi two cun. (The area surrounding the navel level is called the waist. People vary in fatness and thinness, so the size of the waist varies; four chi two cun refers to the approximate measurement of a medium-sized person.) From the hairline covering the forehead to the neck is one chi two cun. (The following describes the longitudinal length when standing upright. The place covered by hair refers to the hairline. Above the anterior hairline is the frontal skull. Below the posterior hairline is the neck. From the frontal skull to the back of the neck is one chi two cun.) From the anterior hairline down to the chin is one chi. (Below the cheek is the mandible. In the middle of the mandible is the Yi [chin]. From the anterior hairline to the Yi is one chi.) A gentleman should exercise discretion. ("Zhong" means beginning and end; "Zhe" means compromise or moderation. It means that although the approximate numbers mentioned above are as such, people differ in size, so a gentleman should consider the entire range and moderate according to the individual. Although this mainly refers to the head and chest, the lower part is the same.) From the Adam's apple down to the suprasternal notch is four cun. (Below the root of the tongue, above the upper connection of the lung, the curved and protruding part is the Adam's apple. The horizontal bone above the chest is the Jugu [Giant Bone]. The depression above the Jugu is the Quepen [Missing Basin].) From the Quepen down to the Jiuwei (CV15) point is nine cun; if greater, the lungs are large; if less, the lungs are small. ("KT" here refers to Jiuwei, also known as Wei Yi, which is the xiphoid process shielding the heart. Below the Quepen and above Jiuwei is the chest, where the lungs reside; thus, a larger chest implies larger lungs, and a smaller chest implies smaller lungs. "KT" sounds like "jie yu".) From Jiuwei down to the Tianshu (ST25) point is eight cun; if greater, the stomach is large; if less, the stomach is small. (Tianshu is located two cun lateral to the umbilicus, an acupoint of the Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian. From below Jiuwei to above the umbilicus is the Middle Jiao, where the stomach resides; thus, a longer upper abdomen implies a larger stomach, and a shorter upper abdomen implies a smaller stomach.) From Tianshu down to the Henggu (Pubic Bone) is six and a half cun; if greater, the ileum is wide and long; if less, it is narrow and short. (Henggu refers to the Qugu bone in the pubic hair region. From Tianshu down to Henggu is the Lower Jiao, where the ileum resides. Thus, a larger lower abdomen implies a larger ileum, and a narrower lower abdomen implies a smaller ileum.) The Henggu is six and a half cun wide. From the upper margin of the Henggu down to the upper margin of the Neifu (Inner Accessory Bone) is one chi eight cun. (The Henggu is horizontally six and a half cun wide, alternatively said to be seven and a half cun. "Lian" refers to the edge or corner. Neifu refers to the large bone on the inner side of the knee, also called Fugu.) From the upper margin of the Neifu down to its lower margin is three and a half cun. (This describes the distance between the upper and lower edges of the accessory bone.) From the lower margin of the Neifu down to the medial malleolus is one chi three cun; from the medial malleolus down to the ground is three cun. (The high bones on both sides of the heel are called malleoli; the inner one is the medial malleolus, and the outer one is the lateral malleolus. Malleolus is pronounced "hu gua qie".) From the popliteal crease down to the dorsum pedis junction is one chi six cun; from the dorsum pedis junction down to the ground is three cun. (The bent part behind the knee is called "Guo". The foot surface is called "Fu". "Fu Shu" means the front and back of the foot belong to the dorsum. "Guo" sounds like "guo". "Fu" is pronounced "fu" or "fu".) Therefore, if the bone circumference is large, the corresponding part is excessive; if small, it is insufficient. (All the above descriptions apply to medium-sized individuals; those who are larger exceed these measures, and those who are smaller fall short. The same method applies to the following text.) From the ear angle down to the Zhu Gu (Column Bone) is one chi. (The following describes the longitudinal length when viewed from the side. "Jue" refers to the large bone on the side of the head, i.e., the high angle above the ear. Zhu Gu refers to the top of the shoulder bone, the root of the neck.) Along the axilla where it is not visible is four cun. (This is the hidden path from the Zhu Gu down through the axilla.) From the axilla down to the Ji Xie (Seasonal Hypochondrium) is one chi two cun. (The short ribs at the end of the hypochondrium are called Ji Xie. "Ji" means small.) From the Ji Xie down to the Bi Shu (Hip Pivot) is six cun. The thigh is called "Bi". The bone groove on the outer side of the upper thigh is called "Shu", which is the pivot of movement. "Bi" is pronounced "bing mi qie", and also "bi".) From the Bi Shu down to the middle of the knee is one chi nine cun. (Middle of the knee refers to the midpoint of the lateral bone groove of the knee.) From the knee down to the lateral malleolus is one chi six cun; from the lateral malleolus down to Jinggu (BL64) is three cun; from Jinggu down to the ground is one cun. (Jinggu is an acupoint of the Foot-Taiyang Bladder Meridian, located in the depression between the red and white flesh below the large bone after the base of the little toe.) The width behind the ear at the Wang Gu (Complete Bone) is nine cun. (This describes the transverse width behind the ear. The high bone behind the ear is called Wang Gu, an acupoint of the Foot-Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian, entering the hairline by four fen, with a width of nine cun between left and right.) The width at the Er Men (Ear Gate) in front of the ear is one chi three cun; the distance between the two Ziquan (Cheekbones) is seven cun; the width between the two nipples is nine and a half cun; the width between the two thighs is six and a half cun. (This describes the transverse width when standing upright. The Er Men acupoint corresponds to the Tinggong (SI19) point of the Hand-Taiyang Small Intestine Meridian. The high bone under the eye is the zygomatic bone. The space between the two thighs refers to the middle of the two legs, at the ends of the Henggu.) The foot is one chi two cun long and four and a half cun wide. (The following describes the dimensions of the hands and feet. The sole of the foot is one chi two cun long. "Guang" means width.) From the shoulder to the elbow is one chi seven cun. (Shoulder refers to the acromion. The middle joint of the arm is called the elbow.) From the elbow to the wrist is one chi two and a half cun. (The joint connecting the arm and palm is called the wrist.) From the wrist to the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger is four cun; from this joint to the fingertip is four and a half cun. (Proximal joint refers to the root of the posterior segment of the finger. End refers to the fingertip.) From the posterior hairline down to the dorsal bone is two and a half cun. (Xiang Fa refers to the posterior neck hairline. Bei Gu refers to the first thoracic vertebra, Dazhui, excluding the cervical vertebrae.) From the Lv Gu (Spinal Bone) down to the twenty-one segments of the coccyx is three chi. The first segment is one and one-fourteenth cun long, with the remainder distributed in the lower segments; therefore, the upper seven segments up to the spinal bone total nine and seven-eighths cun. (Lv Gu refers to the vertebral column. There are twenty-four vertebrae in the neck and back. Excluding the three cervical vertebrae, the Lv Gu from Dazhui down to the coccyx totals twenty-one segments, measuring three chi in total. Each upper segment is one and one-fourteenth cun long, i.e., 1.14 cun. Thus, the upper seven segments total 9.87 cun. The remaining fractional parts are in the lower segments. The vertebral column is small externally and large internally; humans can bear heavy loads because of the magnitude of these bones. The coccyx is pointed in men and round and flat in women. "Di" sounds like "di".) These are the bone measurements of ordinary people, used to establish the lengths of the meridians. Therefore, when observing the meridians in the body, those that appear floating and firm, bright and large, indicate abundant blood; those that are fine and sparse indicate abundant Qi. (This concludes the first section. By using bone measurements to differentiate the meridians, one can observe the prosperity and decline of blood and Qi.)