囊括一身，以总统夫脏腑者，皮也。故皮得谓之部，言为所部主也。皮之职，内既包脏腑，外则司开阖，
而毫窍附焉，故又为诸邪出入之门户。然邪之入也，虽由于皮，而所以致邪之入者，皮不任咎也。篇中虽分三
段，始终只一意而已。
黄帝问曰∶余闻皮有分部，脉有经纪，筋有结络，骨有度量，其所生病各异，别其分部，左右上下，阴阳
所在，病之始终，愿闻其道。岐伯对曰∶欲知皮部，以经脉为纪者，诸经皆然。（按∶皮肤为一身之躯壳，诸
凡经脉皆其所包括也。分部，如脊中属督脉，腹中行为任冲之类是也。）阳明之阳，名曰害蜚，上下同法，视
其部中有浮络者，皆阳明之络也。（上谓手阳明，下谓足阳明也。按∶灵枢经曰∶“脉之见者，皆络脉也。”
盖脉行肉里，深不可见，其可见者，殆浮络之谓欤。）
其色多青则痛，多黑则痹，黄赤则热，多白则寒，五色皆见，则寒热也。（按∶凡胃与大肠二经部分所至之处，
其色有如是者，则知其或痛或寒热，而可以处治，此正络之浮见于外者也，言阳明而他经可以类推矣。）络盛
则入客于经。（按∶络居皮内，邪由皮而入络，若不解散，则由络而入于经矣。）阳主外，阴主内。（阳谓阳
络，阴谓阴络，此通言之也。手足身分，所见经络皆然。）少阳之阳，名曰枢持，上下同法，（按∶上，手少
阳三焦；下，足少阳胆。视其部中有浮络者，皆少阳之络也。络盛则入客于经。故在阳者主内，在阴者主出以渗
于内，诸经皆然。按∶阳诚主外矣，而其气常卫固夫一身，使之无所漏，以内归于丹田。阴诚主内矣，而其血
常荣养夫脏腑，使之无所壅，以外达于九窍。外内互相资，而后气血自渗灌于十二经脉之中，其所谓主内主出
者，即所谓主外主内者也。此天地合气之妙理，注略而不言，何也？！）太阳之阳，名曰关枢，上下同法，（按∶
上，手太阳小肠；下，足太阳膀胱。）视其部中有浮络者，皆太阳之络也。络盛则入客于经。少阴之阴，名曰
枢儒，（按∶甲乙经作 。）上下同法，（按∶上，手少阴心；下，足少阴肾。）视其部中有浮络者，皆少阴
之络也。络盛则入客于经。其入经也，从阳部注于经；其出者，从阴内注于骨。（按∶前言内出者，阴阳互根
之妙；此言入出者，邪气进退之次也。阳部即络与皮毛，邪之入也，由阳入阴；则其出也，自当由阴而返阳矣。
此骨字疑有误。）心主之阴，名曰害肩，上下同法，（按∶上，手厥阴心主；下，足厥阴肝。）视其部中有浮
络者，皆心主之络也。络盛则入客于经。太阴之阴，名曰关蛰，上下同法，视其部中有浮络者，皆太阴之络也。
络盛则入客于经。（部皆谓本经络之所
部分，浮谓浮见也。按∶十二经名目殊不可解，注强为之解，及王曰逵杜撰名义，甚无意味，略而存之是矣。
如阴阳、内外、出内等乃为要义，不可忽也。凡此十二经络脉者，皮之部也。列阴阳位，部主于皮，故曰皮
之部。按∶以上乃分叙十二经络之名次，以下则总叙邪气由外入内之次也。）
是故百病之始生也，必先于皮毛，邪中之则腠理开，开则入客于络脉，留而不去，传入于经，留而不去，
传入于腑，廪于肠胃。（廪，积也，聚也。）邪之始入于皮也，溯然起毫毛，开腠理。（溯然，恶寒也。起谓
毛起竖也。腠理谓皮空及文理也。）其入于络也，则络脉盛，色变。（盛谓盛满，变谓易其常也。）其入客于
经也，则感虚，乃陷下。（经虚邪入，故曰感虚。脉虚气少，故陷下也。）其留于筋骨之间，寒多则筋挛骨痛，
热多则筋弛骨消，肉烁 破，毛直而败。（挛，急也。弛，缓也。消，烁也。针经曰∶“寒则筋急，热则筋缓，
寒胜为痛，热胜为气消。” 者肉之标，故肉消则 破毛直而败也。）
帝曰∶夫子言皮之十二部，其生病皆何如？岐伯曰∶皮者，脉之部也。（按∶部者统御之称，皮包一身，
而脉络统焉，故云脉之部。）邪客于皮则腠理开，开则邪入客于络脉，络脉满则注于经脉，经脉满则入舍于腑
脏也。故皮者有分部不与而生大病也。（脉行皮中，各有部分，脉受邪气，随则病生，非由皮气而能生也。
按∶分部不与，注意是而未明快。甲乙作不愈，元起本言不与经脉和调故生大病，俱非也。盖邪之病患，固由
皮入，至于腑脏。而苟非其中之元气已虚，则腠理何以开而邪得入，是邪虽由皮之分部而入，而要之与皮无与
也。帝问皮之十二部生何病，是疑皮亦能生病。伯言皮不过包括一身，为邪气出入之门户，邪
之入也，必极于至虚之处而后止，外之入，内所召也，皮何与焉。详味问答语意自见矣。与，去声。）
皮肤包裹全身，统领脏腑，就是皮。所以皮可以称为“部”，意思是它是所辖区域的主宰。皮的功能，内部既包裹着脏腑，外部则主管汗孔的开合，而毫毛和汗窍依附于皮，所以它又是各种邪气出入的门户。然而邪气的侵入，虽然始于皮，但导致邪气侵入的原因，皮并不承担责任。这篇中虽然分三段叙述，但始终只表达一个意思罢了。
黄帝问道：我听说皮有分部，脉有经纪，筋有结络，骨有度量，它们所生的疾病各不相同。辨别它们的分部，以及左右上下、阴阳所在的位置，还有疾病的始终变化，希望听听其中的道理。岐伯回答说：想要了解皮部，以经脉作为纲纪就可以了，所有经络都是这样。（按语：皮肤是一身的躯壳，所有的经脉都包含在其中。分部，比如脊中属于督脉，腹中行走的是任脉、冲脉等。）阳明经的阳气，名叫害蜚（Hai Fei），上下（手阳明和足阳明）遵循同样的法则，观察其部位中有浮现在表面的络脉，都是阳明的络脉。（上指手阳明大肠经，下指足阳明胃经。按语：《灵枢经》说：“脉显现出来的，都是络脉。”因为经脉行走在肌肉深处，深不可见，那些能看见的，大概就是浮络吧。）
如果颜色多青则疼痛，多黑则痹证，黄赤则热证，多白则寒证，五色都出现，则是寒热错杂。（按语：凡是胃与大肠二经所分布的部位，如果出现上述颜色，就知道或痛或寒热，从而可以进行治疗，这正是络脉浮现在体外的表现，说了阳明经，其他经可以类推了。）络脉邪气盛实，就会侵入并客居于经脉。（按语：络脉位于皮内，邪气由皮进入络脉，如果不解散，就会由络脉进入经脉。）阳主外，阴主内。（阳指阳络，阴指阴络，这是通称。手足身体各部分，所见到的经络都是这样的。）少阳经的阳气，名叫枢持（Shu Chi），上下（手少阳三焦经和足少阳胆经）遵循同样的法则，（按语：上，手少阳三焦；下，足少阳胆。观察其部位中有浮现在表面的络脉，都是少阳的络脉。络脉邪气盛实，就会侵入并客居于经脉。所以在阳分的络脉主内守，在阴分的络脉主外出以渗入体内，所有经络都是这样。按语：阳确实主外，但其气常护卫固密一身，使身体没有漏泄，向内归于丹田。阴确实主内，但其血常荣养脏腑，使脏腑没有壅滞，向外通达九窍。内外互相资助，然后气血自然渗灌于十二经脉之中，所谓的主内主出，就是所谓的主外主内。这是天地合气的妙理，注家简略而未言明，为什么呢？！）太阳经的阳气，名叫关枢（Guan Shu），上下（手太阳小肠经和足太阳膀胱经）遵循同样的法则，（按语：上，手太阳小肠；下，足太阳膀胱。）观察其部位中有浮现在表面的络脉，都是太阳的络脉。络脉邪气盛实，就会侵入并客居于经脉。少阴经的阴气，名叫枢儒（Shu Ru），（按语：《甲乙经》作“枢杼”。）上下（手少阴心经和足少阴肾经）遵循同样的法则，（按语：上，手少阴心；下，足少阴肾。）观察其部位中有浮现在表面的络脉，都是少阴的络脉。络脉邪气盛实，就会侵入并客居于经脉。邪气进入经脉，是从阳部注入经脉；邪气排出，是从阴内注入骨骼。（按语：前文说的内出，是阴阳互根的妙用；这里说的入出，是邪气进退的顺序。阳部即络脉与皮毛，邪气进入，是由阳入阴；那么它排出时，自然应由阴返阳。这个“骨”字怀疑有误。）心主（心包络）的阴气，名叫害肩（Hai Jian），上下（手厥阴心包经和足厥阴肝经）遵循同样的法则，（按语：上，手厥阴心主；下，足厥阴肝。）观察其部位中有浮现在表面的络脉，都是心主的络脉。络脉邪气盛实，就会侵入并客居于经脉。太阴经的阴气，名叫关蛰（Guan Zhe），上下遵循同样的法则，观察其部位中有浮现在表面的络脉，都是太阴的络脉。络脉邪气盛实，就会侵入并客居于经脉。（“部”都指本经络脉所分布的区域，“浮”指浮现在表面。按语：十二经的名称很难理解，注家强行解释，以及王曰逵杜撰名义，非常没有意味，简略保留即可。像阴阳、内外、出内等才是要义，不可忽视。以上这十二条经络脉，是皮的分区。排列阴阳位置，分区主宰于皮，所以叫皮的分区。按语：以上是分别叙述十二经络的名次，以下则是总述邪气由外向内的顺序。）
因此百病的产生，必定先从皮毛开始，邪气侵袭它则腠理开泄，开泄则邪气进入客居络脉，停留不去，传入经脉，停留不去，传入腑，积聚在肠胃。（廪，意为积聚。）邪气刚开始进入皮时，使人恶寒，毫毛竖起，腠理开泄。（溯然，指恶寒。起指毫毛竖立。腠理指皮肤纹理及毛孔间隙。）邪气进入络脉，则络脉盛满，颜色改变。（盛指盛满，变指改变常态。）邪气客居经脉，则感受正气虚弱，病邪陷入下沉。（经气虚而邪气入，所以说感虚。脉虚气少，所以陷下。）邪气停留在筋骨之间，寒多则筋脉拘挛、骨骼疼痛，热多则筋脉弛缓、骨骼消瘦，肌肉消烁破裂，毫毛直立枯败。（挛，指拘急。弛，指松弛。消，指消烁。《针经》说：“寒则筋急，热则筋缓，寒胜为痛，热胜为气消。”肉是毫毛的标志，所以肉消则破裂，毫毛直立枯败。）
黄帝说：先生所说的皮的十二个分区，它们产生的疾病是怎样的？岐伯说：皮，是脉的分区。（按语：部是统御的意思，皮包裹全身，脉络统辖其中，所以说脉之部。）邪气客居皮则腠理开泄，开泄则邪气进入客居络脉，络脉满溢则注入经脉，经脉满溢则进入并留舍于脏腑。所以皮虽然有分部，但与生病并没有直接关系（意指皮本身不致病，而是邪气通过皮进入体内致病）。（脉行走在皮中，各有部分，脉受邪气，随即生病，并非由皮气本身能生大病。按语：“分部不与”注意此处含义未明快。《甲乙经》作“不愈”，元起本说“不与经脉和调故生大病”，都不对。大概邪气侵害人体，固然由皮进入，至于腑脏。但如果不是体内的元气已经虚弱，腠理怎么会开泄而让邪气进入？是邪气虽然由皮的分部进入，但最终与皮无关。黄帝问皮的十二部分生什么病，是怀疑皮也能生病。岐伯说皮不过包括一身，是邪气出入的门户，邪气的进入，必定到达极度虚弱的地方才停止，由外而入，是由内所召引，皮有什么关系呢？仔细品味问答的意思自然就明白了。“与”，读去声。）
The skin encompasses the whole body and commands the zang-fu organs; thus it is called a "region" (Bu), indicating that it is the master of its domain. The function of the skin is to internally enclose the zang-fu organs and externally control the opening and closing of pores, with hair follicles attached to it; therefore, it serves as the gateway for various pathogenic factors to enter and exit. However, although pathogens enter via the skin, the skin does not bear responsibility for causing this entry. Although the chapter is divided into three sections, it consistently conveys only one main idea.
Yellow Emperor asked: I have heard that the skin has specific regions, meridians have their pathways, tendons have connections, and bones have measurements; the diseases they generate differ. I wish to understand how to distinguish their regions, their locations in the left/right, upper/lower, yin/yang, and the beginning and end of diseases. Qibo replied: To understand the skin regions, one should take the meridians as the guiding principle; this applies to all meridians. [Commentary: Skin is the shell of the body, encompassing all meridians. Regions refer to areas such as the spine belonging to the Du Meridian, or the abdomen traversed by the Ren and Chong Meridians.] The yang aspect of the Yangming Meridian is named Haifei. The same method applies above and below [Hand-Yangming and Foot-Yangming]. Observe the superficial collaterals visible within these regions; they are all collaterals of the Yangming Meridian. [Above refers to Hand-Yangming Large Intestine, below to Foot-Yangming Stomach. Commentary: *Ling Shu* states, "What is visible in the vessels are all collaterals." Since main vessels run deep within the flesh and are invisible, what can be seen are likely the superficial collaterals.] If the color is predominantly blue/green, there is pain; if black, bi-syndrome; if yellow/red, heat; if white, cold; if all five colors appear, there is alternating cold and heat. [Commentary: Wherever the regions of the Stomach and Large Intestine meridians extend, if such colors appear, one knows whether there is pain or cold/heat, allowing for treatment. This represents the superficial manifestation of collaterals; knowing this for Yangming allows inference for other meridians.] When collaterals are full of pathogenic factors, they invade and lodge in the main meridians. [Commentary: Collaterals lie beneath the skin. Pathogens enter from skin to collaterals; if not resolved, they move from collaterals to meridians.] Yang governs the exterior, Yin governs the interior. [Yang refers to yang collaterals, Yin to yin collaterals; this is a general statement. This applies to all meridians seen on the hands, feet, and body.] The yang aspect of the Shaoyang Meridian is named Shuchi. The same method applies above and below. [Commentary: Above, Hand-Shaoyang Sanjiao; Below, Foot-Shaoyang Gallbladder. Observe the superficial collaterals visible within these regions; they are all collaterals of the Shaoyang Meridian. When collaterals are full, they invade and lodge in the main meridians. Thus, those in the yang aspect govern inward retention, while those in the yin aspect govern outward excretion to seep into the interior; this applies to all meridians. Commentary: Yang indeed governs the exterior, but its qi constantly protects and secures the body, preventing leakage, directing inward to the Dantian. Yin indeed governs the interior, but its blood constantly nourishes the zang-fu, preventing stagnation, directing outward to the nine orifices. Exterior and interior mutually support each other, so that qi and blood naturally seep into the twelve main meridians. What is meant by governing inward/outward is essentially governing exterior/interior. This is the subtle principle of the harmonization of heaven and earth; why did the commentary omit this?] The yang aspect of the Taiyang Meridian is named Guanshu. The same method applies above and below. [Commentary: Above, Hand-Taiyang Small Intestine; Below, Foot-Taiyang Bladder.] Observe the superficial collaterals visible within these regions; they are all collaterals of the Taiyang Meridian. When collaterals are full, they invade and lodge in the main meridians. The yin aspect of the Shaoyin Meridian is named Shuru. [Commentary: *Jia Yi Jing* writes "Shuzhu".] The same method applies above and below. [Commentary: Above, Hand-Shaoyin Heart; Below, Foot-Shaoyin Kidney.] Observe the superficial collaterals visible within these regions; they are all collaterals of the Shaoyin Meridian. When collaterals are full, they invade and lodge in the main meridians. When entering the meridians, [pathogens] flow from the yang regions into the meridians; when exiting, they flow from the interior yin into the bones. [Commentary: The previous mention of internal exit refers to the subtlety of yin-yang mutual rooting; this mention of entry and exit refers to the sequence of pathogenic advance and retreat. Yang regions refer to collaterals and skin/hair; pathogens enter from yang to yin; thus, upon exit, they naturally return from yin to yang. The character "bone" here is suspected to be an error.] The yin aspect of the Heart Master (Pericardium) is named Haijian. The same method applies above and below. [Commentary: Above, Hand-Jueyin Pericardium; Below, Foot-Jueyin Liver.] Observe the superficial collaterals visible within these regions; they are all collaterals of the Heart Master. When collaterals are full, they invade and lodge in the main meridians. The yin aspect of the Taiyin Meridian is named Guanzhe. The same method applies above and below. Observe the superficial collaterals visible within these regions; they are all collaterals of the Taiyin Meridian. When collaterals are full, they invade and lodge in the main meridians. ["Region" refers to the area distributed by the respective meridian's collaterals; "superficial" means appearing on the surface. Commentary: The names of the twelve meridians are difficult to understand; forced interpretations in commentaries, and fabricated meanings by Wang Yuwei, are meaningless. It is best to retain them briefly. Concepts like yin/yang, interior/exterior, exit/entry are the essential meanings and cannot be ignored. These twelve meridian-collateral systems are the regions of the skin. Arranging yin and yang positions, the region is governed by the skin, hence called the region of the skin. Commentary: The above separately lists the order of the twelve meridians; the following summarizes the sequence of pathogens entering from outside to inside."]
Therefore, the origin of all diseases begins first in the skin and hair. When pathogens attack, the interstices (Cou Li) open; once open, pathogens enter and lodge in the collaterals. If they remain without departing, they transmit to the meridians; if they remain without departing, they transmit to the fu organs and accumulate in the intestines and stomach. [Lin means accumulation.] When pathogens initially enter the skin, chills arise, hair stands erect, and interstices open. [Suran refers to aversion to cold. Qi means erection of hair. Cou Li refers to skin pores and tissue textures.] When entering the collaterals, the collateral vessels become full and the color changes. [Full means distended; change means alteration from normal.] When lodging in the meridians, they encounter deficiency, causing sinking/depression. [Meridian deficiency allows pathogen entry, hence "encountering deficiency". Pulse deficiency and qi scarcity cause sinking.] If remaining between sinews and bones, excessive cold causes sinew spasm and bone pain; excessive heat causes sinew flaccidity and bone wasting, muscle emaciation and rupture, hair standing straight and deteriorating. [Spasm means tightness. Flaccidity means relaxation. Wasting means emaciation. *Zhen Jing* says, "Cold causes sinew tension, heat causes sinew relaxation; cold excess causes pain, heat excess causes qi depletion." Muscle is the marker of hair; thus, muscle wasting leads to rupture, and hair stands straight and deteriorates.]
The Yellow Emperor said: You spoke of the twelve regions of the skin; what diseases do they produce? Qibo said: The skin is the region of the vessels. [Commentary: Region implies command. Skin envelops the body, and vessels govern it, hence "region of the vessels."] When pathogens lodge in the skin, interstices open; once open, pathogens enter and lodge in the collaterals. When collaterals are full, they inject into the meridians; when meridians are full, they enter and reside in the zang-fu organs. Therefore, although the skin has regions, it does not directly generate serious illness. [Vessels run within the skin, having specific parts. When vessels receive pathogenic factors, disease arises accordingly; it is not generated by the qi of the skin itself. Commentary: "Regions do not participate" is ambiguous here. *Jia Yi Jing* reads "not healed"; Yuan Qi's version says "disharmony with meridians causes serious illness," both incorrect. Generally, pathogenic invasion enters via the skin to reach zang-fu. But unless the vital qi within is already deficient, how would interstices open for pathogens to enter? Although pathogens enter via the skin's regions, ultimately it is unrelated to the skin itself. The Emperor's question about what diseases the twelve skin regions produce implies suspicion that skin itself generates disease. Qibo replies that skin merely encompasses the body and serves as a gateway for pathogen entry/exit. Pathogen entry stops only at the most deficient points; external entry is summoned by the interior. What does the skin have to do with it? Carefully savoring the dialogue reveals the meaning. "Yu" is pronounced with the departing tone.]