《素问》曰∶人有大谷十二分(肉之大会为谷。十二分者。十二经脉之部分也。),络脉十四(十二经之
络,并任督二脉之络,为十四也。按《难经》不言任督,而言阳跷,阴跷,与王注《素问》不同,又并脾之大
络,为十五。意者经以其起自于脾,故不及之欤),孙络三百六十五(孙络之脉别经者,其血盛而当泻者,亦
三百六十五脉,并注于络,传注十二络脉,非独十四络也),小溪三百五十四,各少十二俞也(小络所会,
谓之小溪,本亦三百六十五,除十二俞,当三百五十三,今作四者误)。溪谷之会,以行营卫,以会大气(下
会,《甲乙经》作舍)。(合《五脏生成》、《征四失论》、《气穴论》三篇文)
《灵枢》曰∶经脉为里,支而横者为络,络之别者为孙,诸脉之浮而常见者,皆络脉也。不能经大节之
间,又因绝道而出入复合于皮中,故其会皆见于外。经脉伏行分肉之间,深而不见,其虚实以气口知之。其常
见者,唯足太阴脾经脉,过于外踝之上,无所隐耳。(隐括《脉度》、《经脉》两篇文。)(娄全善曰∶滑伯
仁着《十四经络发挥》,释经脉为曲,络脉为直;经为营,络为卫。故为手太阴脉,其支从腕后出次指端,交
于手阳明者,为手太阴络。手阳明脉,其支从列缺,上挟口鼻,交于足阳明者,为手阳明络。凡十二经之支脉,
伏行分肉者,皆释为络脉,与经言络脉,浮而常见,必行绝道,不经大节,及不当数者,不同一也。又谓足少
阳脉,走自锐 ,作三折;从目锐 至完骨为一折,自完骨至睛明为一折,自睛明至风府为一折,与经言起于
目内 ,上抵头角,下耳后,不言曲折者不同二也。又谓气行一万三千五百息,脉行八百十丈,适当寅时,
复会于手太阴,是以积于胸中,呼吸与营周相会之宗气牵合,误作昼行阳,夜行阴,与营五十周方会之卫气,
与经但言营卫,不及宗气者不同三也。乖舛经义,惑乱来学,予故表而出之)。又曰∶手之三阴,从脏走手(太
阴从中焦至出大指,及次指之端。少阴从心中至出小指之端。厥阴从胸中至出中指之端);手之三阳,从手走
头(阳明从大指次指之端,至上挟鼻孔。太阳从小指之端,至目内 。少阳从小指次指之端,至目锐 )。
足之三阳,从头走足(阳明从鼻至入中趾内间。太阳从目内 ,至小趾外侧端。少阳从目锐 ,至入小趾次趾
间),足之三阴,从足走腹(太阴从大指之端,至属脾络胃。少阴从足心至属肾络膀胱。厥阴从大趾聚毛至属
肝络胆。足三阴,虽曰从足走腹,然太阴乃复上膈挟咽,散舌下,少阴复
从肾上挟舌本;厥阴复上出额,与督脉会于巅。兼手太阴,从肺系横出腋下;少阴从心系上肺,出腋下;厥阴
从胸出胁,上抵腋下。此又秦越人所谓诸阴脉,皆至颈胸而还者也。而厥阴则又上出于巅。盖厥阴,阴之尽者,
也上出于巅,示阴无可尽也。犹《易》云∶硕果不食,示阳无可尽也。然《易》之阴阳以气言,人身之阴阳以
脏象言;气无形为阳,脏象有质为阴。此《易》所以贵阳,而医则阴与阳并重)。(《逆顺肥瘦篇》)王太仆
曰∶太阴为正阴,次少者为少阴,又次为厥阴。厥,犹尽也。太阳为正阳,次少者为少阳,又次为阳明,谓合
明也。
《素问》又曰∶三阴三阳,各有离合(离,别离,谓各正位于阴阳也。合,配合,谓表里而为脏腑也)。
内者为阴,外者为阳,圣人南面而立,前曰广明(广,大也。心脏在南,故曰广明),后曰太冲(冲脉在北,
谓之太者,督脉与冲脉合而盛大也)。太冲之地,名曰少阴(此明太冲脉与足少阴督脉相合而为表里也)。少
阴之上,名曰太阳(足少阴脉,肾脏也,起于小趾之下,斜趋足心。足太阳脉,膀胱腑也,循京骨至小趾外侧,
故太阳在少阴之上。太阳者,阴中之阳也,其根起于至阴,结于命门)。中身而上属广明。广明之下,名曰太
阴(广明,心脏。其下则足太阴脾脏)。太阴之前。名曰阳明(足太阴脾脉。起于大趾之端,循趾内侧白肉际,
过核骨后,上内踝前廉,上 内,循 骨之后。足阳明胃脉,下膝三寸而别,以下入中趾外间。足阳明在太阴
之前也。阳明者,阴中之阳也,其根起于厉兑)。厥阴之表,名曰少阳(足厥阴肝脉,起于足大趾聚毛之际,
上循足跗上廉。足少阳胆脉,循足跗上,出小趾次趾之端。足少阳在厥阴之表也。少阳者,阴中之少阳也,其
根起于窍阴)。是故三阳之离合也,太阳为开,阳明为阖,少阳为枢(开,司动;
阖,司静;枢,司动静。言气之不等也)。三经者,不得相失也。搏而勿浮,命曰一阳(言三阳如一也)。中
为阴,其冲在下,名曰太阴(冲脉在脾之下,与足少阴之络,皆起于肾下。上者过于胞中,是足太阴脾脉,在
冲上也。太阴者,是阴中之阴也,其根起于隐白)。太阴之后,名曰少阴(足太阴脾脉,起于大趾之端,循趾
内侧,及上内踝前廉,上 内,循 骨后。足少阴肾脉,起于小趾之下,斜趋足心,出于然骨之下,循内踝之
后,以上 内。是少阴在太阴之下也。少阴者,阴中之少阴也,其根起于涌泉)。少阴之前,名曰厥阴(足少
阴肾脉,循内踝之后,上 内廉。足厥阴肝脉,循足跗上廉,去内踝一寸,上踝八寸,交出太阴之后,上 内。
是厥阴在少阴之上也。厥阴者,阴之绝阴,言阴气至此而尽也,其根起于大敦。阴之绝阳,两阴相合,故曰阴
之绝阳)。是故三阴之离合也,太阴为开,厥阴为阖,少阴为枢。三阴者,不得相失也,搏而勿沉名曰一阴。
(隐括《阴阳离合论》篇文)
《内经》曰∶两阳合明于辰巳,阳合则明,故曰阳明。辰为三月,主左足之阳明;巳为四月,主右足之阳
明。两阴交尽于戌亥,阴交则幽,故曰厥阴。戌为九月,主右足之厥阴,亥为十月,主左足之厥阴。(隐括《素
问·至真要大论》、《灵枢、阴阳系日月》两篇文)
《灵枢》又曰∶从腰以上者,手太阴(肺经),阳明(大肠经)皆主之,从腰以下者,足太阴(脾经)、
阳明(胃经)皆主之(《终始篇》)。《素问》又曰∶欲之皮部,以经脉
为纪者,诸经皆然(循经脉行止,则皮部可知,十二经脉皆矣),上下同法,视其部中有浮络者,皆阳明之络
也(上,谓手;下,谓足。后并同)。其色多青则痛,多黑则痹,黄赤则热,多白则寒,五色皆见,则寒热也。
(此通言之,余经皆然)。络盛则入客于经。阳主外,阴主内。少阳之阳,名曰枢持(为枢要,以主持之也),
上下同法,视其部中有浮络者,皆少阳之络也,络盛则入客于经。故在阳者主内,在阴者主出,以渗于内,诸
经皆然(此申上文阳主外,阴主内之意,亦通言之也,上“内”字,读曰“纳”,对出而言也。阳络主外纳,
故主外。阴络虽主出,然渗于内,故主内)。太阳之阳,名曰关枢(谓关之枢也),上下同法,视其部中有浮
络者,皆太阳之络也,络盛则入客于经。少阴之阴,名曰枢儒(儒,顺也,守要而顺,阴阳开阖之用也。儒,
《甲乙经》作“ ”),上下同法,视其部中有浮络者,皆少阴之络也,络盛则入客于经,其入经也,从阳部
注于经(此阴阳络所同);其出者,从阴内注于骨(此阴络所独着。此句以明上文在阴者主出,以渗于内之意。
后并同)。心主之阴,名曰害肩(心包之脉,入腋下,气不和,则妨害肩腋之运动),上下同法,视其部中有
浮络者,皆心主之络也,络盛则入客于经。太阴之阴,名曰关蛰(谓关之潜藏者。蛰,《甲乙经》作执),上
下同法。视其部中有浮络者,皆太阴之络也。络盛则入客于经。凡十二经络脉者,皮之部也。是故百病之始
生也,必先于皮毛,邪中则腠理开,开则入客于络脉,留而不去,传入于经,留而不去,传入于腑,廪于肠
胃(廪,积聚也)。邪之始入于皮也,溯然起毫毛,开腠理(溯,当作淅,寒貌。起,竖也)其入于络也,则
络脉盛色变。(经之常色,心赤,肺白,肝青,脾黄,肾黑,阴络之色应其经,
阳络之色变无常。变则生痛痹寒热等病,详见前阳明条);其入客于经也,则感虚乃陷下;其留于筋骨之间,
寒多则筋挛骨痛,热多则筋弛骨消,肉烁 破,毛直而败( ,肘膝后肉如块者)。夫皮者,脉之部也(脉气
随经行止,而皮则部主之),邪客于皮则腠理开,开则邪入客于络脉,络脉满则注于经脉,经脉满则入舍于腑
脏也。故皮者有分部,不与而生大病也(不与,当根据《甲乙经》作“不愈”。《皮部论》篇。按此篇本论客感,
今以其详于经络,故附于此)。
张世贤曰∶腹属阴,五脏之募,皆在腹。肺之募曰中府(中府二穴,在云门下一寸,乳上三肋间动脉应手陷
中),心之募曰巨阙(巨阙一穴,在鸠尾下一寸),脾之募曰章门,(章门二穴,在大横外直脐季胁端),肝
之募曰期门(期门二穴,在不容旁一寸五分,直两乳第二肋端),肾之募曰京门(京门二穴,在监骨腰中,季
胁挟脊)。背属阳,五脏之俞皆在背(肺俞二穴,在三椎下两旁。心俞二穴,在五椎下两旁。肝俞二穴,在九
椎下两旁。脾俞二穴,在十一椎下两旁。肾俞二穴,在十四椎下两旁。俱挟脊各去一寸五分)。风寒之邪外入
在人之背,故阴病行阳。水谷之寒热,感则害人六腑,传于五脏,故阳病行阴。阴病行阳,当从阳引阴,其治
在俞;阳病行阴,当从阴引阳,其治在募。
《难经》曰∶五脏六腑,各有井、荥、输、经、合,在穴所出为井(井者,若水之源也),所流为荥(水
始出时,其流尚微,故谓之荥),所注为输(水由上而注下,下复承而流之,故谓之输),所行为经(水之所
行经历过处,故谓之经),所入为合(经过于此,乃入于脏腑,与众经相会,故为之协议)。阳明之阳,名曰
害蜚(蜚,生化之物,阳极则损生化
六腑独各增置一穴为六者,谓原穴也)。盖脐下肾间动气,乃人之生命,十二经之根本,故名曰原。三焦者,原
气之别使,主通行三气,经历于五脏六腑,所止辄为原,然三焦行于诸阳,腑为阳,故五脏即以输穴为原,
而腑独增置原穴也( 括《六十六难》、《六十八难》两篇文)。
《素问》说:人体有大谷十二处(肌肉汇聚的大处称为谷。所谓十二处,是指十二经脉的分布区域)。络脉有十四条(十二经脉各自的络脉,加上任脉和督脉的络脉,共十四条。按《难经》的说法不讲任督二脉,而是讲阳跷脉、阴跷脉,这与王冰注释《素问》的观点不同;再加上脾的大络,就是十五条。推测是因为经络起于脾,所以没有将其计入?),孙络有三百六十五条(从经脉别出的孙络,如果其中血液充盛应当泻除的,也有三百六十五条,它们都注入络脉,再传注到十二络脉,并不只是那十四条络脉)。小溪有三百五十四处(小络脉交会之处,称为小溪,原本也是三百六十五处,减去十二俞穴,应该是三百六十三处,现在说是三百五十四处是错误的)。溪谷的交会,用来运行营气和卫气,并汇聚大气(“下会”一词,《甲乙经》作“舍”)。(综合了《五脏生成》、《征四失论》、《气穴论》三篇的内容)
《灵枢》说:经脉在体内深层,分支横向走行的称为络脉,络脉再分出的细小支脉称为孙络,所有浮显于体表且常见的脉,都是络脉。络脉不能经过大的关节之间,而是通过特殊的通道出入并在皮肤中复合,所以它们的交会点都显露在外面。经脉伏行在肌肉间隙之间,深藏而看不见,其虚实可以通过气口(寸口脉)来知晓。其中经常可见的,只有足太阴脾经,因为它经过外踝上方,没有什么隐蔽之处。(概括了《脉度》、《经脉》两篇的内容)。(娄全善说:滑伯仁撰写《十四经络发挥》,解释经脉为弯曲走向,络脉为直行走向;经主营气,络主卫气。因此手太阴肺经的支脉,从腕后出于食指端,交于手阳明大肠经的,被称为手太阴的络脉。手阳明大肠经的支脉,从列缺穴上行挟持口鼻,交于足阳明胃经的,被称为手阳明的络脉。凡是十二经的支脉,伏行在肌肉间隙中的,都被解释为络脉,这与经文所说“络脉浮显常见,必行特殊通道,不经过大关节,以及不当计数者”,是不同的。又说足少阳胆经,行走自锐眦,呈三折状;从目锐眦至完骨为一折,自完骨至睛明为一折,自睛明至风府为一折,这与经文所说“起于目内眦,上抵头角,下耳后”,不说曲折,是第二个不同之处。又说气行一万三千五百息,脉行八百一十丈,正好对应寅时,重新汇合于手太阴肺经,从而将积聚于胸中的呼吸与营气周流相会的宗气牵强附会,错误地将其解释为昼行阳、夜行阴,并与营气五十周方会合的卫气混淆,这与经文只谈营卫而不提宗气的观点,是第三个不同之处。这些说法违背了经文原意,迷惑扰乱后学,所以我特意列举出来加以澄清)。又说:手的三条阴经,从内脏走向手指(手太阴肺经从中焦出发到大拇指及食指尖端;手少阴心经从心脏出发到小指尖端;手厥阴心包经从胸中出发到中指尖端);手的三条阳经,从手指走向头部(手阳明大肠经从大拇指食指尖端,上行至鼻孔旁;手太阳小肠经从小指尖端,至目内眦;手少阳三焦经从小指食指尖端,至目锐眦)。足的三条阳经,从头部走向足部(足阳明胃经从鼻部至进入中趾内侧间;足太阳膀胱经从目内眦,至小趾外侧端;足少阳胆经从目锐眦,至进入小趾次趾间)。足的三条阴经,从足部走向腹部(足太阴脾经从大拇指端,至属脾络胃;足少阴肾经从足心至属肾络膀胱;足厥阴肝经从大趾丛毛处至属肝络胆。足三阴经,虽然说是从足走向腹,但足太阴脾经又向上穿过膈肌挟持咽喉,散布于舌下;足少阴肾经又从肾脏向上挟持舌根;足厥阴肝经又向上出于额部,与督脉会合于头顶。兼带手太阴肺经,从肺系横出腋下;手少阴心经从心系上肺,出腋下;手厥阴心包经从胸出胁,上抵腋下。这又是秦越人所说的诸阴脉,都到达颈胸就返回的意思。而厥阴经又向上出于头顶。大概因为厥阴是阴气的尽头,所以上出于头顶,表示阴气没有穷尽。就像《易经》所说:“硕果不食”,表示阳气没有穷尽。然而《易经》中的阴阳是从“气”的角度说的,人身上的阴阳是从“脏象”的角度说的;气无形属于阳,脏象有形质属于阴。这就是《易经》崇尚阳,而医学则阴阳并重的原因)。(出自《逆顺肥瘦篇》)王冰(王太仆)说:太阴是正阴,其次少的是少阴,再次是厥阴。厥,就是尽的意思。太阳是正阳,其次少的是少阳,再次是阳明,意思是合明。
《素问》又说:三阴三阳,各有分离与聚合(离,指别离,谓各自端正位于阴阳之中;合,指配合,谓表里关系构成脏腑)。内部者为阴,外部者为阳。圣人面南而立,前方称为广明(广,即大。心脏在南面,所以叫广明),后方称为太冲(冲脉在北面,称为太,是因为督脉与冲脉合并而盛大)。太冲之地,名为少阴(这是说明太冲脉与足少阴肾经相合而为表里)。少阴之上,名为太阳(足少阴肾经,属肾脏,起于小趾之下,斜趋足心。足太阳膀胱经,属膀胱腑,循行至小趾外侧,所以太阳在少阴之上。太阳者,是阴中之阳,其根部起于至阴穴,结于命门)。身体中部以上属于广明。广明之下,名为太阴(广明指心脏。其下则是足太阴脾脏)。太阴之前,名为阳明(足太阴脾经,起于大趾之端,循趾内侧白肉际,过核骨后,上内踝前廉,沿胫骨内侧,循胫骨之后。足阳明胃经,下膝三寸处分出,以下入中趾外间。足阳明在太阴之前。阳明者,是阴中之阳,其根部起于厉兑穴)。厥阴之表,名为少阳(足厥阴肝经,起于足大趾丛毛之际,上循足背上缘。足少阳胆经,循足背上,出于小趾次趾之端。足少阳在厥阴之表。少阳者,是阴中之少阳,其根部起于窍阴穴)。所以三阳的离合,太阳为开,阳明为阖,少阳为枢(开,主管动;阖,主管静;枢,主管动静转换。说的是气的功能不等)。这三条经,不能相互脱离,搏动而不浮散,称为一阳(意思是三阳如同一整体)。中部为阴,其冲脉在下,名为太阴(冲脉在脾之下,与足少阴肾经的络脉,都起于肾下。向上的部分经过胞中,所以足太阴脾脉在冲脉之上。太阴者,是阴中之阴,其根部起于隐白穴)。太阴之后,名为少阴(足太阴脾经,起于大趾之端,循趾内侧,及上内踝前廉,沿胫骨内侧,循胫骨后。足少阴肾经,起于小趾之下,斜趋足心,出于然骨之下,循内踝之后,以上胫骨内侧。所以少阴在太阴之下。少阴者,是阴中之少阴,其根部起于涌泉穴)。少阴之前,名为厥阴(足少阴肾经,循内踝之后,上胫骨内侧廉。足厥阴肝经,循足背上缘,距内踝一寸,上踝八寸,交出太阴之后,上胫骨内侧。所以厥阴在少阴之上。厥阴者,是阴之绝阴,意思是阴气到这里就尽了,其根部起于大敦穴。阴之绝阳,两阴相合,所以叫阴之绝阳)。所以三阴的离合,太阴为开,厥阴为阖,少阴为枢。三阴者,不能相互脱离,搏动而不沉陷,称为一阴。(概括了《阴阳离合论》篇的内容)
《内经》说:两阳合明于辰巳之时,阳相合则明亮,所以叫阳明。辰代表三月,主左足的阳明经;巳代表四月,主右足的阳明经。两阴交尽于戌亥之时,阴相交则幽暗,所以叫厥阴。戌代表九月,主右足的厥阴经,亥代表十月,主左足的厥阴经。(概括了《素问·至真要大论》、《灵枢·阴阳系日月》两篇的内容)
《灵枢》又说:腰部以上,手太阴肺经、手阳明大肠经都主治;腰部以下,足太阴脾经、足阳明胃经都主治(出自《终始篇》)。《素问》又说:想要了解皮部,以经脉为纲纪的,各条经脉都是如此(顺着经脉的行止,就可以知道皮部,十二经脉都是一样的),上下同理,观察部位中有浮络的,都是阳明经的络脉(上,指手;下,指足。后面类似情况同理)。颜色多青则痛,多黑则痹,黄赤则热,多白则寒,五色都出现,则是寒热错杂。(这是通论,其他经脉也是这样)。络脉充盛则邪气侵入经脉。阳主外,阴主内。少阳之阳,名为枢持(作为枢纽要点,以此主持之),上下同理,观察部位中有浮络的,都是少阳经的络脉,络脉充盛则邪气侵入经脉。所以在阳分的络脉主纳受,在阴分的络脉主渗出,以渗入内部,各条经脉都是如此(这是申述上文阳主外、阴主内的意思,也是通论。“内”字读作“纳”,与“出”相对。阳络主外纳,所以主外。阴络虽主出,但渗入内部,所以主内)。太阳之阳,名为关枢(意为关隘之枢纽),上下同理,观察部位中有浮络的,都是太阳经的络脉,络脉充盛则邪气侵入经脉。少阴之阴,名为枢儒(儒,顺也,守要而顺,体现阴阳开阖的作用。儒,《甲乙经》作“ ”),上下同理,观察部位中有浮络的,都是少阴经的络脉,络脉充盛则邪气侵入经脉。其进入经脉,是从阳部注入经脉(这是阴阳络脉共同的);其外出,是从阴内注入骨骼(这是阴络独有的。这句话是为了阐明上文“在阴者主出,以渗于内”的意思。后面类似情况同理)。心主之阴,名为害肩(心包之脉,入腋下,气不和,则妨害肩腋的运动),上下同理,观察部位中有浮络的,都是心主之络脉,络脉充盛则邪气侵入经脉。太阴之阴,名为关蛰(意为关隘之潜藏者。蛰,《甲乙经》作执),上下同理。观察部位中有浮络的,都是太阴经的络脉。络脉充盛则邪气侵入经脉。凡十二条经络脉,是皮肤的分区。所以百病的发生,必定先从皮毛开始,邪气中伤则腠理开放,开放则邪气进入络脉,停留不去,传入经脉,停留不去,传入腑,积聚于肠胃(廪,积聚的意思)。邪气刚开始进入皮部时,淅然毫毛竖起,腠理开放(溯,当作淅,寒冷貌。起,竖立之意)。其进入络脉,则络脉充盛颜色改变。(经脉的常色,心赤,肺白,肝青,脾黄,肾黑,阴络之色应和其经脉,阳络之色变化无常。变化则产生痛痹寒热等疾病,详见前文阳明条);其侵入经脉,则感受虚邪才会陷入;其停留在筋骨之间,寒多则筋挛骨痛,热多则筋弛骨消,肌肉消瘦枯槁,毛发干枯败坏( ,肘膝后肉如块状者)。皮,是脉的分区(脉气随经脉行止,而皮则分部主治),邪气客于皮则腠理开放,开放则邪气进入络脉,络脉满则注入经脉,经脉满则进入脏腑。所以皮部有分部,如果不治疗就会生大病(不与,应当根据《甲乙经》作“不愈”。《皮部论》篇。按此篇本论述客感邪气,现在因为其中详细论述经络,所以附于此)。
张世贤说:腹部属阴,五脏的募穴都在腹部。肺的募穴叫中府(中府二穴,在云门下一寸,乳上三肋间动脉应手凹陷处),心的募穴叫巨阙(巨阙一穴,在鸠尾下一寸),脾的募穴叫章门(章门二穴,在大横外直脐季胁端),肝的募穴为期门(期门二穴,在不容旁一寸五分,直两乳第二肋端),肾的募穴叫京门(京门二穴,在监骨腰中,季胁挟脊)。背部属阳,五脏的俞穴都在背部(肺俞二穴,在三椎下两旁。心俞二穴,在五椎下两旁。肝俞二穴,在九椎下两旁。脾俞二穴,在十一椎下两旁。肾俞二穴,在十四椎下两旁。都挟脊各去一寸五分)。风寒之邪从外部侵入人的背部,所以阴病行于阳。水谷的寒热之气,感应则伤害六腑,传变到五脏,所以阳病行于阴。阴病行于阳,应当从阳引阴,治疗在俞穴;阳病行于阴,应当从阴引阳,治疗在募穴。
《难经》说:五脏六腑,各有井、荥、输、经、合穴,在穴位所出之处为井(井,像水的源头),所流经的地方为荥(水刚流出时,水流尚微小,所以叫荥),所灌注的地方为输(水由上而注下,下面承接再流走,所以叫输),所运行的地方为经(水所行经过的地方,所以叫经),所入合的地方为合(经过此处,乃进入脏腑,与众经相会,所以叫协议)。阳明之阳,名为害蜚(蜚,生化之物,阳极则损生化)。六腑独各增置一穴为六者,指的是原穴。盖脐下肾间动气,是人的生命根本,十二经的根本,所以名叫原。三焦,是原气的别使,主要通行三气,经历于五脏六腑,所停留之处即为原穴。然而三焦行于诸阳,腑为阳,所以五脏就以输穴作为原穴,而六腑单独增置原穴。(概括了《六十六难》、《六十八难》两篇的内容)。
The *Suwen* (Basic Questions) states: The human body has twelve major valleys (large gatherings of muscle are called valleys. The "twelve" refers to the distribution areas of the twelve meridians). There are fourteen collateral vessels (the collaterals of the twelve meridians, plus the collaterals of the Ren and Du meridians, total fourteen. According to the *Nan Jing* (Classic of Difficult Issues), the Ren and Du meridians are not mentioned, but rather the Yang Qiao and Yin Qiao meridians are discussed, which differs from Wang Bing's commentary on the *Suwen*; adding the large collateral of the Spleen makes fifteen. It is speculated that because the meridians originate from the Spleen, it was excluded?). There are 365 sun collaterals (sun collaterals branching off from the main meridians; those with abundant blood requiring drainage also number 365, all injecting into the collaterals, then transmitting to the twelve main collaterals, not just the fourteen mentioned). There are 354 small streams (where small collaterals intersect, called small streams; originally there were 365, minus the twelve Shu points, leaving 363; the current figure of 354 is erroneous). The convergence of streams and valleys facilitates the circulation of Ying (Nutrient) Qi and Wei (Defensive) Qi, and gathers the Great Qi ("Xia Hui" in some texts appears as "She"). (This passage synthesizes content from the chapters *Zang Wu Sheng Cheng*, *Zheng Si Shi Lun*, and *Qi Xue Lun*).
The *Lingshu* (Spiritual Pivot) states: Meridians run deep within, while branches running transversely are called collaterals; further subdivisions of collaterals are called sun collaterals. All vessels that float visibly on the surface are collaterals. Collaterals do not pass through major joints but exit and re-enter through special pathways within the skin, so their intersections are visible externally. Meridians lie hidden between muscle layers, deep and unseen; their deficiency or excess can be determined via the Qi Kou (Cunkou pulse). Among them, only the Foot Taiyin Spleen Meridian is commonly visible, as it passes over the lateral malleolus without concealment. (Summarizing the chapters *Mai Du* and *Jing Mai*). (Lou Quanshan stated: Hua Borén, in his *Fourteen Meridians Exposition*, explained meridians as curving and collaterals as straight; meridians govern Ying Qi, while collaterals govern Wei Qi. Thus, the branch of the Hand Taiyin Lung Meridian exiting at the tip of the index finger to connect with the Hand Yangming Large Intestine Meridian is termed the collateral of Hand Taiyin. Similarly, the branch of the Hand Yangming Large Intestine Meridian ascending from Lieque to cross the nose and mouth to connect with the Foot Yangming Stomach Meridian is the collateral of Hand Yangming. Any branch of the twelve meridians lying hidden in muscle spaces is interpreted as a collateral, differing from the textual description that collaterals are superficial, follow unique paths avoiding major joints, and have specific counting rules. Furthermore, he described the Foot Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian as having three bends... differing from the text's description of its path starting at the inner canthus... This is the second discrepancy. He also claimed that after 13,500 breaths, the pulse travels 810 zhang, coinciding with the Yin hour, returning to the Hand Taiyin, conflating Zong Qi (Gathering Qi) accumulating in the chest with the Wei Qi that circulates fifty cycles... differing from the text which mentions only Ying and Wei Qi... This is the third discrepancy. These interpretations distort the original meaning and confuse learners, hence I clarify them.) It also states: The three Yin meridians of the hand travel from the zang organs to the hands (Hand Taiyin from the Middle Jiao to the thumb and index finger tips; Hand Shaoyin from the Heart to the little finger tip; Hand Jueyin from the Chest to the middle finger tip); the three Yang meridians of the hand travel from the hands to the head (Hand Yangming from the thumb/index finger tips to beside the nostrils; Hand Taiyang from the little finger tip to the inner canthus; Hand Shaoyang from the index/little finger tips to the outer canthus). The three Yang meridians of the foot travel from the head to the feet (Foot Yangming from the nose to the medial side of the middle toe; Foot Taiyang from the inner canthus to the lateral side of the little toe; Foot Shaoyang from the outer canthus to the space between the little and fourth toes). The three Yin meridians of the foot travel from the feet to the abdomen (Foot Taiyin from the big toe to connect with the Spleen and link to the Stomach; Foot Shaoyin from the sole of the foot to connect with the Kidney and link to the Bladder; Foot Jueyin from the hairline of the big toe to connect with the Liver and link to the Gallbladder. Although said to travel from foot to abdomen, Foot Taiyin ascends through the diaphragm along the throat and spreads under the tongue; Foot Shaoyin ascends from the Kidney along the root of the tongue; Foot Jueyin ascends to the vertex, meeting the Du Meridian. Additionally, Hand Taiyin emerges horizontally from the Lung system under the armpit; Hand Shaoyin ascends from the Heart System to the Lungs and out under the armpit; Hand Jueyin emerges from the chest along the ribs to the axilla. This aligns with Qin Yueren's statement that all Yin meridians reach the neck and chest before returning. However, Jueyin ascends to the vertex, indicating that Yin has no absolute end, similar to the *I Ching*'s "unconsumed fruit" symbolizing Yang's inexhaustibility. While the *I Ching* discusses Yin/Yang in terms of formless Qi, medicine discusses them via Zang-Xiang (organ manifestations); Qi is formless (Yang), Zang-Xiang has substance (Yin). Thus, the *I Ching* honors Yang, while medicine values both equally). (From *Ni Shun Fei Shou Pian*). Wang Bing (Wai Taipu) stated: Taiyin is Principal Yin, Shaoyin is Lesser Yin, and Jueyin is Extreme Yin ("Jue" means end). Taiyang is Principal Yang, Shaoyang is Lesser Yang, and Yangming is Combined Brightness.
The *Suwen* further states: The Three Yin and Three Yang each have separation and combination (Separation means distinct positioning within Yin/Yang; Combination means pairing as exterior-interior to form Zang-Fu relationships). Interior is Yin, exterior is Yang. When the sage faces south, the front is Guangming (Broad Brightness, referring to the Heart located South), and the back is Taichong (Great Surge, referring to the Conception Vessel and Governor Vessel merging in strength). The area of Taichong is named Shaoyin (indicating the merger of Taichong and Foot Shaoyin Kidney Meridian as interior-exterior). Above Shaoyin is Taiyang (Foot Shaoyin Kidney Meridian originates below the little toe; Foot Taiyang Bladder Meridian runs to the lateral little toe, thus Taiyang is above Shaoyin. Taiyang is Yang within Yin, rooting at Zhiyin and knotting at Mingmen). The upper middle belongs to Guangming. Below Guangming is Taiyin (referring to Foot Taiyin Spleen Meridian). In front of Taiyin is Yangming (Foot Taiyin starts at the big toe; Foot Yangming Stomach Meridian bifurcates below the knee... thus Yangming is anterior to Taiyin. Yangming is Yang within Yin, rooting at Lidui). Exterior to Jueyin is Shaoyang (Foot Jueyin Liver Meridian starts at the big toe; Foot Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian runs along the dorsum... thus Shaoyang is exterior to Jueyin. Shaoyang is Lesser Yang within Yin, rooting at Qiaoyin). Therefore, regarding the separation/combination of the Three Yang: Taiyang is Kai (Opening), Yangming is He (Closing), Shaoyang is Shu (Pivot). These three must not function independently; pulsating yet not floating constitutes One Yang. The center is Yin, with the Chong vessel below, named Taiyin (Chong vessel arises below the kidney... Foot Taiyin is above Chong. Taiyin is Yin within Yin, rooting at Yinbai). Behind Taiyin is Shaoyin (Foot Shaoyin Kidney Meridian arises below the little toe... thus Shaoyin is inferior to Taiyin. Shaoyin is Lesser Yin within Yin, rooting at Yongquan). In front of Shaoyin is Jueyin (Foot Jueyin Liver Meridian crosses posterior to Taiyin... thus Jueyin is superior to Shaoyin. Jueyin is Absolute Yin, where Yin energy ends, rooting at Dazhun. Two Yins combine, hence Absolute Yin/Yang). Therefore, regarding the Three Yin: Taiyin is Kai, Jueyin is He, Shaoyin is Shu. These three must not fail; pulsating yet not sinking constitutes One Yin. (Summarizing *Yin Yang Li He Lun*).
The *Neijing* states: Yang combines at Chen and Si hours, becoming bright, hence Yangming. Chen (March) governs Left Foot Yangming; Si (April) governs Right Foot Yangming. Yin intersects and ends at Xu and Hai hours, becoming dark, hence Jueyin. Xu (September) governs Right Foot Jueyin; Hai (October) governs Left Foot Jueyin. (Summarizing *Suwen · Zhi Zhen Yao Da Lun* and *Lingshu · Yin Yang Xi Ri Yue*).
The *Lingshu* further states: Above the waist, Hand Taiyin (Lung) and Hand Yangming (Large Intestine) govern; below the waist, Foot Taiyin (Spleen) and Foot Yangming (Stomach) govern (*Zhong Shi Pian*). The *Suwen* adds: To understand Pi Bu (Skin Regions), one uses the meridians as guidelines; this applies to all meridians. Observing superficial collaterals in any region reveals the corresponding meridian's collaterals. For Yangming collaterals: blue indicates pain, black indicates Bi syndrome, yellow-red indicates heat, white indicates cold, and mixed colors indicate cold-heat complexity. (General rule for other meridians too). Excess in collaterals allows pathogens to enter the meridians. Yang governs the exterior, Yin governs the interior. Shaoyang's Yang is named Shu Chi (Pivot Holder). Observing superficial collaterals identifies Shaoyang collaterals; excess leads to entry into meridians. Thus, Yang collaterals receive/nourish, Yin collaterals exude/seep internally. Taiyang's Yang is named Guan Shu (Gate Pivot). Shaoyin's Yin is named Shu Ru (Pivot Compliance). Xin Bao (Pericardium)'s Yin is named Hai Jian (Shoulder Obstruction). Taiyin's Yin is named Guan Zhe (Gate Hibernation). All twelve meridian collaterals constitute the Skin Regions. Diseases begin in the skin/hair; pathogens enter collaterals, then meridians, then Fu organs, finally accumulating in the intestines/stomach. Pathogens entering skin cause goosebumps and open pores; entering collaterals causes color changes (Heart red, Lung white, Liver green, Spleen yellow, Kidney black; Yang collateral colors vary, causing pain/Bi/cold-heat). Entering meridians requires deficiency to sink; lingering in sinews/bones causes spasms/pain (cold) or flaccidity/resorption (heat). Skin is the domain of pulses; pathogens entering skin open pores, enter collaterals, fill meridians, and settle in Zang-Fu. If untreated, serious illness ensues. (From *Pi Bu Lun*).
Zhang Shixian stated: The abdomen is Yin; the Mu (Alarm) points of the Five Zang are here. Lung Mu: Zhongfu; Heart Mu: Juque; Spleen Mu: Zhangmen; Liver Mu: Qimen; Kidney Mu: Jingmen. The back is Yang; the Shu (Transport) points of the Five Zang are here. Lung Shu: T3 level; Heart Shu: T5 level; Liver Shu: T9 level; Spleen Shu: T11 level; Kidney Shu: T14 level. External Wind-Cold affects the back (Yang), so Yin diseases manifest on Yang; internal dietary cold/heat affects Six Fu, transmitting to Five Zang, so Yang diseases manifest on Yin. Yin diseases on Yang should be treated by drawing Yin from Yang (Shu points); Yang diseases on Yin should be treated by drawing Yang from Yin (Mu points).
The *Nan Jing* states: The Five Zang and Six Fu each have Jing-River-Shu-Source-He points. Jing points are where Qi emerges (like a spring source). Ying points are where flow begins (slight stream). Shu points are where Qi pours (flowing down). Jing points are where Qi travels (passage). He points are where Qi enters (merging with Zang-Fu). Yangming's Yang is named Hai Fei. The Six Fu uniquely add a Source point (Yuan), making six points per Fu. Yuan Qi, arising between the kidneys below the navel, is the root of life and the twelve meridians. San Jiao (Triple Burner) is the envoy of Yuan Qi, circulating Qi through Zang-Fu; wherever it stops is a Yuan point. Since San Jiao travels through Yang meridians and Fu organs are Yang, the Five Zang use Shu points as Yuan points, while the Six Fu add distinct Yuan points. (Summarizing *Nan Jing* Chapters 66 and 68).