主一切风，化涎，治肝脏风，筋脉抽掣，及急风口噤，或四肢不收，顽痹或毒风，周身
如虫行，或破伤风，口眼 斜，腰脊强硬。任作汤散丸煎，杂诸药用之，亦可水煮和诸药为
丸及作下药。（新定）
味苦，平，无毒。治五痔，心痛，眼赤，杀脏藏虫及热，治皮肤风并肠风泻血，赤白痢，
并炒服。叶，平，无毒。煎汤治小儿惊痫，壮热，疥癣及疔肿。皮、茎同用。（新补 见日
华子。）
图经文具槐实条下。
简要济众∶治妇人漏下血不绝。槐花鹅不以多少烧作灰，细研。食前温酒服二钱匕。
衍义曰∶槐花，今染家亦用。收时折其未开花，煮一沸，出之釜中，有所澄下稠黄滓，
渗漉为饼，染色更鲜明。治肠风热，泻血甚佳，不可过剂。
\r枸杞\pd309.bmp\r
味苦，寒。根大寒，子微寒，无毒。主五内邪气，热中消渴，周痹，风湿，下胸胁气，
客热头痛，补内伤大劳嘘吸，坚筋骨，强阴，利大小肠。久服坚筋骨，轻身不老，耐寒暑。
一名杞根，一名地骨，一名枸忌，一名地辅，一名羊乳，一名却暑，一名仙人杖，一名西王
母杖。生常山平泽及诸丘陵阪岸。冬采根，春夏采叶，秋采茎、实，阴干。
陶隐居云∶今出堂邑，而石头烽火楼下最多。其叶可作羹，味小苦。俗谚云∶去家千里，
勿食箩摩、枸杞。此言其补益精气，强盛阴道也。箩摩一名苦丸，叶浓大，作藤生，摘之有
白乳汁，人家多种之。可生啖，亦蒸煮食也。枸杞根、实，为服食家用，其说甚美，仙人之
杖，远有旨乎。臣禹锡等谨按尔雅疏云∶杞，一名枸 。郭云∶今枸杞也。《诗·四牡》云
∶集于苞杞。陆机云∶一名苦杞，一名地骨。春生作羹茹，微苦，其茎似莓，子秋熟，正
赤，茎、叶及子，服之轻身益气尔。抱朴子云∶家柴一名托卢，或名天精，或名却老，或名
地骨。药性论云∶枸杞，臣，子、叶同说，味甘，平。能补益精，诸不足，易颜色，变白，
明目，安神，令人长寿。叶和羊肉作羹，益人，甚除风，明目。若渴，可煮作饮，代茶饮之。
白色无刺者良。与乳酪相恶。发热诸毒，烦闷，可单煮汁解之。能消热面毒。又，根皮细锉
，面拌熟煮吞之，主治肾家风，良。又，益精气法∶取叶上虫窠子，曝干为末，入干地黄中
为丸，益阳事。主患眼风障，赤膜昏痛，取叶捣汁注眼中，妙。日华子云∶地仙苗，除烦益
志，补五劳七伤，壮心气，去皮肤、骨节间风，消热毒，散疮肿，即枸杞也。
图经曰∶枸杞，生常山平泽及丘陵阪岸，今处处有之。春生苗，叶如石榴叶而软薄，堪
食，俗呼为红菜头。其茎干高三、五尺，作丛。六月、七月生小红紫花。随便结红实，形微长
如枣核。其根名地骨。春夏采叶，秋采茎、实，冬采根。谨按《尔雅》云∶杞，枸 。郭璞
云∶今枸杞也。《诗·小雅·四牡》云∶集于苞杞。陆机疏云∶一名苦杞，一名地骨。春生，
作羹茹微苦。其茎似莓。子秋熟，正赤。茎、叶及子服之，轻身益气。《淮南枕中记》着西
河女子服枸杞法∶正月上寅采根，二月上卯治服之；三月上辰采茎，四月上巳治服之；五月
上午采叶，六月上未治服之；七月上申采花，八月上酉治服之；九月上戌采子，十月上亥治
服之；十一月上子采根，十二月上丑治服之。又有并花、实、根、茎、叶作煎，及单笮子汁
煎膏服之，其功并等。今人相传谓枸杞与枸棘二种相类，其实形长而枝无刺者，真枸杞也。
圆而有刺者，枸棘也。枸棘不堪入药，而下品溲（音搜）疏条注李当之云∶子似枸杞，冬月
熟，
色赤。味甘、苦。苏恭云∶形似空疏，木高丈许，白皮。其子，七月、八月熟。似枸杞子，
味甘而两两相并。今注云∶虽相似，然溲疏有刺，枸杞无刺，以此为别。是三物相似，而二
物又有刺。溲疏亦有巨骨之名，如枸杞谓之地骨，当亦相类，用之宜细辨耳。或云∶溲疏以
高硕为别，是不然也。今枸杞极有高硕者，其入药乃神良。世传蓬莱县南丘村多枸杞。高者
一、二丈，其根蟠结甚固。故其乡人多寿考，亦饮食其水土之品使然耳。润州州寺大井旁生
枸杞，亦岁久。故土人目为枸杞井，云饮其水甚益人。
溲疏生熊耳川谷及田野丘墟地，四月采。古今方书鲜见用者，当亦难别耳。又按∶枸杞
一名仙人杖，而陈藏器《拾遗》别有两种仙人杖，一种是枯死竹竿之色黑者，一种是菜类，
并此为三物而同一名也。陈子昂《观玉篇》云∶余从补阙乔公北征，夏四月，次于张掖河洲，
草木无他异，唯有仙人杖，往往丛生，予昔尝饵之。此役也，息意滋味，戍人有荐嘉蔬者，
此物存焉。因为乔公唱言其功，时东莱王仲烈亦同旅，闻之喜而甘心食之，旬有五日，行人
有自谓知药者，谓乔公曰∶此白棘也。仲烈遂疑曰∶吾亦怪其味甘，乔公信是言，乃讥予，
予因作《观玉篇》。按此仙人杖作菜茹者，叶似苦苣。白棘木类，何因相似而致疑如此。或
曰乔公所谓白棘，当是枸棘，枸棘是枸杞之有针者。而《本经》无白棘之别名。又其味苦，
仙人杖味甘，设疑为枸棘，枸棘亦非甘物。乃知草木之类，多而难识，使人惑疑似之言，以
真为伪，失青黄甘苦之别而至于是，宜乎子昂论著之详也。
雷公云∶凡使根，掘得后使东流水浸，以物刷上土了，然后待干，破去心，用熟甘草汤
浸一宿，然后焙干用。其根若似物命形状者上，春食叶，夏食子，秋冬食根并子也。食疗寒，
无毒。叶及子并坚筋能老，除风，补益筋骨，能益人去虚劳。根主去骨热，消渴。叶和羊肉
作羹尤善益人。代茶法煮汁饮之，益阳事，能去眼中风痒赤膜，捣叶汁点之良。又取洗去泥，
和面拌作饮煮熟吞之，去肾气尤良，又益精气。圣惠方枸杞子酒，主补虚，长肌肉，益颜色
，肥健人，能去劳热。用生枸杞子五升，好酒二斗，研搦勿碎，浸七日，漉去滓饮之。初以
三合为始，后即任性饮之。《外台秘要》同。千金方治齿疼，煮枸杞汁含之。又方治肝虚或
当风眼泪等新病方∶枸杞子取肥者二升捣破，内绢袋置罐中，以酒一斗浸讫，密封勿泄气，
三七日，每旦饮之，任性勿醉。又方治虚劳客热。用枸杞根末调服，有固疾人不得吃。肘后
方，治大赫疮。此患急，宜防毒瓦斯入心腹，饮枸杞汁至瘥。又方疗目热生肤赤白眼。捣枸杞
汁
洗目，五七度。又方犬食马肉生狂方。忽鼻头燥，眼赤，不食，避人藏身，皆欲发狂。便宜
枸杞汁煮粥饲之，即不狂，若不肯食糜，以盐涂其鼻，既舐之，则欲食矣。经验方金髓煎枸
杞子，不计多少。逐日旋采摘红熟者，去嫩蒂子拣令洁净，便以无灰酒于净器浸之，须是瓮，
用酒浸以两月为限，用蜡纸封闭紧密，无令透气，候日数足漉出，于新竹器内盛贮，旋于沙
盆中研令烂细，然后以细布滤过，候研滤皆毕，去滓不用，即并前渍药酒及滤过药汁搅匀，
量银锅内多少升斗作番次，慢火熬成膏，切须不住手用物搅，恐粘底不匀，候稀稠得所，待
冷，用净瓶器盛之，勿令泄气。每早辰温酒下二大匙头，夜卧服之，百日中身轻气壮，积年
不废，可以羽化。经验后方治五劳七伤，庶事衰弱。枸杞叶半斤切，粳米二合，以豉汁中相
和，煮作粥，以五味末，葱白等调和食之。又方变白轻身。枸杞子二升，十月壬癸日采，采
时面东摘，生地黄汁三升，以好酒二升，于瓷瓶内浸二十一日了，开封，添地黄汁同浸，搅
之，却以纸三重封其头了，更浸，候至立春前三十日开瓶，空心暖饮一杯，至立春后，髭鬓
却黑。勿食芜荑、葱，服之耐老轻身，无比。孙真人备急方治满口齿有血。枸杞和根、苗煎
汤，食后吃。又治骨 风。《经验后方》同。兵部手集疗眼暴赤痛神效，枸杞汁点眼立验。
沈存中方陕西枸杞，长一、二丈，其围数寸，无刺，根皮如浓朴，甘美异于诸处，生子如樱
桃，全少核，曝干如饼，极烂有味。外台秘要疗眼暴天行肿痒痛。地骨皮三斤，水三斗，煮
取三升，绞去滓，更纳盐一两，煎取二升，敷目。或加干姜二两。治疽凡患痈疽恶疮，出脓
血不止者。取地骨皮不拘多少净洗，先刮上面粗皮留之，再刮取细白穣，取粗皮同地骨一处
煎汤，淋洗病令脓血净，以细穣贴之，立效。有一朝士，腹胁间病疽，经岁不瘥。人烧灰敷
贴之，初淋洗出血一、二升，其家人辈惧，欲止，病者曰∶疽似少宽，更淋之，再用五升许，
血渐淡，遂止，以细穣贴之，次日结痂，遂愈。别说云枸棘亦非甘物。今按诸文所说，名极
多，故使人疑，然比物用甚众，花小而红紫色，采时七月上申日。《图经》所说∶实形长而
枝无刺者，真枸杞也。此别是一种类，必多根而致疑。又用根去上浮粗皮一重近白者一重色
微紫极薄阴干。治金疮有神验。
衍义曰∶枸杞，当用梗皮，地骨当用根皮，枸杞子当用其红实，是一物有三用。其皮寒，
根大寒，子微寒，亦三等。此正是孟子所谓∶性由杞柳之杞。后人徒劳分别，又为之枸棘，
兹强生名耳。凡杞，未有无棘者，虽大至有成架，然亦有棘。但此物小则多刺，大则少刺，
还如酸枣及棘，其实皆一也。今人多用其子，直为补肾药，是曾未考究经意。当更量其虚实
冷热用之。
【槐胶】主治各种风邪，化解痰涎，治疗肝脏受风引起的筋脉抽搐，以及急性口噤（牙关紧闭），或者四肢无法收持，顽固性痹症或毒风，全身感觉像有虫子爬行，或者破伤风导致的口眼歪斜、腰脊僵硬。可以制成汤剂、散剂、丸剂或煎剂，与其他药物混合使用，也可以用水煮后与诸药合制为丸剂，或作为泻下药使用。（新定）
味苦，性平，无毒。治疗五种痔疮，心痛，眼睛发红，杀灭脏腑寄生虫及清除热邪，治疗皮肤风邪和肠风便血，赤白痢疾，均炒过后服用。槐叶，性平，无毒。煎汤可治疗小儿惊痫、高热、疥癣及疔疮肿毒。树皮和茎干配合使用。（新补 见日华子。）
《图经本草》在槐实条目下有详细记载。
《简要济众方》：治疗妇人漏下血不止。将适量槐花烧成灰，细研。饭前用温酒送服二钱匕。
《衍义》说：槐花，现在染匠也使用。采收时折断未开的花蕾，煮一沸后捞出釜中，会有沉淀的稠厚黄色渣滓，渗漉后制成饼状，染色更加鲜明。治疗肠风热、便血效果很好，不可过量服用。
【枸杞】
味苦，性寒。根大寒，果实微寒，无毒。主治五脏内的邪气，热中消渴，周身痹痛，风湿，降下胸胁之气，客热头痛，补益内伤大劳引起的喘息，坚固筋骨，强壮阴精，通利大小肠。长期服用可坚固筋骨，身体轻健不老，耐寒暑。又名杞根、地骨、枸忌、地辅、羊乳、却暑、仙人杖、西王母杖。生长在常山平原沼泽及各处丘陵坡岸。冬季采根，春夏采叶，秋季采茎和果实，阴干。
陶隐居说：现在出产于堂邑，而石头烽火楼下最多。其叶子可以做羹，味道微苦。俗谚说：“离家千里，勿食箩摩、枸杞。”这是说它补益精气，增强性功能。箩摩又名苦丸，叶子浓大，藤本生长，折断后有白色乳汁，人家多种植。可以生吃，也可以蒸煮食用。枸杞的根和果实，是服食家（修道者）常用的，说法很美好，所谓“仙人之杖”，深意深远啊。臣禹锡等人考证《尔雅疏》说：杞，又名枸 。郭璞说：就是现在的枸杞。《诗经·四牡》说：“集于苞杞。”陆机说：又名苦杞，又名地骨。春天生长可做羹菜食用，味微苦，茎像莓类，果实秋天成熟，颜色正红，茎、叶及果实服用后可轻身益气。抱朴子说：家柴又名托卢，或名天精，或名却老，或名地骨。《药性论》说：枸杞，臣药，果实、叶子同说，味甘，平。能补益精气，治疗各种不足，改变面色，变白，明目，安神，使人长寿。叶子和羊肉做羹，对人有益，甚除风，明目。如果口渴，可以煮水饮用，代替茶水。白色无刺的为良。与乳酪相恶（不宜同用）。发热诸毒，烦闷，可以单煮汁解毒。能消除热面毒。另外，根皮细锉，拌面粉煮熟吞服，主治肾家风，效果良好。另外，补益精气的方法：取叶上的虫窠子，晒干研末，加入干地黄中制成丸剂，有助于阳事。主治患眼风障，赤膜昏痛，取叶子捣汁滴入眼中，效果奇妙。日华子说：地仙苗，除烦益智，补五劳七伤，壮心气，去除皮肤、骨节间的风邪，清热解毒，消散疮肿，就是枸杞。
《图经本草》说：枸杞，生长在常山平原沼泽及丘陵坡岸，现在到处都有。春天生苗，叶子像石榴叶但软薄，可以吃，俗称为红菜头。茎干高三五尺，成丛生长。六月、七月生小红紫花。随季节结红色果实，形状微长如枣核。其根名为地骨。春夏采叶，秋季采茎和果实，冬季采根。谨按《尔雅》说：杞，枸 。郭璞说：就是现在的枸杞。《诗经·小雅·四牡》说：“集于苞杞。”陆机疏解说：又名苦杞，又名地骨。春天生长，做羹菜味微苦。茎像莓类。果实秋天成熟，颜色正红。茎、叶及果实服用后，轻身益气。《淮南枕中记》记载西河女子服用枸杞的方法：正月寅日采根，二月卯日处理服用；三月辰日采茎，四月巳日处理服用；五月午日采叶，六月未日处理服用；七月申日采花，八月酉日处理服用；九月戌日采果实，十月亥日处理服用；十一月子日采根，十二月子丑日处理服用。又有将花、果实、根、茎、叶一起做成煎膏，或单独榨取果实汁液煎膏服用，功效相等。现在人相传认为枸杞与枸棘两种相似，其实果实长且枝条无刺的是真枸杞。圆而有刺的是枸棘。枸棘不堪入药，而下品溲疏条注李当之说：果实似枸杞，冬天成熟，色赤。味甘、苦。苏恭说：形状似空疏，木高一丈左右，白皮。其果实，七月、八月成熟。似枸杞子，味甘且两两相并。现在注释说：虽然相似，但溲疏有刺，枸杞无刺，以此区别。是三物相似，而其中两物又有刺。溲疏也有巨骨之名，如同枸杞谓之地骨，应当也相似，使用时应仔细辨别。有人说：溲疏以高大硕大为区别，这不对。现在枸杞极有高大的，入药乃神良。世传蓬莱县南丘村多枸杞。高的一二丈，根系盘结非常牢固。所以当地人大多长寿，也是饮食水土之物使然。润州州寺大井旁生长的枸杞，也年代久远。所以当地人称之为枸杞井，说喝那里的水对人很有益处。
溲疏生长在熊耳川谷及田野丘墟地，四月采收。古今方书很少见到使用，应当也难辨别吧。又按：枸杞又名仙人杖，而陈藏器《拾遗》中有两种仙人杖，一种是枯死竹竿颜色黑的，一种是菜类，加上这个共三种同名。陈子昂《观玉篇》说：我跟随补阙乔公北征，夏四月，驻扎在张掖河洲，草木没有特别差异，唯有仙人杖，往往丛生，我以前曾吃过它。这次行军，息意滋味，戍卒有人推荐嘉蔬，此物在其中。于是为乔公唱言其功效，当时东莱王仲烈也在旅途中，听说后喜欢并甘心食用，十五天后，行人中有自称懂药的，对乔公说：这是白棘。仲烈于是怀疑说：我也觉得它味甘，乔公信了这话，便讥笑我，我因此作《观玉篇》。按此仙人杖做菜食用的，叶子像苦苣。白棘是木类，为何相似而致疑如此。或者说乔公所说的白棘，应当是枸棘，枸棘是枸杞带刺的品种。而《本经》无白棘的别名。而且其味苦，仙人杖味甘，假设疑为枸棘，枸棘也不是甘物。由此可知草木之类，多而难识，使人惑于疑似之言，以真为伪，失青黄甘苦之别至于如此，难怪子昂论述得详尽。
雷公说：凡是使用根，挖掘后用东流水浸泡，用物体刷去泥土，然后待干，剖开去掉心，用熟甘草汤浸泡一夜，然后焙干使用。其根若似生物形状的为上品。春食叶，夏食果实，秋冬食根和果实。《食疗本草》说：性寒，无毒。叶及果实并坚固筋骨能抗衰老，除风，补益筋骨，能益人去虚劳。根主去骨热，消渴。叶子和羊肉做羹尤其善益人。代茶法煮汁饮用，益阳事，能去眼中风痒赤膜，捣叶汁点眼良。另外取洗净去泥，拌面粉做饮煮熟吞服，去肾气尤良，又益精气。《圣惠方》枸杞子酒，主治补虚，长肌肉，益颜色，肥健人，能去劳热。用生枸杞子五升，好酒二斗，研搦勿碎，浸七日，滤去滓饮用。初以三合为始，后即任性饮用。《外台秘要》相同。《千金方》治齿疼，煮枸杞汁含漱。又方治肝虚或当风流泪等新病方：枸杞子取肥大者二升捣破，放入绢袋置罐中，以酒一斗浸渍完毕，密封勿泄气，三七日，每早晨饮用，任性勿醉。又方治虚劳客热。用枸杞根末调服，有固疾人不得吃。《肘后方》，治大赫疮。此患急，宜防毒瓦斯入心腹，饮枸杞汁至痊愈。又方疗目热生肤赤白眼。捣枸杞汁洗目，五七次。又方犬食马肉生狂方。忽鼻头燥，眼赤，不食，避人藏身，皆欲发狂。便宜枸杞汁煮粥饲之，即不狂，若不肯食糜，以盐涂其鼻，既舐之，则欲食矣。《经验方》金髓煎：枸杞子，不计多少。逐日旋采摘红熟者，去嫩蒂子拣令洁净，便以无灰酒于净器浸之，须是瓮，用酒浸以两月为限，用蜡纸封闭紧密，无令透气，候日数足漉出，于新竹器内盛贮，旋于沙盆中研令烂细，然后以细布滤过，候研滤皆毕，去滓不用，即并前渍药酒及滤过药汁搅匀，量银锅内多少升斗作番次，慢火熬成膏，切须不住手用物搅，恐粘底不匀，候稀稠得所，待冷，用净瓶器盛之，勿令泄气。每早辰温酒下二大匙头，夜卧服之，百日中身轻气壮，积年不废，可以羽化。《经验后方》治五劳七伤，庶事衰弱。枸杞叶半斤切，粳米二合，以豉汁中相和，煮作粥，以五味末，葱白等调和食之。又方变白轻身。枸杞子二升，十月壬癸日采，采时面东摘，生地黄汁三升，以好酒二升，于瓷瓶内浸二十一日了，开封，添地黄汁同浸，搅之，却以纸三重封其头了，更浸，候至立春前三十日开瓶，空心暖饮一杯，至立春后，髭鬓却黑。勿食芜荑、葱，服之耐老轻身，无比。孙真人备急方治满口齿有血。枸杞和根、苗煎汤，食后吃。又治骨风。《经验后方》同。兵部手集疗眼暴赤痛神效，枸杞汁点眼立验。
沈存中方：陕西枸杞，长一二丈，其围数寸，无刺，根皮如浓朴，甘美异于诸处，生子如樱桃，全少核，曝干如饼，极烂有味。《外台秘要》疗眼暴天行肿痒痛。地骨皮三斤，水三斗，煮取三升，绞去滓，更纳盐一两，煎取二升，敷目。或加干姜二两。治疽凡患痈疽恶疮，出脓血不止者。取地骨皮不拘多少净洗，先刮上面粗皮留之，再刮取细白穣，取粗皮同地骨一处煎汤，淋洗病令脓血净，以细穣贴之，立效。有一朝士，腹胁间病疽，经岁不瘥。人烧灰敷贴之，初淋洗出血一、二升，其家人辈惧，欲止，病者曰：疽似少宽，更淋之，再用五升许，血渐淡，遂止，以细穣贴之，次日结痂，遂愈。别说云枸棘亦非甘物。今按诸文所说，名极多，故使人疑，然比物用甚众，花小而红紫色，采时七月上申日。《图经》所说：实形长而枝无刺者，真枸杞也。此别是一种类，必多根而致疑。又用根去上浮粗皮一重近白者一重色微紫极薄阴干。治金疮有神验。
《衍义》说：枸杞，当用梗皮，地骨当用根皮，枸杞子当用其红实，是一物有三用。其皮寒，根大寒，子微寒，亦三等。此正是孟子所谓：性由杞柳之杞。后人徒劳分别，又为之枸棘，兹强生名耳。凡杞，未有无棘者，虽大至有成架，然亦有棘。但此物小则多刺，大则少刺，还如酸枣及棘，其实皆一也。今人多用其子，直为补肾药，是曾未考究经意。当更量其虚实冷热用之。
[Huai Jiao (Sophora Gum)]
Indicated for all types of wind pathogens, resolving phlegm-fluids, treating liver wind causing spasms and jerking of sinews and vessels, as well as acute trismus (lockjaw), or limbs that cannot be controlled, stubborn bi-syndrome or toxic wind with a sensation of insects crawling over the whole body, or tetanus causing deviation of the mouth and eyes and stiffness of the waist and spine. It can be prepared as decoctions, powders, pills, or boiled preparations, mixed with other medicinal materials for use. It can also be boiled in water and combined with other herbs to form pills, or used as a purgative. (Newly determined)
Bitter in taste, neutral in nature, non-toxic. Treats five types of hemorrhoids, heart pain, red eyes, kills internal parasites, clears heat, treats skin wind and intestinal wind with bloody diarrhea, red and white dysentery; all should be taken after stir-frying. Leaves are neutral in nature and non-toxic. Decoction treats pediatric convulsions and epilepsy, high fever, scabies, tinea, and carbuncles. Bark and stems are used together. (Newly supplemented, see Ri Hua Zi.)
*Tu Jing Ben Cao* records detailed information under the entry for Huai Shi (Sophora Fruit).
*Jian Yao Ji Zhong Fang*: Treats continuous uterine bleeding in women. Burn an appropriate amount of Huai Hua (Sophora Flower) to ash, grind finely. Take two qian bi with warm wine before meals.
*Yan Yi* states: Huai Hua is also used by dyers today. When harvesting, break off unopened flower buds, boil for one boil, then remove from the pot. There will be precipitated thick yellow dregs; percolate to form cakes, which yield brighter colors for dyeing. It is very effective for treating intestinal wind-heat and bloody diarrhea, but should not be overdosed.
[Gou Qi (Lycium Bark/Fruit)]
Bitter in taste, cold in nature. The root is greatly cold, the fruit is slightly cold, non-toxic. Treats evil qi in the five zang organs, heat-type xiao-ke (wasting-thirst syndrome), generalized bi-syndrome, wind-dampness, directs qi downward from the chest and hypochondrium, treats external heat headache, tonifies internal injury caused by severe fatigue and panting, strengthens sinews and bones, fortifies yin, promotes urination and bowel movements. Long-term use strengthens sinews and bones, lightens the body, prevents aging, and enhances resistance to cold and heat. Also known as Qi Gen, Di Gu, Gou Ji, Di Fu, Yang Ru, Que Shu, Xian Ren Zhang, Xi Wang Mu Zhang. Grows in plains, marshes of Changshan, and various hillsides and banks. Roots are harvested in winter, leaves in spring and summer, stems and fruits in autumn; dried in shade.
Tao Hongjing says: Currently produced in Tangyi, with the most abundant supply at the beacon tower below Shitou. Its leaves can be made into soup, with a slightly bitter taste. A folk proverb says: "Travel a thousand miles from home, do not eat Luo Mo and Gou Qi." This refers to its ability to tonify essence and qi, and strengthen sexual function. Luo Mo, also known as Ku Wan, has thick, large leaves, grows as a vine, and exudes white latex when broken; it is widely cultivated. It can be eaten raw or cooked. Gou Qi root and fruit are commonly used by those practicing dietary therapy for longevity, with excellent reputations; the term "Staff of the Immortal" implies profound significance. Minister Yu Xi et al. verified the *Erya Shu*: Qi is also called Gu . Guo Pu says: This is current Gou Qi. The *Shi Jing · Si Mu* states: "Gathers on dense Qi." Lu Ji says: Also known as Ku Qi, Di Gu. Grows in spring, edible as soup/vegetable, slightly bitter; stems resemble berries; fruits ripen in autumn, bright red; consumption of stems, leaves, and fruits lightens the body and benefits qi. *Baopuzi* states: Jia Chai is also known as Tuo Lu, Tian Jing, Que Lao, or Di Gu. *Yao Xing Lun* states: Gou Qi is a minister herb; fruit and leaves share similar properties, sweet in taste, neutral in nature. It can tonify essence and qi, treat various deficiencies, improve complexion, whiten skin, brighten eyes, calm the mind, and promote longevity. Leaves cooked with lamb meat benefit humans, dispel wind, and brighten eyes. For thirst, it can be boiled as a drink to replace tea. White varieties without thorns are superior. It is incompatible with milk curds. For febrile diseases with toxins, restlessness, and oppression, boiling alone can detoxify. It can eliminate heat toxicity from flour. Additionally, finely sliced root bark mixed with flour and boiled/swallowed treats kidney wind effectively. Another method for tonifying essence and qi: Collect insect nests on leaves, dry them, powder them, mix with dried Di Huang (Rehmannia Root) to make pills; beneficial for male sexual function. Treats eye conditions like wind obstruction, red membranes, and blurred pain; crushing leaves for juice and dripping into eyes is excellent. Ri Hua Zi says: Di Xian Miao dispels irritability, benefits willpower, tonifies five labors and seven injuries, strengthens heart qi, removes wind from skin and joints, clears heat and toxins, dissipates sores and swelling; this is Gou Qi.
*Tu Jing* states: Gou Qi grows in plains, marshes of Changshan, and hillsides/banks; now found everywhere. Sprouts in spring; leaves resemble pomegranate leaves but are softer and thinner, edible, commonly called Hong Cai Tou. Stems grow 3-5 chi tall, forming clumps. Small red-purple flowers appear in June-July. Red fruits form subsequently, slightly elongated like jujube pits. The root is named Di Gu. Leaves harvested in spring/summer, stems/fruits in autumn, roots in winter. According to *Erya*: Qi is Gu . Guo Pu says: Current Gou Qi. *Shi Jing · Xiao Ya · Si Mu* states: "Gathers on dense Qi." Lu Ji's commentary says: Also Ku Qi, Di Gu. Grows in spring, slightly bitter when made into soup/stew. Stems resemble berries. Fruits ripen in autumn, bright red. Consumption of stems, leaves, and fruits lightens the body and benefits qi. *Huainan Zhenzhong Ji* records the method of West River Woman taking Gou Qi: Pick roots on Yin days of the first month, process/take on Mao days of the second month; pick stems on Chen days of the third month, process/take on Si days of the fourth month; pick leaves on Wu days of the fifth month, process/take on Wei days of the sixth month; pick flowers on Shen days of the seventh month, process/take on You days of the eighth month; pick fruits on Xu days of the ninth month, process/take on Hai days of the tenth month; pick roots on Zi days of the eleventh month, process/take on Chou days of the twelfth month. Alternatively, make a decoction/paste from flowers, fruits, roots, stems, and leaves together, or extract fruit juice for paste; efficacy is equal. People currently believe Gou Qi resembles Gou Ji, but true Gou Qi has elongated fruits and thornless branches. Round fruits with thorns are Gou Ji. Gou Ji is unsuitable for medicine. Li Dangzhi's note under the Sushu entry in the lower grade states: Fruits resemble Gou Qi, ripen in winter, red color. Sweet and bitter taste. Su Gong says: Resembles Kongshu, tree about one zhang high, white bark. Fruits ripen in July-August, resemble Gou Qi seeds, sweet taste, often paired. Current annotation notes: Although similar, Sushu has thorns, Gou Qi does not; this distinguishes them. These three substances are similar, but two have thorns. Sushu also has the name Ju Gu, just as Gou Qi is called Di Gu; they are likely similar, requiring careful differentiation. Some say Sushu is distinguished by being tall and robust, which is incorrect. Current Gou Qi can be very tall; its medicinal use is miraculous. Legend has it that Nanqiu Village in Penglai County has much Gou Qi. Those reaching one or two zhang have firmly interlocked roots. Hence locals live long, attributed to their diet and local water/soil products. The Gou Qi growing beside the Great Well in Runzhou Prefecture Temple is also old. Locals call it Gou Qi Well, claiming drinking its water is beneficial.
Sushu grows in Xiong'er River valleys and field mounds, harvested in April. Rarely seen in ancient and modern formularies; likely difficult to distinguish. Furthermore, Gou Qi is also called Xian Ren Zhang. Chen Cangqi's *Shiyi* mentions two other plants called Xian Ren Zhang: one is black dead bamboo stalks, the other is a vegetable type. Thus three different things share the same name. Chen Ang's *Guan Yu Pian* states: I accompanied Buque Qiao Gong on a northern expedition. In early summer, fourth month, we stayed at Zhangye River Islet. Vegetation was normal except for Xian Ren Zhang, which grew in clusters. I had consumed it before. During this campaign, avoiding rich flavors, a soldier recommended fine vegetables, including this item. I praised its merits to Qiao Gong. Donglai Wang Zhonglie, also traveling, heard this, liked it, and ate it willingly. After fifteen days, a traveler claiming medical knowledge told Qiao Gong: "This is Bai Ji (White Thorn)." Zhonglie doubted, saying: "I also found it sweet-tasting." Qiao Gong believed this and mocked me, prompting my writing of *Guan Yu Pian*. Regarding Xian Ren Zhang used as a vegetable, leaves resemble Ku Ju (Sonchus). Bai Ji is woody; why the confusion? Some suggest Qiao Gong's "Bai Ji" refers to Gou Ji (thorny Gou Qi). However, *Ben Jing* lists no alias "Bai Ji" for Gou Qi. Moreover, Gou Ji tastes bitter, while Xian Ren Zhang is sweet. If suspected to be Gou Ji, Gou Ji is not sweet either. Thus, plant categories are numerous and hard to identify, leading to confusion between similar items, mistaking true for false, and losing distinctions in color and taste. No wonder Ang wrote in detail.
Lei Gong says: When using roots, after digging, soak in flowing eastward water, scrub off soil, dry, split open, remove the core, soak in cooked Gan Cao (Licorice) decoction overnight, then dry-roast. Roots resembling living creatures are superior. Spring: eat leaves; Summer: eat fruits; Autumn/Winter: eat roots and fruits. *Shi Liao Ben Cao* states: Cold nature, non-toxic. Leaves and fruits strengthen sinews/bones, anti-aging, dispel wind, tonify sinews/bones, benefit humans against deficiency-labor. Roots clear bone heat, treat xiao-ke. Leaves with lamb soup are especially beneficial. Boiled as tea, it benefits yang, clears wind-itch/red membranes in eyes; leaf juice applied locally is good. Washed clean, mixed with flour, boiled and swallowed, it strongly eliminates kidney qi and tonifies essence. *Sheng Hui Fang* Gou Qi Wine: Tonifies deficiency, builds muscle, improves complexion, fattens/strengthens, clears labor-heat. Use 5 sheng fresh Gou Qi fruits, 2 dou good wine, crush slightly (do not pulverize), soak for 7 days, strain, drink. Start with 3 he, then drink as desired. *Wai Tai Mi Yao* agrees. *Qian Jin Fang* for toothache: Boil Gou Qi juice, hold in mouth. Another formula for liver deficiency or tearing in wind/new onset: Take 2 sheng plump Gou Qi fruits, crush, place in silk bag in jar, soak in 1 dou wine, seal tightly, avoid gas leakage, ferment for 21-27 days, drink every morning, do not get drunk. Another for deficiency-labor with external heat: Take Gou Qi root powder, mix and take; contraindicated for those with chronic fixed diseases. *Zhou Hou Fang* for Da He Chuang (large herpes-like sore): This condition is urgent; prevent toxin from entering heart/abdomen; drink Gou Qi juice until cured. Another for hot eyes with skin growth/red-white eyes: Crush Gou Qi juice, wash eyes 5-7 times. Another for dogs going mad after eating horse meat: Symptoms include dry nose, red eyes, anorexia, hiding, impending madness. Feed porridge cooked with Gou Qi juice immediately to prevent madness. If refusing porridge, apply salt to nose; licking it induces appetite. *Jing Yan Fang* Jin Sui Jian (Golden Marrow Paste): Gou Qi fruits, any amount. Daily pick ripe red ones, remove tender stems, clean thoroughly. Soak in pure wine (no ash) in a clean vessel (preferably urn) for up to two months. Seal tightly with wax paper to prevent air entry. When time is up, strain, store in new bamboo container, grind finely in sand mortar, filter through fine cloth. Discard residue. Mix filtered liquid with original soaking wine. Simmer slowly in silver pot over low heat, stirring constantly to prevent sticking/unevenness. When consistency is right, cool, store in clean bottle, seal tight. Take two large spoonfuls with warm wine in the morning and before bed. Within 100 days, body becomes light, qi strong; long-term use allows spiritual transformation. *Jing Yan Hou Fang* for five labors/seven injuries, general weakness: Cut 0.5 jin Gou Qi leaves, mix with 2 he Jing Mi (Rice) and Dou Chi (Fermented Soybean) juice, cook into porridge, season with five-flavor powder, green onion white, etc., and eat. Another for whitening/lightening body: 2 sheng Gou Qi fruits, harvested on Ren/Gui days in October, facing east when picking. Mix with 3 sheng Sheng Di Huang juice and 2 dou good wine in ceramic bottle, soak 21 days. Open, add more Di Huang juice, soak again. Seal head with triple-layer paper, continue soaking. Open 30 days before Start of Spring. Drink one cup warm on empty stomach. After Start of Spring, beard/temples turn black. Avoid eating Yuan Yi (Chrysanthemum seed) and onions. Taking it promotes longevity and lightness. Sun Simiao's *Bei Ji Fang* for bleeding gums: Decoct Gou Qi with roots and shoots, drink after meals. Also treats bone wind (*Jing Yan Hou Fang* same). *Bingbu Shouji* for sudden red painful eyes: Gou Qi juice drops work instantly.
Shen Cunzhong's prescription: Shaanxi Gou Qi grows 1-2 zhang long, circumference several inches, thornless, root bark resembles Hou Po (Magnolia Bark), sweet and delicious unlike others. Fruits like cherries, nearly seedless, dried like cakes, very soft and flavorful. *Wai Tai Mi Yao* for sudden epidemic eye swelling/itch/pain: 3 jin Di Gu Pi (Lycium Bark), 3 dou water, boil to 3 sheng, strain, add 1 liang salt, simmer to 2 sheng, apply to eyes. Or add 2 liang Gan Jiang (Dried Ginger). For abscesses/ulcers with continuous pus/blood discharge: Take appropriate amount of clean Di Gu Pi, scrape off outer rough bark (keep it), scrape inner fine white layer. Boil outer bark and Di Gu together, wash wound until pus/blood clear, apply fine white layer directly; immediate effect. A scholar had an abdominal/flank abscess lasting a year. Someone burned it to ash for application. Initial washing released 1-2 sheng blood; family feared stopping. Patient said: Abscess feels slightly relieved, wash more. Used another 5 sheng, blood faded, stopped. Applied fine layer; scabbed next day, healed. Other comments state Gou Ji is not sweet. Reviewing texts, names are numerous, causing doubt. However, comparison shows frequent use. Flowers small, red-purple, harvested on Shen days in seventh month. *Tu Jing* states: Elongated fruit, thornless branch is true Gou Qi. This is a distinct variety, likely causing confusion due to multiple roots. Also use root, removing top rough bark, keeping thin inner layer slightly purple, dried in shade. Excellent for traumatic injuries.
*Yan Yi* states: For Gou Qi, use stem bark; for Di Gu, use root bark; for Gou Qi Zi, use red fruit. One substance has three uses. Stem bark is cold, root greatly cold, fruit slightly cold; three grades. This corresponds to Mencius' reference to "Qi" in "Nature is like Qi and Liu". Later scholars vainly differentiate, creating "Gou Ji", forcing names. All Qi species have thorns; even large ones forming trellises have thorns. But small ones have many thorns, large ones few, similar to sour jujube/thorns; essentially the same. Nowadays people mostly use fruits solely as kidney-tonics, ignoring classical intent. Usage should be measured according to deficiency/excess and cold/heat patterns.