主耳卒聋。以灌之。
臣禹锡等谨按耳聋通用药云∶白鹅膏，微寒。
毛 主射工水毒。
肉 平。利五脏
陶隐居云∶东川多溪毒，养鹅以辟之，毛羽亦佳，中射工毒者饮血，又以涂身，鹅未必
食射工，盖以威相制尔。乃
言鹅不食生虫，今鹅子亦啖蚯蚓辈。唐本注云∶鹅毛，主小儿惊痫极者。又烧灰主噎。今按
陈藏器本草云∶鹅，主消渴。
取煮鹅汁饮之。臣禹锡等谨按陈藏器
渴，以白者胜。孟诜云∶脂，
可合面脂。肉性冷，不可多食，令人易霍乱，与服丹石人相宜，亦发痼疾。日华子云∶苍鹅，
冷，有
敷蛇虫咬毒。舍中养能辟虫、蛇。白鹅，凉，无毒。解五脏热，止渴。脂润皮肤。尾罂治
耳及聋，纳之，亦疗手足皴。
子，补中益气，不可多食。尾烧灰，酒服下，治噎。
食疗卵，温。补五脏，亦补中益气，多发痼疾。肘后方∶误吞环若指驱，烧鹅羽数枝，
末，饮服之。子母秘录∶小
儿鹅口不乳者，白鹅矢汁灌口中。
味甘，无毒。主风虚寒热。
臣禹锡等谨按陈牧士良云∶ 肪，大寒。
衍义曰∶ 肪，陶隐居云∶ 即是鸭，然有家鸭，有野鸭。陈藏器本草曰∶《尸子》云，
野
本》注云∶《尔雅》云，野凫， 。注云，鸭也。如此，则凫、 皆
用肪，即家鸭也。如此所
说各不同，其义不定。又按唐·王勃《滕王阁记》云∶落霞与孤 齐飞。则明知 为野鸭也。
勃，唐之名儒，必有所据，
故知 为野鸭明矣。
白鸭屎 名通。主杀石药毒，解结缚，散蓄热。
肉 补虚，除热，和脏腑，利水道。
陶隐居云∶ 即是鸭，鸭有家、有野。又《本经》云∶雁肪一名 肪，其疗小异，此说
则专是家鸭尔。黄雌鸭为补
最胜。鸭卵不可合鳖肉食之。凡鸟自死，口不闭者，皆不可食，食之杀人。唐本注云∶《别
录》云，鸭肪主水肿。血主解
诸毒。肉主小儿惊痫。头主水肿，通利小便。古方∶疗水用鸭头丸。今按陈藏器本草云∶《尸
子》云，野鸭为凫，家鸭为
，不能飞翔，如庶人守耕稼而已。臣禹锡等谨按蜀本注云∶《尔雅》云，野凫， 。注云，
鸭也。《本经》用 肪，即
家鸭也。野鸭与家鸭有相似者，有全别者，甚小，小者名刀鸭，味最重，食之补虚。孟诜云∶
野鸭，主补中益气，消食。
九月以后即中食，全胜家者，虽寒不动气，消十二种虫，平胃气，调中轻身。又身上诸小热
疮，多年不可者，但多食之，
即瘥。又云白鸭肉，补虚，消毒热，利水道，及小儿热惊痫，头生疮肿，又和葱、豉作汁饮
之，去卒烦热。又，粪主热
毒，毒痢。又取和鸡子白，封热肿毒上消。又黑鸭，滑中发冷痢，下香港脚。不可食之。子微
寒，少食之，亦发气，令背
膊闷。日华子云∶野鸭，凉，无毒。补虚助力，和胃气，消食，治热毒风及恶疮疖，杀腹脏
一切虫。九月后，立春前采。
大补益病患，不可与木耳、胡桃、豉同食。家鸭，冷，微毒。补虚，消热毒，利小肠，止惊
痫，解丹毒，止痢，绿头者
佳。头治水肿，煮服。粪治热毒疮并肿毒，以鸡子调敷内消。卵治心腹胸膈热，多食
食疗项中热血，解野葛毒，饮之瘥。卵，小儿食之，脚软不行，爱倒。盐淹食之，即宜
人。屎，可拓蚯蚓咬疮。外
台秘要解金、银、铜、铁毒，取鸭屎汁解之。百一方∶卒大腹水病。取青雄鸭，以水五升，
煮取一升，饮尽浓盖之取汗，
佳。又方∶石药过剂者。白鸭屎末，和水
头鸭一只，治如食法，细切
和米并五味，煮令极熟作粥，空腹食之。又云∶主水气胀满浮肿，小便涩少。白鸭一只，去
毛、肠，汤洗， 饭半升，
以饭、姜、椒酿鸭腹中，缝定如法蒸，候熟食之。孙真人蛐 咬，以屎敷疮。又云∶鸭肉合
鳖食之害人。
主治突发性耳聋。将白鹅膏滴入耳中。
臣禹锡等考证按语：治疗耳聋的通用药物记载说：白鹅膏，性微寒。
毛 主治射工水毒（一种由水中毒虫引起的疾病）。
肉 性平。通利五脏。
陶隐居说：东川地区多溪毒，养鹅可以辟除它，鹅的羽毛也很好，被射工毒伤的人饮用鹅血，并用其涂抹身体，鹅未必吃射工虫，大概是以威势相互克制罢了。又说鹅不吃活虫，现在鹅雏也吃蚯蚓之类。《唐本草》注解说：鹅毛，主治极重的小儿惊痫。又烧成灰主治噎膈。现在考证陈藏器《本草》说：鹅，主治消渴病。取煮鹅的汁液饮用。臣禹锡等考证按语陈藏器说：治消渴，以白色的鹅为佳。孟诜说：鹅脂，可以用来制作面脂。鹅肉性冷，不可多吃，容易使人患霍乱，与服用丹石类药物的人相适宜，也会诱发陈旧性疾病。日华子说：苍鹅，性冷，有……敷治蛇虫咬伤的毒。家中饲养能辟除虫、蛇。白鹅，性凉，无毒。解除五脏热邪，止渴。鹅脂滋润皮肤。尾罂（指鹅尾部脂肪或相关部位）治疗耳朵及耳聋，纳入耳中，也能治疗手足皴裂。鹅子，补益中气，不可多吃。鹅尾烧成灰，用酒送服，治疗噎膈。
食疗篇说：鹅卵，性温。补益五脏，也补益中气，但容易诱发陈旧性疾病。《肘后方》：误吞戒指或指环等异物，烧几枝鹅羽，研末，用水送服。《子母秘录》：小儿鹅口疮不能吮乳的，用白鹅粪便的汁液灌入口中。
味甘，无毒。主治风虚寒热。
臣禹锡等考证按语陈牧士良说：鸭肪（鸭脂），性大寒。
《衍义》说：鸭肪，陶隐居说：即是鸭，然而有家鸭，有野鸭。陈藏器《本草》说：《尸子》说，野……《本经》注解说：《尔雅》说，野凫，[音同“鹜”]。注解说，是鸭。如此说来，凫、[音同“鹜”]都……使用鸭肪，即家鸭。如此所说的各不相同，其含义不确定。又考证唐代王勃《滕王阁记》说：落霞与孤鹜齐飞。则明确知道[音同“鹜”]是野鸭。王勃，唐代的著名儒者，必定有所依据，所以知道[音同“鹜”]是野鸭是很明确的。
白鸭屎 别名通。主治杀灭石药毒，解开结缚，消散蓄积的热邪。
肉 补虚损，清除热邪，调和脏腑，通利水道。
陶隐居说：[音同“鹜”]即是鸭，鸭有家鸭、野鸭之分。又《本经》说：雁肪一名[音同“鹜”]肪，其疗效略有不同，这种说法则是专指家鸭。黄雌鸭补益效果最好。鸭卵不可与鳖肉一起食用。凡是鸟自然死亡，嘴巴不闭的，都不可食用，吃了会杀人。《唐本草》注解说：《别录》说，鸭肪主治水肿。鸭血主治解除各种毒邪。鸭肉主治小儿惊痫。鸭头主治水肿，通利小便。古方：治疗水肿用鸭头丸。现在考证陈藏器《本草》说：《尸子》说，野鸭为凫，家鸭为[音同“鹜”]，不能飞翔，就像平民守着耕种一样。臣禹锡等考证按语蜀本注解说：《尔雅》说，野凫，[音同“鹜”]。注解说，是鸭。《本经》用的[音同“鹜”]肪，即家鸭。野鸭与家鸭有相似的，有完全不同的，[音同“鹜”]很小，小的名叫刀鸭，味道最浓郁，食用可补虚。孟诜说：野鸭，主治补益中气，消食。九月以后即可食用，胜过家鸭，虽然性寒但不耗气，消除十二种寄生虫，平和胃气，调理中焦使身体轻健。又有身上各种小热疮，多年不愈的，只要多吃它，就会痊愈。又说白鸭肉，补虚，消毒热，利水道，以及小儿热性惊痫，头部生疮肿，又和葱、豆豉做成汁液饮用，去除突然的烦热。还有，鸭粪主治热毒，毒痢。又取鸭粪和鸡蛋白混合，封贴于热肿毒处使其消散。还有黑鸭，滑肠引发冷痢，导致香港脚（足部肿痛）。不可食用。鸭卵性微寒，少量食用，也会耗气，令背部闷胀。日华子说：野鸭，性凉，无毒。补虚助力，调和胃气，消食，治疗热毒风及恶疮疖，杀灭腹脏一切寄生虫。九月后，立春前采集。大补益病患，不可与木耳、胡桃、豆豉同食。家鸭，性冷，微毒。补虚，消热毒，利小肠，止惊痫，解丹毒，止痢，绿头的为佳。鸭头治疗水肿，煮服。鸭粪治疗热毒疮并肿毒，用鸡蛋调匀敷贴内消。鸭卵治疗心腹胸膈热，项中热血，解野葛毒，饮用后痊愈。鸭卵，小儿食用会导致脚软不能行走，喜欢打滚。盐腌后食用，对人适宜。鸭屎，可拓敷蚯蚓咬伤的疮。《外台秘要》解金、银、铜、铁毒，取鸭屎汁解毒。《百一方》：突发大腹水病。取青雄鸭，用水五升，煮取一升，饮尽并严密覆盖取汗，效果好。又一方：石药过量中毒者。白鸭屎研末，和水……头鸭一只，按烹饪方法处理，细切，和米及五味调料，煮至极熟做粥，空腹食用。又说：主治水气胀满浮肿，小便涩少。白鸭一只，去毛、肠，汤洗，填入半升饭，以饭、姜、椒酿入鸭腹中，缝定如法蒸熟，候熟食之。孙真人：蛐螋咬伤，用鸭屎敷疮。又说：鸭肉合鳖食之害人。
Indicated for sudden deafness. Instill into the ear.
Chen Yuxi et al. verified and commented: The general prescription for treating deafness states: Bai E Gao (White Goose Fat), slightly cold in nature.
Feathers Indicate She Gong Shui Du (poison caused by aquatic insects).
Meat Neutral in nature. Promotes the free flow of the Five Zang organs.
Tao Hongjing stated: In the Dongchuan region, there are many Xi Du (stream poisons); raising geese can ward them off, and goose feathers are also excellent. Those injured by She Gong poison drink goose blood and apply it to their bodies; geese may not necessarily eat She Gong insects, but rather subdue them through their aura. It is said that geese do not eat living worms, yet now goose goslings also eat earthworms. The *Tang Bencao* commentary notes: Goose feathers treat severe infantile convulsions and epilepsy. Also, when burned to ash, they treat dysphagia. Currently verifying Chen Cangqi's *Bencao*: Geese treat Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst syndrome). Take the juice from boiled goose and drink it. Chen Yuxi et al. verified and commented on Chen Cangqi: For treating Xiao Ke, white geese are superior. Meng Shen stated: Goose fat can be used to make facial cream. Goose meat is cold in nature and should not be eaten in excess, as it easily causes Huo Luan (cholera-like disorder); it is suitable for those taking Dan Shi (cinnabar and realgar) drugs, but may also trigger chronic diseases. Ri Hua Zi stated: Cang E (Grey Goose) is cold and has [properties for] applying to snake and insect bites. Raising them at home wards off insects and snakes. Bai E (White Goose) is cool and non-toxic. Resolves heat in the Five Zang organs and stops thirst. Goose fat moisturizes the skin. Wei Ying (tail fat/plug) treats ear conditions and deafness; inserting it into the ear also treats chapped hands and feet. Goose eggs tonify the Middle Jiao and Qi, but should not be eaten in excess. Goose tail burned to ash, taken with wine, treats dysphagia.
*Shi Liao* states: Goose egg is warm. Tonifies the Five Zang organs and also tonifies Middle Jiao Qi, but easily triggers chronic diseases. *Zhou Hou Fang*: If a ring or finger-shaped object is accidentally swallowed, burn several goose feathers, powder them, and take with water. *Zi Mu Mi Lu*: For infants with "goose mouth" thrush unable to suckle, instill juice from white goose feces into the mouth.
Sweet in taste, non-toxic. Treats wind deficiency with alternating cold and heat.
Chen Yuxi et al. verified and commented on Chen Mushi Liang: Ya Fang (Duck Fat) is greatly cold in nature.
*Yan Yi* states: Duck fat. Tao Hongjing stated: It refers to duck; however, there are domestic ducks and wild ducks. Chen Cangqi's *Bencao* states: *Shi Zi* says, wild [Wu]... The *Jing Ben* commentary notes: *Erya* says, wild fu (mallard), [Wu]. The note says, it is a duck. Thus, Fu and [Wu] both... using Ya Fang refers to domestic duck. Since the descriptions vary, the meaning is indeterminate. Furthermore, verifying Wang Bo's *Tengwang Ge Ji* from the Tang Dynasty: "Falling clouds fly together with a lone [Wu]." This clearly indicates [Wu] is a wild duck. Wang Bo was a renowned scholar of the Tang Dynasty and must have had evidence, so it is clear that [Wu] is a wild duck.
Bai Ya Shi (White Duck Feces) alias Tong. Kills Shi Yao Du (stone drug poison), resolves binding, and dissipates accumulated heat.
Meat Tonifies deficiency, clears heat, harmonizes the Zang-Fu organs, and promotes urination.
Tao Hongjing stated: [Wu] is duck; ducks include domestic and wild types. Also, *Jing Ben* states: Yan Fang (Goose Fat) is also called [Wu] Fang, with slightly different therapeutic effects; this statement specifically refers to domestic duck. Yellow female duck provides the best tonification. Duck eggs should not be eaten with turtle meat. Any bird that dies naturally with its mouth open should not be eaten, as consumption kills humans. *Tang Bencao* commentary notes: *Bie Lu* states: Duck fat treats edema. Duck blood treats various toxins. Duck meat treats infantile convulsions and epilepsy. Duck head treats edema and promotes urination. Ancient prescriptions: Use Ya Tou Wan (Duck Head Pill) to treat water retention. Currently verifying Chen Cangqi's *Bencao*: *Shi Zi* says, wild duck is Fu, domestic duck is [Wu], unable to fly, like commoners tending to farming. Chen Yuxi et al. verified and commented on the Shu Ben commentary: *Erya* says, wild fu, [Wu]. The note says, it is a duck. The *Jing Ben* uses [Wu] Fang, which is domestic duck. Wild ducks and domestic ducks have similarities and total differences; [Wu] is very small, the small ones are named Dao Ya (Knife Duck), with the richest flavor, eating tonifies deficiency. Meng Shen stated: Wild duck tonifies Middle Jiao Qi and aids digestion. Edible after September, surpassing domestic ducks; although cold, it does not deplete Qi, eliminates twelve types of parasites,平和s stomach Qi, regulates the middle and lightens the body. For various small hot sores on the body that persist for years, eating much will cure them. Also, white duck meat tonifies deficiency, clears toxic heat, promotes urination, and treats infantile hot convulsions and head sores/swellings. Mixed with scallion and fermented soybean juice and drunk, it removes sudden irritability and heat. Furthermore, duck feces treat toxic heat and toxic dysentery. Mix duck feces with egg white and apply to hot swellings/toxins to dissipate them. Black duck causes slippery bowels leading to cold dysentery and Hong Jiao Jiao (Hong Kong foot/edema of the foot); do not eat. Duck egg is slightly cold; small amounts consume Qi, causing back oppression. Ri Hua Zi stated: Wild duck is cool and non-toxic. Tonifies deficiency and strength, harmonizes stomach Qi, aids digestion, treats hot toxic wind and malignant sores/furuncles, kills all internal parasites. Harvest after September, before Start of Spring. Greatly beneficial for patients; do not eat with wood ear mushroom, walnut, or fermented soybean. Domestic duck is cold and slightly toxic. Tonifies deficiency, clears toxic heat, benefits small intestine, stops convulsions, resolves Dan Du (cinnabar poison), stops dysentery; green-headed ones are best. Duck head treats edema, decoct and take. Duck feces treat hot toxic sores and swellings; mix with egg and apply internally to dissipate. Duck egg treats heat in heart, abdomen, chest, and diaphragm, heat in neck/blood, resolves Ye Ge (wild kudzu) poison; drinking cures it. Duck egg: if eaten by children, causes weak legs unable to walk, prone to falling. Salt-pickled is suitable for people. Duck feces can be applied to earthworm bite sores. *Wai Tai Mi Yao* resolves gold, silver, copper, iron poison by taking duck feces juice. *Bai Yi Fang*: Sudden large abdominal water disease. Take a male green duck, boil in five sheng of water until one sheng remains, drink completely, cover tightly to induce sweating, which is good. Another prescription: For stone drug overdose. Powder white duck feces, mix with water... One duck, prepare as food, cut finely, mix with rice and five flavors, cook until very soft to make porridge, eat on an empty stomach. Also states: Treats water qi bloating and edema, scanty difficult urination. One white duck, remove feathers and intestines, wash with boiling water, stuff with half sheng of rice, stuff duck belly with rice, ginger, pepper, sew shut, steam according to method, eat when cooked. Sun Simiao: For centipede bites, apply duck feces to the sore. Also states: Eating duck meat with turtle harms people.