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味甘，无毒。镇心安神，治伤寒毒瓦斯，反胃呕哕，蛇蜴所咬，炙熨之。（新补） 见日
华
子。
图经曰∶铅，生蜀郡平泽。锡，生桂阳山谷。今有银坑处皆有之。而临贺出锡尤盛，亦
谓之白
错。铅丹，黄丹也。粉锡，胡粉也。二物并是化铅所作，胡附于铅。镜虽铜而皆用锡杂之，
乃能明白，故镜鼻附于锡。谨按《字书》∶为锡，为 ，铅为青金，虽相似而入用殊别也
。又有铅霜，亦出于铅。其法以铅杂水银十五分之一，合炼作片，置醋瓮中密封，经久成霜
，亦谓之铅白霜。性极冷，人治风痰及婴孺惊滞药。今医家用之尤多。凡铸铜之物，多和以
锡。《考工记》∶攻金之工，金有六齐是也。凡药用铜弩牙、古文钱之类，皆以有锡，故其
用
亦近之。又铅灰治瘰 。刘禹锡着其法云∶取铅三两，铁器中熬之，久当有脚如黑灰和脂涂
子上，仍以旧帛贴之，数数去帛，拭恶汁又贴，如此半月许，亦不痛、不破、不作疮，但
内消之为水，瘥。虽流过项亦瘥。
陈藏器云∶锡、铅及琅 、铜镜鼻铜，陶云琅 杀锡毒，按锡有黑有白、黑锡，寒，小
毒。
主瘿瘤，鬼气疰忤，错为末，和青木香，敷风疮肿恶毒。《本经》虽有条，皆以成丹及粉，
非专为铅、锡生文也。锡为粉，化铅为丹。《本经》云铅丹，锡粉是也。苏云铅为丹，锡为
粉，深误。经验方治发背及诸般痈毒疮。黑铅一斤，甘草三两，微炙锉，用酒一斗，着空瓶
在旁，先以甘草置在酒瓶内，然后熔铅投在酒瓶中，却出酒，在空瓶内取出铅，根据前熔后投
，如此者九度，并甘草去之，只留酒，令病者饮，醉寝即愈。胜金方∶乌髭鬓，明目，牢齿
牙。黑铅半斤，大铅内熔成
汁，旋入桑条灰，柳木搅令成沙，上以熟绢罗为末。每日早晨如常揩
齿牙后，用温水漱在盂子内，取用其水洗眼，治诸般眼疾。髭黄白者，用之皆变黑也。又方
治金石药毒。用黑铅一斤，以坩埚中熔成汁，投酒一升，如此十数回，候酒至半升，去铅，
顿服之瘥。青霞子《宝藏论》云∶黑铅草伏得成宝，可点铜为银，并铸作鼎，养朱砂住得火，
养水银住火，断粉霜住火。太清服炼灵砂法∶锡、铅俱禀北方壬癸阴极之精也，性濡滑，服
之而
多阴毒，伤人心胃。丹房镜源云∶铅，咸。铅者不出银，熟铅是也。嘉州陇 利州出铅精之
叶，深有变形之状，文曰紫背铅，铅能碎金钢砧。草节铅出嘉州，打着碎，如烧之有硫黄臭
烟者。信州铅、卢氏铅，此粗恶，用时直须滤过。阴平铅出剑州，是铁之苗，铅黄花投汞中
，以文武火养，自浮面上，掠刮取炒作黄丹色。钓脚铅出雅州山洞溪砂中，形如皂子，又如
蝌蚪子，黑色。炒铅丹法∶铅一斤，土硫黄一两，硝石一两。上先熔铅成汁，下醋点之，滚
沸时下土硫黄一小块，并续更下硝石少许，沸定再点醋，根据前下少许硝、黄，已硝，沸尽黄
亦尽，炒为末成丹。
铅
味甘，无毒。能镇心安神，治疗伤寒毒气，反胃呕吐呃逆，蛇蝎咬伤，可炙烤后熨敷患处。（新补充内容）
《图经》记载：铅产于蜀郡平泽。锡产于桂阳山谷。现在凡是产银的矿坑都有锡。而临贺出产的锡尤其丰富，也被称为“白错”。铅丹就是黄丹。粉锡就是胡粉。这两种物质都是由铅炼制而成的，胡粉附着于铅。镜子虽然是用铜铸造的，但都掺入锡，才能明亮清晰，所以镜鼻（镜子背面的挂钮）附着于锡。谨按《字书》记载：锡被称为錫，铅被称为青金，虽然外观相似，但实际用途截然不同。还有铅霜，也是从铅中产生的。其方法是取铅与水银按比例十五分之一混合，炼制成片状，放入醋瓮中密封，经过长时间自然形成霜状物，也称为铅白霜。性味极寒，人用其治疗风痰以及婴幼儿惊风停滞的药物。现在的医生使用它尤为普遍。凡是铸造铜器，大多掺入锡。《考工记》说：从事金属加工的工匠，对六种合金比例有规定，指的就是这个。凡是药用的铜弩牙、古钱币之类，都因为含有锡，所以它们的用途也相近。另外，铅灰可以治疗瘰疬。刘禹锡记载了这种方法：取铅三两，在铁器中熬炼，时间久了会有沉淀物像黑灰一样，调和油脂涂抹在疮口上，仍用旧布贴敷，多次揭去布，擦拭恶汁后再贴，如此半个月左右，也不痛、不破、不溃烂，只是让病灶内部消解化为水，病就好了。即使瘰疬流注到颈部也能治愈。
陈藏器说：锡、铅及琅玕、铜镜鼻铜，陶弘景说琅玕能杀锡毒。按：锡有黑锡和白锡两种，黑锡性寒，有小毒。主治瘿瘤、鬼气疰忤，将锡锉成粉末，与青木香混合，敷治风疮肿毒恶疮。《神农本草经》中虽然有相关条目，但都是关于将其制成丹药和粉剂的内容，并非专门针对生铅、生锡的文字描述。锡制成粉，铅制成丹。苏颂说铅制成丹，锡制成粉，这是很深的误解。经验方治疗发背及各种痈毒疮疡。用黑铅一斤，甘草三两，微火炙烤后切碎，用酒一斗，旁边放一个空瓶，先将甘草放入酒瓶内，然后将熔化的铅投入酒瓶中，再取出酒，倒入空瓶内，取出铅，根据前面的方法再次熔化并投入，如此重复九次，去掉铅和甘草，只留下酒，让病人饮用，喝醉睡一觉病就好了。胜金方：乌须鬓，明目，坚固牙齿。黑铅半斤，在大铅锅中熔化成汁，随即加入桑条灰，用柳木搅拌使其成为沙状，上面用熟绢筛成细末。每天早晨像平常刷牙后，用温水漱口在盂子内，取用漱口水洗眼，治疗各种眼疾。胡须黄白的，用了之后都会变黑。又一方治疗金石药毒。用黑铅一斤，在坩埚中熔化成汁，投入酒一升，如此反复十几次，等到酒剩半升时，去掉铅，一次性服用病就好。青霞子《宝藏论》说：黑铅草伏得成宝，可以点铜为银，并铸作鼎，养朱砂能止住火性，养水银能止住火性，断粉霜能止住火性。太清服炼灵砂法：锡、铅都禀受北方壬癸阴极的精气，性质濡滑，服用后容易产生阴毒，损伤人心胃。《丹房镜源》说：铅，味咸。铅如果不出自银矿，那就是熟铅。嘉州陇县、利州出产铅精之叶，形状深有变形，文字称为紫背铅，铅能碎金刚砧。草节铅出嘉州，敲打即碎，如果烧时有硫黄臭烟者。信州铅、卢氏铅，这些比较粗劣恶劣，使用时必须过滤。阴平铅出剑州，是铁的苗裔，铅黄花投入汞中，用文武火养护，自然浮在面上，掠刮取出来炒作成黄丹色。钓脚铅出雅州山洞溪砂中，形状像皂角子，又像蝌蚪子，黑色。炒铅丹的方法：铅一斤，土硫黄一两，硝石一两。上面先熔化铅成汁，下醋点之，滚沸时下土硫黄一小块，并继续更下硝石少许，沸定再点醋，根据前下少许硝、黄，已硝，沸尽黄亦尽，炒为末成丹。
Lead (Qian)
Sweet in taste, non-toxic. It calms the heart and soothes the spirit (Zhen Xin An Shen), treats toxic qi of Shanghan (Cold Damage disease), regurgitation, vomiting, and hiccups, as well as bites from snakes and lizards; it can be treated by moxibustion or hot compress. (Newly supplemented content)
The *Tujing* records: Lead is produced in Pingze, Shu Commandery. Tin is produced in the valleys of Guiyang. Currently, wherever there are silver mines, both lead and tin are found. Among them, tin produced in Linghe is particularly abundant, also known as "Bai Cuo". Qian Dan (Lead(II,IV) oxide / Minium) is Huang Dan (Yellow Minium). Fen Xi (Tin(II) chloride / Basic tin chloride) is Hu Fen (Basic bismuth carbonate / White lead powder). Both substances are made by refining lead, hence they are attached to the category of lead. Mirrors are cast from copper but mixed with tin to become bright and clear, therefore the mirror knob (Jing Bi) is associated with tin. According to the *Zishu*: Tin is called Xi, Lead is called Qing Jin (Green Gold); although they look similar, their practical applications are distinct. There is also Qian Shuang (Lead Frost), which also originates from lead. The method is to mix lead with mercury in a ratio of fifteen parts to one, refine it into sheets, place them in a vinegar jar, seal tightly, and after a long period, frost forms on the surface, also called Qian Bai Shuang. Its nature is extremely cold; people use it in medicines for treating wind-phlegm and infantile convulsions/stagnation. Physicians nowadays use it very frequently. For casting copper objects, tin is mostly added. The *Kaogong Ji* states: Artisans working with metals have six alloys for processing gold/metal, referring to this principle. For medicinal uses such as copper crossbow triggers or ancient coins, because they contain tin, their uses are similar. Additionally, Qian Hui (Lead Ash) treats Luoli (Scrofula). Liu Yuxi recorded this method: Take three taels of lead, roast it in an iron vessel. After a long time, sediment at the bottom will resemble black ash. Mix with grease and apply to the sore. Cover with old cloth repeatedly, wiping away foul discharge each time. After about half a month, without pain, rupture, or ulceration, the lesion internally dissolves into water, leading to recovery. Even if Luoli spreads to the neck, it heals.
Chen Cangqi says: Tin, lead, liuli (glaze/glass), and copper mirror knobs. Tao Hongjing stated that liuli eliminates tin toxicity. Tin comes in black and white varieties; Black Tin is cold in nature and slightly toxic. It treats Yingliu (Goiter/Nodules), Gui Qi (Ghost Qi/Epidemic diseases), Zhu Wu (Sticking Evil). Powdered Black Tin mixed with Qing Mu Xiang (Aquilaria agallocha) is applied externally for wind sores, swelling, and malignant toxins. Although the *Shennong Bencao Jing* has entries, they refer to processed pills or powders, not specifically describing raw lead or raw tin. Tin becomes powder, lead becomes cinnabar-like pill base. Su Song claimed lead becomes Dan and tin becomes powder, which is a deep misunderstanding. Empirical formulas treat Fabei (Back carbuncle) and various carbuncles/sores. Use one jin of Hei Qian (Black Lead), three taels of Gan Cao (Licorice Root), lightly roasted and chopped. Use one dou of wine. Place an empty bottle nearby. First put Gan Cao in the wine bottle, then pour molten lead into the wine bottle. Pour the wine back into the empty bottle, retrieve the lead. Repeat melting and pouring nine times. Discard the Gan Cao, keep only the wine. Have the patient drink until drunk and asleep, then recover. Shengjin Fang: Darkens beard and hair, brightens eyes, strengthens teeth. Half a jin of Hei Qian is melted in a large lead pot. Immediately add Sang Tiao Hui (Ash of Mulberry branches), stir with Willow wood until sandy. Sieve through fine silk cloth. Every morning, after brushing teeth normally, rinse mouth with warm water into a basin. Use this water to wash eyes, treating various eye diseases. Yellow or white beards turn black upon use. Another formula treats toxicity from mineral drugs. Use one jin of Hei Qian, melt in a crucible, pour in one sheng of wine. Repeat this ten-plus times. When wine reduces to half a sheng, remove lead. Drink all at once for recovery. Qingxiazi's *Baozang Lun* states: Black Lead, after herbal processing, becomes a treasure; it can transmute copper to silver, be cast into tripods, stabilize Zhusha (Cinnabar) against fire, stabilize Shuiyin (Mercury) against fire, and stop Fen Shuang (Lead Frost) from reacting to fire. Taiqing method for refining Lingsha: Tin and Lead both inherit the extreme yin essence of North Ren-Gui Water. Their nature is moist and slippery. Ingestion causes Yin toxicity, damaging Heart and Stomach. *Danfang Jingyuan* states: Lead is salty. If Lead does not come from Silver extraction, cooked Lead is used. Jiazhou Long County and Lizhou produce Leaf Lead Essence, deeply deformed in shape, called Zi Bei Qian (Purple-backed Lead), capable of crushing steel anvils. Caojie Lead from Jiazhou breaks when struck; if burning produces sulfur-like smoke. Xinzhou Lead and Lushi Lead are coarse and poor quality; must be filtered before use. Yinping Lead from Jianzhou is the sprout of Iron. Huanghua Tou (Yellow Flower Lead) thrown into Mercury floats to the surface under mild heat; scrape and fry into Huang Dan color. Diaojiao Lead from caves in Yazhou stream sand resembles soap nuts or tadpoles, black in color. Method for frying Qian Dan: One jin of Lead, one qian of Tu Liuhuang (Native Sulfur), one qian of Xiaoshi (Potassium Nitrate). Melt Lead first, add Vinegar to boil. Add a small piece of Native Sulfur, continue adding small amounts of Potassium Nitrate. Once boiling stabilizes, add Vinegar again. Continue adding small amounts of Nitrate and Sulfur until Nitrate is consumed, boiling stops, and Sulfur is consumed. Grind into powder to form Dan.