（呕者有物有声而渐出吐者无声有物而顿出干呕者有声而无物也呕则或寒或热吐
则但寒无热盖邪传里多呕症生姜为呕家圣药散逆气也半夏为呕家要药去痰水也呕家虽有阳明症不
可攻者谓气逆尚未收敛为实也热者脉数烦渴寒者脉迟逆冷有水气者先渴后呕腹满怔忡有脓血
者吐尽自愈不烦治也）
初病起。即呕吐。寒伤胃也。（霍香正气散）太阳与阳明合病。不下利。但呕者。（葛根
半夏汤）阳明呕吐。得汤反剧者。属上焦。（葛根半夏汤）太阳与少阳合病。下利而呕。（黄芩加半
夏
。寒热而呕。或日晡发热而呕。（并用小柴胡汤加半夏生姜）潮热便闭而呕。（大柴胡汤）太阴
腹满痛。脉沉。（理中汤加藿香姜橘）少阴呕。肢冷。脉沉细（四逆汤加橘半生姜）厥阴吐涎沫
。逆冷。脉沉微。（茱萸四逆汤加橘半）少阴欲吐不吐。但欲寐。五六日利而渴。小便白。（
四逆汤）似呕似喘。愦愦无奈。（大橘皮汤主之）虚烦呕吐。（竹叶石膏汤加姜橘）先呕后渴
。宜与水解。先渴后呕。为水停心下。（茯苓半夏汤加姜橘）呕而脉弱。小便利。身微热。厥冷
者。多难治。（四逆汤加生姜）
（热在胃脘心下痞结故干呕）
太阳汗出。干呕。桂枝汤）少阴下利。干呕。（姜附汤）表不解。心下有水气。身微热。
干呕微喘。或自利。（小青龙汤）太阳头痛。心下痞。硬满。干呕。短气。汗出。不恶寒。此表解
里未和也。（十枣汤）膈上有寒饮。干呕（四逆汤）少阴下利。厥逆无脉。干呕而烦。（白虎汤
加猪胆汁）
呕吐是指既有声音又有实物，且逐渐吐出；吐是指没有声音但有实物，且突然吐出；干呕是指只有声音而没有实物。呕吐的原因可能是寒证也可能是热证；而单纯的吐则只属于寒证，不属于热证。一般来说，邪气传入里部时多出现呕吐症状。生姜是治疗呕吐的圣药，能疏散逆乱之气；半夏是治疗呕吐的要药，能去除痰饮和水湿。即使呕吐患者表现出阳明病的症状，也不可使用攻下法，这是因为气机逆乱尚未收敛，不能判定为实证。如果是热证，脉象数快，伴有烦躁和口渴；如果是寒证，脉象迟缓，伴有四肢逆冷。如果有水饮内停，表现为先口渴后呕吐；如果腹部胀满、心悸不安；如果有脓血排出，待脓血吐尽后即可自愈，无需特别治疗。
疾病初起即出现呕吐，这是寒邪损伤了胃腑。（可用藿香正气散）太阳病与阳明病合病，不下利，只是呕吐的，（可用葛根半夏汤）阳明病引起的呕吐，服用汤药后反而加重的，病位在上焦。（可用葛根半夏汤）太阳病与少阳病合病，既下利又呕吐的，（可用黄芩加半夏生姜汤）伴有寒热往来而呕吐，或者在日晡时分（下午3-5点）发热而呕吐的，（均用小柴胡汤加半夏、生姜）伴有潮热、大便闭塞而呕吐的，（可用大柴胡汤）太阴病表现为腹部胀满疼痛，脉象沉的，（可用理中汤加藿香、生姜、橘皮）少阴病表现为呕吐，四肢厥冷，脉象沉细的，（可用四逆汤加橘皮、半夏、生姜）厥阴病表现为吐涎沫，四肢逆冷，脉象沉微的，（可用茱萸四逆汤加橘皮、半夏）少阴病表现为想吐却吐不出来，只想睡觉，过了五六天出现下利且口渴，小便颜色发白的，（可用四逆汤）感觉像要呕吐又像气喘，心中烦闷无可奈何的，（用大橘皮汤主治）虚热烦躁引起的呕吐，（可用竹叶石膏汤加生姜、橘皮）先呕吐后感到口渴的，适宜给予水分以解渴；先口渴后呕吐的，是因为水饮停滞在心下。（可用茯苓半夏汤加生姜、橘皮）呕吐而脉象微弱，小便清长，身体微热，四肢厥冷的，大多难以治疗。（可用四逆汤加生姜）
（热邪位于胃脘心下部导致痞结，所以引起干呕）
太阳病表现为汗出、干呕的，（可用桂枝汤）少阴病表现为下利、干呕的，（可用姜附汤）表证未解，心下有停饮，身体微热，干呕伴轻微气喘，或者自发性下利的，（可用小青龙汤）太阳病头痛，心下痞塞，硬满不适，干呕，短气，汗出，不恶寒，这是表证已解但里证未调和的表现。（可用十枣汤）膈上有寒饮停留，引起干呕的，（可用四逆汤）少阴病表现为下利，四肢厥逆，无脉，干呕且心烦的，（可用白虎汤加猪胆汁）
Vomiting (Ou) refers to the expulsion of contents accompanied by sound and substance, occurring gradually. Spitting up (Tu) refers to the expulsion of substance without sound, occurring abruptly. Dry heaving (Gan Ou) refers to making sounds without expelling any substance. Vomiting may be caused by either Cold (Han) or Heat (Re), whereas pure spitting up is exclusively due to Cold and not Heat. Generally, when pathogenic factors transmit to the interior, vomiting symptoms are common. Ginger (Shengjiang) is regarded as the holy medicine for vomiting; it disperses rebellious Qi. Pinellia (Banxia) is an essential medicine for vomiting; it eliminates phlegm and fluid retention. Even if a patient with vomiting presents Yangming disease (Yangming syndrome) symptoms, purgative methods should not be used, because the rebellious Qi has not yet converged, so it cannot be diagnosed as an Excess syndrome. If it is a Heat pattern, the pulse is rapid, accompanied by irritability and thirst; if it is a Cold pattern, the pulse is slow, accompanied by cold limbs. In cases of internal fluid retention, there is thirst followed by vomiting; in cases of abdominal fullness and palpitations; and if pus and blood are expelled, recovery occurs naturally once they are fully vomited out, requiring no special treatment.
When vomiting begins at the onset of illness, it indicates that Cold has injured the Stomach. (Use Huoxiang Zhengqi San [Agastache Powder to Regulate the Qi]) When Taiyang disease (Taiyang syndrome) and Yangming disease coexist, with no diarrhea but only vomiting, (use Gegen Banxia Tang [Kudzu and Pinellia Decoction]). For vomiting caused by Yangming disease, if symptoms worsen after taking decoctions, the pathology belongs to the Upper Jiao (Upper Burner). (Use Gegen Banxia Tang [Kudzu and Pinellia Decoction]). When Taiyang disease and Shaoyang disease (Shaoyang syndrome) coexist, with both diarrhea and vomiting, (use Huangqin Banxia Shengjiang Tang [Scutellaria, Pinellia, and Fresh Ginger Decoction]). For cases with alternating chills and fever accompanied by vomiting, or fever during the Shen hour (3-5 PM) accompanied by vomiting, (use Xiaochaihu Tang [Minor Bupleurum Decoction] added with Banxia and Shengjiang). For cases with tidal fever, constipation, and vomiting, (use Daxiehu Tang [Major Bupleurum Decoction]). For Taiyin disease presenting with abdominal fullness and pain, and a deep pulse, (use Lizhong Tang [Regulate the Middle Decoction] added with Huoxiang, Shengjiang, and Ju Pi). For Shaoyin disease presenting with vomiting, cold limbs, and a deep-thin pulse, (use Sini Tang [Frigid Extremities Decoction] added with Ju Pi, Banxia, and Shengjiang). For Jueyin disease presenting with salivation, cold limbs, and a deep-micro pulse, (use Zhuyu Sini Tang [Cornus and Frigid Extremities Decoction] added with Ju Pi and Banxia). For Shaoyin disease presenting with the urge to vomit but inability to do so, drowsiness, diarrhea and thirst after five to six days, and white urine, (use Sini Tang [Frigid Extremities Decoction]). For sensations resembling vomiting or panting, with indescribable mental restlessness, (Da Jupi Tang [Large Tangerine Peel Decoction] is indicated). For vomiting caused by deficiency-heat and irritability, (use Zhuye Shigao Tang [Bamboo Leaf and Gypsum Decoction] added with Shengjiang and Ju Pi). For thirst following vomiting, fluids should be administered to quench thirst; for vomiting following thirst, it indicates fluid retention in the epigastrium. (Use Fuling Banxia Tang [Poria and Pinellia Decoction] added with Shengjiang and Ju Pi). For vomiting with a weak pulse, clear urination, slight body heat, and cold limbs, the prognosis is generally poor. (Use Sini Tang [Frigid Extremities Decoction] added with Shengjiang).
(Dry heaving occurs because Heat is located in the stomach epigastrium, causing stagnation.)
For Taiyang disease presenting with sweating and dry heaving, (use Guizhi Tang [Cinnamon Twig Decoction]). For Shaoyin disease presenting with diarrhea and dry heaving, (use Jiangfu Tang [Ginger and Aconite Decoction]). When the exterior syndrome is unresolved, with fluid retention in the epigastrium, slight body heat, dry heaving with mild asthma, or spontaneous diarrhea, (use Xiao Qinglong Tang [Minor Green Dragon Decoction]). For Taiyang headache, epigastric stuffiness, hardness and fullness, dry heaving, shortness of breath, sweating, and aversion to cold being absent, this indicates that the exterior is resolved but the interior is unharmonized. (Use Shizao Tang [Ten Jujubes Decoction]). For cold-fluid retention above the diaphragm causing dry heaving, (use Sini Tang [Frigid Extremities Decoction]). For Shaoyin disease presenting with diarrhea, cold extremities, absence of pulse, dry heaving, and irritability, (use Baihu Tang [White Tiger Decoction] added with Porcine Bile).