散加升麻就本方加葛根甘草以解其斑少加白术茯苓以除湿而利小便人参藿香木香和脾胃进饮食 咀一两煎服再服斑退
而利止身温而神出次服异功散治中汤辛温之剂一二服五日得平止药或曰病虽稍愈勿药可乎予曰药攻邪也内经曰治病以
平为期邪气既去强之以药变证随起不若以饮食调养待其真气来复此不药而药不治而治之理旬日良愈(必察其下者谦甫谓
时下之宜也)
活 若病患寒热而厥面色不泽冒昧而两手忽无脉或一手无脉者必是有正汗也多用绵衣裹手足令温暖急服五味子汤
或兼与麻黄细辛甘草汤之类服之 时必有大汗而解矣
五味子汤 治伤寒喘促脉伏而厥
人参 麦门冬(去心) 杏仁(去皮尖) 生姜 陈皮(各二钱半) 大枣(二枚) 五味子(半两)上 咀水煎
服
戴 阴阳之病皆能发厥故有阳厥有阴厥皆病之深也二厥惟阳厥易误当问其初得病如何若初得病头不痛四肢逆冷足
多挛卧而恶寒或汗自引衣盖覆或不渴或利清谷或小便自调人多惺惺而静此寒厥也是为阴中之阴宜四逆汤附子理中汤若
初得病头痛身热外别有阳证至五六日方发厥其人虽厥或畏热或饮水或扬手掷足烦躁不得眠大便秘小便赤多昏愦者此热
厥也是为阴中之阳宜白虎汤或大承气汤热厥虽手足冷而指甲却暖不若寒厥并指甲俱冷此辨阴阳要法也近有阳病自腰以
上极热两脚常冷盖三阴脉上不至头故头不疼三阳脉下不至足故足冷也南阳谓伤寒手足必微冷若手足自温者系太阴也说
欠分晓若阳明手足安得微冷少阴厥阴而大冷安得言微冷但当言三阴经少阴厥阴手足厥冷惟有太阴手足自温耳
陶 阴阳二厥治之一差死生立判阳厥者先自三阳气分因感寒邪起于头痛发热恶寒已后传进三阴血分变出四逆厥逆
乍温大便燥实谵语发渴扬手掷足不恶寒反怕热或腹痛后重泄利稠粘小便赤涩脉沉有力此见传经热证谓之阳厥阳极发厥
者即阳证似阴外虽有厥冷内有热邪耳盖因大便失下使血气不通故手温乍冷乍温也如火炼金热极金反化水寒极水反成冰
而能载物厥微热亦微四逆散厥深热亦深大承气若不明此复投热药如抱薪救火夫阴厥者乃三阴血分自受寒邪初病无身热
头痛就便恶寒四肢厥冷直至臂胫以上过乎肘膝不温引衣蜷卧不渴兼或腹痛吐泻小便清白或战栗面如刀刮口吐涎沫脉沉
迟无力此为阴经直中真寒证不从阳经传入谓之阴厥也轻则理中重则四逆又有病自阳经传入目下系阴证而厥者亦阴厥也
且夫人之手足乃胃土之末凡脾胃有热手足必热脾胃有寒手足必寒此理之常也至于亢极反成兼化此又事之变也学人于此
宜致力也
吴 大抵伤寒发厥正气已极宜速加治夫阳厥者必先因热甚不解而致刘河间谓肢体厥冷惟心胸有热大便秘者以凉膈
散养阴退阳不宜速下若大便不秘者以黄连解毒汤主之凡厥证可下者内有燥屎也以手摩病患脐腹或硬满或痛者是也若腹
中转失气气出极臭者或绕脐刺痛者以有燥屎也轻则调胃承气重则大承气或用凉水调下元明粉一二钱亦佳或用鸡清入蜜
水和一瓯调入好芒硝末二三钱最效大抵阳厥以脉滑别之则无差也凡阴厥者必先因肾气虚寒或复着外寒或误服寒凉之药
或误下之则积阴盛于下微阳衰于上遂发厥逆其脉沉细而微按之全无者是也宜四逆汤急温之冷甚者治例与阴毒同也凡尸
厥者经言少阴脉不至肾气微奔气促迫宗气反聚血结心下阳气退下热归阴股而为尸厥也急宜刺期门巨阙昔扁鹊治 虢太
子病尸厥针三阳五会穴而愈盖以阳脉下坠阴脉上争宗气聚而不通上有绝阳之络下有破阴之纽破阴绝阳之色以发脉乱故
形静厥冷昏沉如死人之状名曰尸厥宜阴毒例中求之凡伤寒寒热而厥面色不泽冒昧两手无脉或一手无脉此将有好汗出如
亢阳欲雨之状多用绵衣包暖手足急用五味子汤或兼与桂枝麻黄各半汤汗之而愈若脉不至汗不出者死
针灸 治伤寒手足逆冷 大都(一分)
伤寒六脉俱无 复溜(补大回六脉) 合谷 中极 支沟(一寸半此穴和脉绝穴) 复溜(顺骨而下) 巨阙(三
寸三分) 气冲(灸七壮)
尸厥 少阴脉不至肾气微少精血奔气促迫上入胸膈荣气反聚血结心下阳气退下热归阴股与阴相动令身不仁此为尸厥当刺期门
在原有方剂基础上加入升麻,并在原方中加入葛根、甘草以消退斑疹;少量加入白术、茯苓以祛除湿邪并通利小便;用人参、藿香、木香调和脾胃,促进饮食摄入。将药材切碎,取一两加水煎煮服用。再次服药后,斑疹消退,腹泻停止,身体转温,神志清醒。随后服用异功散或治中汤等辛温性质的药剂一二服,五日内病情平稳,停药。有人问:病虽然稍有好转,是否可以不再用药?我回答说:药物是用来攻伐邪气的,《内经》说治病以求平衡为度。既然邪气已经去除,如果强行继续用药,变证就会随之而起,不如通过饮食调养,等待人体真气恢复。这就是“不药而药”、“不治而治”的道理,大约十日后即可痊愈。(必须仔细检查是否有应当使用下法的情况,谦甫认为当下则当下。)
活人书观点:如果病患出现寒热交替且四肢厥冷,面色无光泽,神志昏蒙,两手突然摸不到脉搏,或者只有一手无脉,这必定是正气来复将要出正汗的表现。多用绵衣包裹手足使其温暖,立即服用五味子汤,或者配合服用麻黄细辛甘草汤之类的方剂。此时必定会大汗淋漓而病解。
五味子汤:治疗伤寒引起的喘促、脉伏及四肢厥冷。
组成:人参、麦门冬(去心)、杏仁(去皮尖)、生姜、陈皮(各二钱半),大枣(两枚),五味子(半两)。以上药材切碎,加水煎煮服用。
戴元礼观点:阴阳之病都能导致厥证,所以有阳厥和阴厥,这都是病情深重的表现。这两种厥证中,阳厥容易误诊。应当询问患者初得病时的情况。如果初得病时头不痛,四肢逆冷,足部多呈蜷缩卧姿且恶寒,或者出汗后喜欢拉衣服盖住身体,或者口不渴,或者泻下清谷,或者小便正常,人多表现为清醒安静,这是寒厥,属于阴中之阴,适宜用四逆汤或附子理中汤。如果初得病时头痛身热,外有阳证,到了五六天才发厥,其人虽然四肢厥冷,但可能怕热、想喝水、扬手掷足、烦躁不得睡眠,大便秘结,小便赤涩,多伴有神志昏沉者,这是热厥,属于阴中之阳,适宜用白虎汤或大承气汤。热厥虽然手足冷,但指甲却是温暖的,不像寒厥那样手脚和指甲都冷,这是辨别阴阳的关键方法。近来有阳病患者自腰部以上极热,两脚常冷,这是因为三阴经脉上行不到头部,所以头不疼;三阳经脉下行不到足部,所以足冷。南阳先生曾说伤寒手足必然微冷,如果手足自温的,属于太阴病。这种说法欠分晓。如果是阳明病,手足怎么会微冷?少阴、厥阴病手足大冷,怎么能说是微冷?只应该说三阴经中,少阴、厥阴手足厥冷,唯有太阴经手足自温罢了。
陶华观点:阴阳二厥的治疗,一旦差错,生死立判。阳厥者,起初在三阳气分因感受寒邪而起,始于头痛、发热、恶寒,之后传入三阴血分,变出四逆、厥逆,有时体温乍暖,大便燥实,谵语,发渴,扬手掷足,不恶寒反怕热,或者腹痛后重,泄利稠粘,小便赤涩,脉沉有力,这是传经热证,称为阳厥。阳极发厥,即阳证似阴,外虽有厥冷,内有热邪。大概是因为大便不通,使气血运行不畅,所以手部温度忽冷忽热。这就好比火炼金,热极了金反而化为水;寒极了水反而结成冰,但冰仍能承载物体。厥微热亦微,用四逆散;厥深热亦深,用大承气汤。如果不明白这个道理,再投以热药,如同抱薪救火。至于阴厥者,乃是三阴血分直接感受寒邪,初病时无身热、头痛,即便恶寒,四肢厥冷,直至手臂和小腿以上超过肘膝都不温暖,拉衣服蜷缩卧倒,口不渴,兼或有腹痛吐泻,小便清白,或者战栗,面色如刀刮般苍白,口吐涎沫,脉沉迟无力,这是阴经直中的真寒证,不从阳经传入,称为阴厥。轻症用理中汤,重症用四逆汤。又有病从阳经传入,眼下表现为阴证而发厥的,也是阴厥。况且人的手足是胃土之末,凡脾胃有热,手足必热;脾胃有寒,手足必寒,这是常理。至于亢盛至极反而发生兼化,这是事物的变化。学者对此应当致力研究。
吴崑观点:大抵伤寒发厥,正气已极度虚弱,应当迅速治疗。夫阳厥者,必先因热甚不解而导致。刘河间认为肢体厥冷唯独心胸有热,大便秘结的用凉膈散养阴退阳,不宜速下;若大便不秘结的,以黄连解毒汤主治。凡是厥证可以用下法的,体内必有燥屎。用手抚摸病患脐腹部,如果感觉硬满或疼痛,就是燥屎内结。如果腹部转动时有失气,气体排出极臭,或者绕脐刺痛,就是有燥屎。轻则用调胃承气汤,重则用大承气汤。或者用凉水调服玄明粉一二钱也很好。或者用鸡蛋白加入蜂蜜和水一杯,调入好芒硝末二三钱,效果最佳。大抵阳厥可以通过脉滑来辨别,这样就不会出差错。凡阴厥者,必先因肾气虚寒,或者又遭受外寒,或者误服寒凉药物,或者误用下法,导致积阴盛于下,微阳衰于上,于是发厥逆。其脉沉细而微,按之完全无力,这是应当用四逆汤急温之的情况。寒冷严重的,治疗条例与阴毒相同。凡尸厥者,经文说少阴脉不至,肾气微弱,奔气急促逼迫,宗气反而聚积,血结于心下,阳气退下,热归阴股,从而形成尸厥。应当紧急针刺期门穴、巨阙穴。昔日扁鹊治疗虢太子患尸厥病,针刺三阳五会穴而痊愈。大概是因为阳脉下坠,阴脉上争,宗气聚而不通,上有绝阳之络,下有破阴之纽,破阴绝阳之色显现,脉乱,所以形体静止、厥冷、昏沉如死人状,名叫尸厥。应当在阴毒例中寻找治疗方法。凡是伤寒寒热而厥,面色无光泽,神志昏蒙,两手无脉或一手无脉,这是将要出好汗的前兆,如同亢阳欲雨之状。多用绵衣包裹暖手足,紧急用五味子汤,或者配合桂枝麻黄各半汤发汗而愈。如果脉不至且汗不出者,预后不良,主死。
针灸治疗伤寒手足逆冷:大都穴(刺一分)。
伤寒六脉俱无:复溜穴(补法可回六脉),合谷穴,中极穴,支沟穴(刺一寸半,此穴为和脉绝穴),复溜穴(顺骨而下刺),巨阙穴(刺三寸三分),气冲穴(灸七壮)。
尸厥:少阴脉不至,肾气微,少精血,奔气促迫,上入胸膈,荣气反聚,血结心下,阳气退下,热归阴股,与阴相动,令身不仁,此为尸厥,当刺期门穴。
In the original formula, add Shengma (Rhizoma Cimicifugae). Additionally add Gegen (Puerariae Radix) and Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) to resolve macules. Add a small amount of Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) and Fuling (Poria) to remove dampness and promote urination. Use Renshen (Ginseng Radix), Huoxiang (Agastaches Herba), and Muxiang (Aucklandiae Radix) to harmonize the spleen and stomach and promote appetite. Decoct one qian (approx. 3-5g depending on historical context, here likely referring to a portion size for decoction) with water and take orally. After repeated administration, the macules recede, diarrhea stops, the body becomes warm, and consciousness returns. Subsequently administer Yigong San (Five-Agent Powder) or Zhizhong Tang (Decoction to Regulate the Middle) or other acrid-warm preparations for one to two doses. Within five days, the condition stabilizes, and medication can be stopped. Someone asked: "Although the illness has slightly improved, is it acceptable to stop medication?" I replied: "Medications are used to attack pathogens. The *Neijing* states that treatment aims at restoring balance. Once the pathogen is eliminated, forcing further medication may induce transformation syndromes. It is better to rely on dietary nourishment and wait for the true qi to recover. This is the principle of 'treating without medicine' and 'curing without intervention.' Recovery will likely occur within ten days." (One must carefully examine if purgation is indicated; Qianfu believed that when purgation is suitable, it should be performed.)
Huoren Shu (Manual of Living People) perspective: If a patient presents with alternating chills and fever accompanied by cold extremities, lackluster complexion, mental confusion, and sudden absence of pulse in both hands, or only one hand, this indicates that normal sweating (Zheng Han) is about to occur as a sign of righteous qi recovery. Wrap the hands and feet in cotton cloth to keep them warm, and immediately administer Wuweizi Tang (Schisandra Decoction), or combine it with Mahuang Xixin Gancao Tang (Ephedra, Asarum, and Licorice Decoction). At this time, profuse sweating will occur, leading to resolution of the disease.
Wuweizi Tang (Schisandra Decoction): Treats asthma and panting, submerged pulse, and cold extremities caused by Cold Damage.
Ingredients: Renshen (Ginseng Radix), Maidong (Ophiopogonis Radix, heart removed), Xingren (Prunus Armeniaca Seed, skin and tip removed), Shengjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens), Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) (each 2.5 qian), Dazao (Jujubae Fructus) (two fruits), Wuweizi (Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus) (0.5 liang). Chop the ingredients, decoct with water, and take orally.
Dai Yuanli's perspective: Both Yin and Yang diseases can cause Jue (syncope/cold extremities), hence there are Yang Jue and Yin Jue, both indicating deep-seated disease. Among these two, Yang Jue is prone to misdiagnosis. One must inquire about the initial presentation. If initially the head was not painful, limbs were cold, legs were curled up with aversion to cold, or the patient sweated and preferred covering themselves with clothes, or had no thirst, or suffered from clear watery diarrhea, or had normal urination, and the person remained alert and quiet, this is Cold Jue, belonging to Yin within Yin. Si Ni Tang (Frigid Extremities Decoction) or Fuzi Lizhong Tang (Aconite Decoction to Regulate the Middle) are appropriate. If initially there was headache and fever with exterior Yang signs, and Jue developed after five to six days, although the limbs are cold, the patient may fear heat, desire water, toss arms and legs, suffer from restlessness and insomnia, constipation, dark urine, and often present with mental confusion, this is Heat Jue, belonging to Yang within Yin. Bai Hu Tang (White Tiger Decoction) or Da Cheng Qi Tang (Great Order the Qi Decoction) are appropriate. In Heat Jue, although hands and feet are cold, the fingernails remain warm, unlike Cold Jue where hands, feet, and nails are all cold. This is a key method for distinguishing Yin and Yang. Recently, some patients with Yang disease have extreme heat above the waist and constant coldness in both legs. This is because the Three Yin meridians do not ascend to the head, so there is no headache; the Three Yang meridians do not descend to the feet, so the feet are cold. Nanyang stated that in Cold Damage, hands and feet must be slightly cold; if they are naturally warm, it belongs to Taiyin. This explanation is insufficient. How could Yangming disease present with slightly cold hands and feet? Shaoyin and Jueyin diseases present with severe coldness, which cannot be described as "slightly cold." One should only say that among the Three Yin meridians, Shaoyin and Jueyin present with cold extremities, while only Taiyin presents with naturally warm hands and feet.
Tao Hua's perspective: Treatment of Yin and Yang Jue, if mistaken, leads to immediate death or life. Yang Jue originates in the Qi aspect of the Three Yang meridians due to cold pathogen invasion, starting with headache, fever, and aversion to cold, then transmitting to the Blood aspect of the Three Yin meridians, manifesting as Si Ni (Frigid Extremities) and Jue, sometimes with transient warmth, dry hard stool, delirium, thirst, tossing of limbs, aversion to heat rather than cold, abdominal pain with tenesmus, sticky diarrhea, dark scanty urine, and a deep, forceful pulse. This is a transmitted heat syndrome called Yang Jue. Extreme Yang generates Jue, meaning Yang syndrome mimics Yin: externally there is coldness, internally there is heat. This is generally due to unrelieved constipation causing stagnation of Qi and Blood, resulting in fluctuating hand temperature. Just as fire smelting gold turns it to water when extremely hot, or freezing water turns to ice but still bears weight: slight Jue implies slight heat, treated with Si Ni San (Frigid Extremities Powder); deep Jue implies deep heat, treated with Da Cheng Qi Tang. If this is not understood and hot medicines are administered, it is like adding firewood to save a fire. Yin Jue occurs when the Three Yin Blood aspect directly suffers cold pathogen invasion. Initially, there is no fever or headache, only aversion to cold and cold extremities extending beyond elbows and knees, curling up with desire to cover, no thirst, possibly abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, clear urine, shivering, pale face, salivation, and a deep, slow, weak pulse. This is a True Cold syndrome directly entering the Yin meridians, not transmitting from Yang, called Yin Jue. Mild cases use Lizhong Tang (Regulate the Middle Decoction), severe cases use Si Ni Tang. Also, if a disease transmits from Yang meridians and currently presents as Yin syndrome with Jue, it is also Yin Jue. Furthermore, hands and feet are the extremities of Stomach Earth. Generally, Spleen/Stomach heat causes hot hands and feet; Spleen/Stomach cold causes cold hands and feet. This is the norm. However, extreme excess may transform into mixed characteristics, which is a variation. Students should study this diligently.
Wu Kun's perspective: Generally, Jue in Cold Damage indicates extreme depletion of righteous Qi, requiring rapid treatment. Yang Jue is caused by unresolved intense heat. Liu Hejian stated that limb coldness with chest/heart heat and constipation should be treated with Liang Ge San (Cool the Diaphragm Powder) to nourish Yin and retreat Yang, avoiding rapid purgation. If stool is not constipated, Huanglian Jiedu Tang (Coptis Decoction to Resolve Toxicity) is primary. For Jue syndromes treatable by purgation, there is dry feces inside. Palpate the umbilical area; hardness, fullness, or pain indicates dry feces. Flatus with foul odor or periumbilical stabbing pain confirms dry feces. Mild cases use Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang (Regulate the Stomach and Order the Qi Decoction), severe cases use Da Cheng Qi Tang. Alternatively, mix Xuanming Fen (Natrii Sulfas) with cool water (1-2 qian) for oral intake, which is also good. Or mix chicken egg white with honey and water, add Mangxiao (Natrii Sulfas) powder (2-3 qian), which is most effective. Yang Jue can be distinguished by a slippery pulse, ensuring accuracy. Yin Jue is caused by Kidney Qi deficiency and cold, external cold exposure, or error in administering cold/purgative medicines, leading to accumulation of Yin at the lower jiao and decline of Yang at the upper jiao, causing Jue. The pulse is deep, fine, and minute, disappearing upon pressure. Si Ni Tang should be used urgently to warm. Severe cold follows the protocol for Yin Du (Yin Toxin). Corpse Jue (Shi Jue) is described in classics: Shaoyin pulse does not reach, Kidney Qi is weak, Jing/Essence and Blood are deficient, rushing Qi is urgent, Zong Qi gathers, Blood knots below the Heart, Yang Qi retreats downward, Heat returns to the Yin thighs, interacting with Yin, causing insensibility. This is Shi Jue. Urgently puncture Qimen (LR14) and Juque (CV14). Bian Que cured the Crown Prince of Guo of Shi Jue by puncturing Sanyang Wuhui (GV20). This is because Yang meridians sink, Yin meridians rise, Zong Qi gathers and obstructs, there are severed Yang collaterals above and broken Yin ties below, causing pulse chaos, resulting in stillness, coldness, coma resembling death. Seek treatment methods in the Yin Du category. For Cold Damage with chills/fever, Jue, lackluster face, confusion, absent pulses in one or both hands, this indicates impending beneficial sweating, like rain following extreme heat. Wrap hands/feet warmly, urgently use Wuweizi Tang, or combine with Guizhi Mahuang Banxia Tang (Half-Guizhi Half-Mahuang Decoction) to induce sweat for cure. If pulse is absent and no sweat occurs, prognosis is fatal.
Acupuncture:
Treat Cold Damage with cold extremities: Dadu (SP2) (needle 1 fen).
Cold Damage with absence of all six pulses: Fuliou (KI7) (tonify to restore six pulses), Hegu (LI4), Zhongji (CV3), Zhigou (SJ6) (needle 1.5 cun, this point harmonizes pulse absence), Fuliou (KI7) (needle along bone downwards), Juque (CV14) (needle 3.3 cun), Qichong (ST30) (moxibustion 7 cones).
Corpse Jue: Shaoyin pulse does not reach, Kidney Qi is weak, Essence/Blood deficient, rushing Qi urgent, ascending to chest/diaphragm, Ying Qi gathers, Blood knots below Heart, Yang retreats, Heat returns to Yin thighs, interacting with Yin causing insensibility. This is Shi Jue, puncture Qimen (LR14).