腹痛有寒热二候，则烦满气粗，口渴噎气，倍食停滞，或宿血结聚者，是属热也。
若肠鸣泻痢，时时少痛，不甚不己，口吐苦涎，重按则愈，此属寒也。如身发大热，而
腹痛酷喜重裘按肚者，此表热内寒也。
蓄血俗名内伤，或积劳，或多怒，或饱后行房，或负重努力，或登高坠下，或奔逐
过急，皆致蓄血，其症多发热而类外感，但不头痛不作渴，天明少间，至午复剧，汗多
至颈而还，自汗无气以息，目光短不得卧，不思饮食，二便自利，小便或赤，大便或
泻，小腹急，大便黑，小便自利，如狂喜忘者是也，治宜辛温行血，佐以咸寒，如桃
仁、红花、延胡、郁金、归尾、苏木、降香、赤芍、五灵脂、蒲黄、红曲、牛膝、韭
汁、花蕊石、大黄之类。瘀血行后，宜补脾和肝，调和气血为主。海藏曰∶大凡血症，
皆不饮水，惟气症则饮水，蓄血发躁，而内不渴，虽漱水而不欲咽也。
囊缩者，有阳有阴。阳症囊缩者，因热极筋枯而燥缩也，急用大承气汤下之。阴症
囊缩者，因寒极筋软而收缩也，急用四逆汤加吴茱萸汤温之。妇人无囊，观其乳头缩者
是也。凡治此症，先灸关元、气海、丹田及蒸熨脐法甚效，至于阴缩者，肝筋寒也。阴
挺者，肝筋热也。
凡循衣摸床，直视谵语，脉弦者，生脉涩者，死。小便利者，可治，以其肺气犹
降，膀胱犹能化气而肾水未枯也。不利者，不可治，谓津液枯竭也，此乃肝热乘肺，元
气虚衰，不能主持，阴阳二气俱绝，名撮空症也。极虚之候，不论伤寒何病，俱以大剂
参，或八珍、或独参汤峻补之，多有活者。若大便秘结，撮空谵语燥渴者，此为实
热，宜承气汤下之。
腹痛有寒证和热证两种表现。如果是烦躁胀满、气粗、口渴、嗳气、饮食停滞，或者宿血结聚的，属于热证。
如果是肠鸣腹泻痢疾，时常轻微疼痛，痛势不剧烈但持续不止，口吐苦味涎沫，重按腹部则疼痛缓解的，属于寒证。如果身体发大热，而腹痛极度喜欢用厚衣被按压肚子的，这是表热里寒证。
蓄血（俗称内伤），或因积劳，或因多怒，或饱食后行房事，或负重用力，或登高坠落，或奔跑追逐过急，都会导致蓄血。其症状多发热且类似外感病，但不头痛、不口渴，清晨稍轻，到中午加重，汗出只到颈部即止，自汗且气息微弱，目光短促不能安卧，不思饮食，大小便通畅，小便有时发红，大便有时泄泻，小腹拘急，大便色黑，小便通利，出现如狂、健忘等症状。治疗宜用辛温活血药，佐以咸寒药，如桃仁、红花、延胡索、郁金、当归尾、苏木、降香、赤芍、五灵脂、蒲黄、红曲、牛膝、韭汁、花蕊石、大黄等。瘀血消散后，宜补脾和肝，以调和气血为主。张元素（海藏）说：大凡血症，都不想喝水，只有气滞症才想喝水；蓄血证虽然烦躁，但内部并不口渴，即使漱口也不愿咽下。
阴囊收缩（囊缩），有阳证和阴证之分。阳证囊缩，是因为热极导致筋脉干枯而燥缩，急需使用大承气汤（Major Chengqi Decoction）攻下。阴证囊缩，是因为寒极导致筋脉软弱而收缩，急需使用四逆汤（Sini Decoction）加吴茱萸汤（Evodia Decoction）温补。女性没有阴囊，观察其乳头收缩即可判断此类病症。凡是治疗此症，先灸关元穴、气海穴、丹田穴以及采用蒸熨脐部的方法非常有效。至于阴茎内缩（阴缩），是肝经筋脉受寒所致。子宫脱垂（阴挺），是肝经筋脉受热所致。
凡是出现手循摸衣被床沿、两眼直视、胡言乱语、脉象弦硬的，预后良好可生；脉象涩滞的，预后不良主死。小便通利的，可以治疗，因为肺气尚能肃降，膀胱尚能化气，肾水未枯竭。小便不利的，不可治疗，说明津液枯竭，这是肝热乘袭肺脏，元气虚衰，不能主持，阴阳二气俱绝的表现，称为撮空症（Grabbing at Empty Air Syndrome）。这是极度虚弱的征候，不论伤寒何种疾病，都应用大剂量人参，或八珍汤（Bazhen Decoction），或独参汤（Ginseng Single Herb Decoction）峻补，大多能救活。如果大便秘结，撮空谵语且燥渴的，此为实热证，宜用承气汤攻下。
Abdominal pain presents with two patterns: cold and heat. If accompanied by irritability, fullness, coarse breathing, thirst, belching, food stagnation, or the accumulation of old blood, it belongs to the Heat pattern.
If accompanied by borborygmus, diarrhea, or dysentery, frequent mild pain that is not severe but persistent, vomiting of bitter saliva, and relief upon deep pressure on the abdomen, it belongs to the Cold pattern. If the body has a high fever while abdominal pain strongly desires heavy pressure from thick quilts, this indicates Exterior Heat with Interior Cold.
"Accumulated Blood" (commonly known as internal injury), caused by chronic fatigue, excessive anger, sexual intercourse after a full meal, straining under heavy loads, falling from heights, or running too fast, all lead to accumulated blood. Its symptoms often include fever resembling exterior pathogens, but without headache or thirst. The condition is slightly better in the morning and worsens around noon. Sweating stops at the neck. There is spontaneous sweating and shortness of breath. The gaze is short, unable to lie down comfortably, with no appetite. Urination and defecation are free; urine may be red, stool may be loose. The lower abdomen feels urgent, stool is black, urination is free, and symptoms such as mania-like behavior and forgetfulness occur. Treatment should employ acrid-warm blood-invigorating herbs, assisted by salty-cold herbs, such as Tao Ren (Persicae Semen), Hong Hua (Carthami Flos), Yan Hu Suo (Corydalis Rhizoma), Yu Jin (Curcumae Radix), Gui Wei (Angelicae Sinensis Radix Caulis), Su Mu (Daemonorops Draco), Jiang Xiang (Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum), Chi Shao (Paeoniae Radix Rubra), Wu Ling Zhi (Trogopterori Faeces), Pu Huang (Typhae Pollen), Hong Qu (Monascus Purpureus), Niu Xi (Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix), Jiu Zhi (Allii Tuberosi Juice), Hua Rui Shi (Rhabdodonis Pulvis), and Da Huang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma). After the stasis resolves, the focus should be on tonifying the Spleen and harmonizing the Liver, primarily to regulate Qi and Blood. Zhang Congzheng (Hai Zang) stated: Generally, patients with blood disorders do not desire water, whereas those with Qi disorders do. In accumulated blood cases, although there is restlessness, there is no interior thirst; even if one rinses the mouth with water, they do not wish to swallow it.
Retraction of the scrotum (Nuo Suo) can be either Yang or Yin. In Yang pattern retraction, extreme heat causes tendons to dry up and retract; urgently use Da Cheng Qi Tang (Major Chengqi Decoction) to purge. In Yin pattern retraction, extreme cold causes tendons to soften and contract; urgently use Si Ni Tang (Sini Decoction) combined with Wu Zhu Yu Tang (Evodia Decoction) to warm. Women do not have a scrotum; observe retraction of the nipples to identify this condition. For treating these conditions, moxibustion on Guan Yuan (CV-4), Qi Hai (CV-6), Dan Tian, and steaming/warming the navel method are very effective. Retraction of the penis (Yin Suo) is due to cold in the Liver tendons. Prolapse of the uterus (Yin Ting) is due to heat in the Liver tendons.
In cases of grasping at empty air (Xun Yi Mo Chuang), fixed staring, delirious speech, and a wiry pulse, the prognosis is good (life); if the pulse is choppy, the prognosis is poor (death). If urination is free, it is treatable because Lung Qi can still descend, Bladder can still transform Qi, and Kidney Water is not exhausted. If urination is obstructed, it is untreatable, indicating exhaustion of body fluids. This is Liver Heat attacking the Lung, with deficient and declining Yuan Qi, unable to govern, leading to the exhaustion of both Yin and Yang Qi, named "Grasping at Empty Air Syndrome." This is an extremely deficient state. Regardless of the specific Shanghan disease, large doses of Ren Shen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma), or Ba Zhen Tang (Eight Treasures Decoction), or Du Shen Tang (Single Ginseng Decoction) should be used for vigorous tonification, and many patients survive. If accompanied by constipation, grasping at empty air, delirium, and dry thirst, this is Excess Heat, and Cheng Qi Tang should be used to purge.