临海洪佥事若皋《南沙文集》，谓方书金银玉石铜铁，俱可入汤药，惟锡不入，间用铅
粉，亦与锡异，锡白而铅黑，且须锻作舟粉用之。明名医戴元礼，尝至京，闻一医家，术甚高，
治
锡一块。元礼心异之，叩其故，曰∶此古方尔。殊不知古方乃饧字，饧，即今糯米所煎糖也
。嗟乎！今之庸医，妄谓熟谙古方，大抵皆不辨锡、饧类耳！余谓今之庸医，不特未识古方也
，即寻常药品，亦不能辨其名，有书新会皮作会皮，盖不知新会是地名也，有书抚芎作抚川
芎，盖不知川与抚为二地也，此皆余所目见者。
（炳章）按∶古方之饧，即今饴糖，用大麦芽或糯米蒸煮成之，调补胃气，如小建中汤所
用，即是物也。
医家谓枣百益一损，梨百损一益，韭与茶亦然。余谓人所常食之物，凡和平之品，如参
、苓、莲子、龙眼等，皆百益一损也。凡峻削之品，如槟榔、豆蔻仁、烟草、酒等，皆百损一益
也。有益无损者，惟五谷，至于鸦片烟之有损无益，人皆知之，而嗜之者日众，亦可悯矣。
（炳章）按∶梨性寒液足，脾肾虚寒之体，多食则腹痛便溏，便是损也，若阴虚火旺，干
咳无痰食之，则能润肺化痰，清火滋燥，乃益也。
谷不熟为 ，腹不实为饥，饥之甚为饿， 、饥古异义，后人通用，误也。
（炳章）按∶又有菜不熟为馑，近人 、馑亦合用，为谷菜俱不熟，可也，其义如此。
临海人洪佥事若皋在《南沙文集》中写道，医书中记载金银、玉石、铜、铁等物质都可以入汤药使用，只有锡不能入药。偶尔使用的铅粉，也与锡不同：锡是白色的而铅是黑色的，并且必须经过锻造制成舟粉才能使用。明代名医戴元礼曾到京城，听说有一位医术高明的医生治疗时用了一块锡。戴元礼对此感到奇怪，便询问原因，医生说：“这是古方中的用法。”殊不知古方中的字其实是“饧”（xíng），饧就是今天用糯米熬制的糖。唉！现在的庸医，狂妄地声称自己熟谙古方，大多都是不分辨“锡”和“饧”这两个相似的字罢了！我认为现在的庸医，不仅不认识古方，就连寻常的药品也不能辨别其名称。有的将“新会皮”写成“会皮”，是因为不知道“新会”是地名；有的将“抚芎”写成“抚川芎”，是因为不知道“川”和“抚”是两个不同的产地。这些都是我亲眼所见的事情。
（炳章）按语：古方中的“饧”，就是今天的饴糖，是用大麦芽或糯米蒸煮制成的，能够调补胃气，如小建中汤中所用的，就是这个东西。
医家说枣子是一百个好处只有一个坏处，梨子是一百个坏处只有一个好处，韭菜和茶也是这样。我认为人们常吃的食物中，凡是性质平和的物品，如人参、茯苓、莲子、龙眼等，都是一百个好处只有一个坏处。凡是药性峻烈削伐的物品，如槟榔、豆蔻仁、烟草、酒等，都是一百个坏处只有一个好处。只有五谷是有益无害的。至于鸦片烟是有损无益，人们都知道，但嗜好它的人却越来越多，这也真是令人怜悯啊。
（炳章）按语：梨性寒且汁液充足，脾肾虚寒体质的人多吃会导致腹痛和腹泻，这就是它的“损”；如果是阴虚火旺、干咳无痰的人食用，则能润肺化痰、清火滋润干燥，这就是它的“益”。
谷物不成熟称为“䆫”（chēn），肚子不充实称为“饥”，饥饿到了极点称为“饿”。“䆫”和“饥”在古代意义不同，后人通用混用，是错误的。
（炳章）按语：又有蔬菜不成熟称为“馑”（jǐn），近人也将“䆫”和“馑”合用，表示谷物和蔬菜都不成熟，这也是可以的，其中的含义就是这样。
In the *Nansha Wenji* (Collected Works of Nansha), Hong Ruigao, a Vice Commissioner from Linhai, wrote that in medical texts, gold, silver, jade, stone, copper, and iron are all recorded as substances that can be included in decoctions for medicine. Only tin is excluded. Occasionally used lead powder is also different from tin: tin is white while lead is black, and it must be forged into "zhou fen" (a specific form of powdered metal) before use. Dai Yuanli, a famous physician of the Ming Dynasty, once traveled to the capital. He heard of a practitioner with exceptionally high skills who treated a patient using a piece of tin. Dai Yuanli found this strange and asked for the reason. The doctor replied, "This is according to an ancient prescription." Little did he know that the character in the ancient prescription was actually "Xing" (饧, maltose/syrup). "Xing" refers to the sugar syrup made today from glutinous rice. Alas! Modern mediocre physicians arrogantly claim to be well-versed in ancient prescriptions, yet most fail to distinguish between "Tin" (锡) and "Xing" (饧)! I believe that modern mediocre physicians not only fail to recognize ancient prescriptions but also cannot identify the names of common medicinal materials. Some write "Hui Pi" instead of "Xinhui Pi" because they do not know that "Xinhui" is a place name; some write "Fuchuan Xiong" instead of "Fuxiong" because they do not know that "Chuan" and "Fu" refer to two different regions. These are all things I have witnessed with my own eyes.
(Bingzhang) Note: The "Xing" in ancient prescriptions is what we now call "Yitang" (Maltose Syrup), which is made by steaming or boiling large malt sprouts or glutinous rice. It harmonizes and tonifies Stomach Qi. The substance used in Xiao Jianzhong Tang (Minor Construct the Middle Decoction) is exactly this.
Physicians state that dates have one hundred benefits and only one harm; pears have one hundred harms and only one benefit; leeks and tea are similar. I argue that among commonly consumed foods, those with mild and balanced properties, such as Renshen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma), Fuling (Poria), Lianzi (Nelumbinis Semen), and Longyan Rou (Longan Aril), all fall into the category of having one hundred benefits and one harm. Those with harsh and draining properties, such as Binglang (Areca Seed), Doukou Ren (Amomi Fructus Rotundus), tobacco, and alcohol, all fall into the category of having one hundred harms and one benefit. Only Guwu (Five Grains) are beneficial without harm. As for opium smoke, everyone knows it is harmful without benefit, yet the number of addicts increases daily, which is truly pitiable.
(Bingzhang) Note: Pears are cold in nature and rich in fluids. For individuals with Spleen and Kidney deficiency-cold, excessive consumption leads to abdominal pain and loose stools, which constitutes their "harm." However, for those with Yin deficiency and hyperactive fire, presenting with dry cough and no sputum, consuming pears can moisten the lungs, resolve phlegm, clear heat, and nourish dryness, which constitutes their "benefit."
When grains are not ripe, it is called "Chen" (䆫); when the abdomen is not full, it is called "Ji" (Hunger); extreme hunger is called "E" (Starvation). In ancient times, "Chen" and "Ji" had distinct meanings. Later generations used them interchangeably, which is incorrect.
(Bingzhang) Note: Additionally, when vegetables are not ripe, it is called "Jin" (馑). In recent times, people have combined "Chen" and "Jin" to indicate that both grains and vegetables are unripe, which is acceptable. This is the meaning involved.