经曰∶大肠者，肺之腑也，传道之司，号监仓之官。肺病久，则传入大肠，手阳明
是其经也。寒则泄，热则结，绝则利下不止而死。热极则便血。又〔风中〕大肠则
下血。又实热则〔胀〕满而大便不通；虚寒则滑泄不止。大肠〔者〕，乍虚乍实，乍
来乍去，寒则溏泄，热则后重，有积物则发寒栗而战，热则发渴如疟状。积冷不去，
则当脐痛，不能久立，痛已则泄白物是也。虚则喜满喘嗽，咽中如核妨矣。此乃大
肠虚实寒热，生死〔逆顺〕脉证之法也。
《主治备要》云∶是动则病齿痛，颈肿。是主津液所生病者，目黄，口干，鼽衄，喉
痹，肩前 痛，大指次指〔痛〕不用。气有余，则当脉所过者热肿，虚则寒栗不复。
《脉诀》云∶右寸大肠肺脉之所出也，先以轻手得之，是大肠，属表；后以重手得之，是
肺，属里。肺合皮毛，肺脉循皮毛而行，持脉指法，如三菽之重，按至皮毛而得之者，
为浮；稍稍加力，脉道不利，为涩；又稍加力，脉道缩入关中，上半指不动，下半指微
动者，为短。此乃浮涩而短，肺不病之状也。肺脉本部出于皮毛之上，见于皮肤
之表，是其浮也；入于血脉肌肉之分，是其沉也。
经曰∶〔肾者〕，精神之舍，性命之根，外通于耳，男子以〔藏〕精，女子
以系胞，与膀胱为表里，足少阴（太阳）是其经也。肾气绝，则不尽天命而死也。
旺于冬，其脉沉滑曰平，反此者病。其脉来如弹，〔石〕名曰太过，病在外；其去
如解索，谓之不及，病在内。太过令人解 脊痛，而少气不欲言；不及则令人心悬，
小腹满，小便滑，变黄色。又肾脉来喘喘累累如钩，按之紧曰平；又来如引葛，按
〔之〕益坚曰病；来如转索，辟辟如弹石曰死。又肾脉但石无胃气亦死。肾有水，
则腹胀脐肿，腰重痛，不得溺，阴下湿，如同牛鼻头汗出，〔足〕为逆寒，大便难。
肾病，手足冷，面赤目黄，小便不禁，骨节烦疼，小〔腹〕结瘀热，气上冲心，脉〔当〕
沉〔细〕而滑，今反浮大，其色当黑，〔今反黄〕，其人吸吸少气，两耳
若聋，精自出，饮食少，便下清谷，脉迟可治。冬则脉沉而滑曰平，反浮大
而缓，是土〔来〕克水，〔大逆，十死不治〕；反浮涩而短，是肺〔来〕乘肾，〔虽
病〕，易治；反弦〔细而〕长〔者〕，肝〔来〕乘肾，不治自愈；反浮大而洪，心
〔来〕乘肾，不妨，肾病腹〔大胫〕肿，〔喘咳身重〕，〔寝〕汗出，憎〔风〕。虚则胸
中痛。阴邪入肾，则骨痿腰痛，上引背脊痛。过房，汗出当风，浴水久
立，则肾损。其脉急甚，则病痿；微急则沉厥奔豚，足不收。缓甚则虚损；
微缓则洞泄，食不下，入咽还出。大甚则阴〔痿〕；微大则水气〔起〕脐下，〔其
肿 然〕而上至胸者，死〔不治〕。小甚则（亦）洞泄；微小则消瘅。滑
〔甚〕则癃〔 〕；微滑则骨痿，坐不能起，目视〔见〕花。涩甚则寒壅塞;微涩
则〔不月〕痔疾。其脉〔之〕至〔也〕，坚而大，有〔积〕气在阴中及腹内也，
名〔曰〕肾〔痹〕，得之浴清水，卧湿地来。沉而大坚，浮之而紧，手足肿厥，
阴痿不起，腰背痛，小腹〔肿〕，心下有水气，时胀满〔而〕洞泄，此因浴水未干，
而房事得之也。虚则梦舟（舡）溺人，〔得其时，梦〕伏水中，〔若有所
畏〕；实则梦临〔深〕投水中。肾胀则腹〔痛〕满，引脊腰痹痛。肾病夜半
平，四季甚，下晡静。肾生病，口热舌干，咽肿，上气，嗌干及痛，烦心而痛，
黄胆，肠癖，痿厥，腰脊背急痛，嗜卧，足心热而痛， 酸。肾病久不愈，而膂筋
疼，小便闭，而两胁胀满，目盲者死。肾〔之〕积，〔苦〕腰〔脊〕相引而痛，饥
见饱减，〔此肾中〕寒结在脐下也。积脉来细而软，附于骨者是也，面白目黑，肾
已内伤，八日死。又阴缩，小便不出，出而不止者，亦死。又〔其〕色青黄连耳，
其人年三十许，百日死；若偏在一边，一（年）死。实则烦闷，脐下重；热则口舌焦
而小便涩黄；寒则阴中与腰背俱肿疼，面黑耳聋，干呕而不食，或呕血者是也。又
喉鸣，坐而喘咳，唾血出，亦为肾虚寒，〔气〕欲绝者。此肾脏虚实寒热，生死逆顺
脉证之法也。
《主治备要》云∶是动则病饥不欲〔食〕，面如漆〔柴〕，咳唾则有血，〔喝
喝〕而喘，坐而欲起，目KT KT 〔如〕无所见，心如悬若饥状，气不足则善恐，心
惕惕（然）如人将捕之，是为骨厥。〔是〕主肾所生病者，口热，舌干，咽肿，
上气，嗌干及痛，烦心，〔心〕痛，黄胆，肠 ，〔脊〕股内后廉痛，痿〔厥〕，
嗜卧，足下热而痛也。肾〔苦〕燥，则以辛润之，知母、黄柏是也。肾欲坚，〔坚〕
以知母之苦，补以黄柏之苦，泻以泽泻之咸。肾虚则以熟地黄、黄柏补之。肾本无实，
不可泻，钱氏止有补肾地黄丸，无泻肾之药。肺乃肾之母，金生水，补母故也，又以五
味子补之者是也。
《黄帝内经》说：大肠是肺的腑，负责传导排泄，被称为“监仓之官”。肺病日久，会传入大肠，手阳明大肠经是其所属经脉。感受寒邪则腹泻，感受热邪则便秘；若大肠之气断绝，则出现下利不止而死亡。热邪极盛会导致便血。又有风邪侵入大肠也会导致下血。若是实热证，则腹部胀满且大便不通；若是虚寒证，则滑泄不止。大肠的功能状态忽虚忽实，气机忽来忽去，受寒则大便稀溏，受热则有里急后重感；若有积滞物，则会发冷战栗；受热则口渴如疟疾状。若冷积不去，则肚脐周围疼痛，不能久站，疼痛缓解后会排出白色粘液样物质。虚证则喜欢腹胀、气喘咳嗽，咽喉中有异物感阻碍不适。这是关于大肠虚实寒热以及生死逆顺脉象与证候的判断法则。
《主治备要》说：大肠经发生变动，会出现牙齿疼痛、颈部肿胀的症状。大肠经主要主管津液代谢所生的疾病，症状包括目黄、口干、鼻出血、喉痹（咽喉肿痛闭塞）、肩前部疼痛、食指和拇指疼痛且活动不利。如果经气有余，则在经脉经过的部位出现热肿；如果经气不足，则出现寒战且难以恢复。
《脉诀》说：右寸口脉是大肠和肺脉发出的部位。先用轻手按取得到的是大肠脉，属表；后用重手按取得到的是肺脉，属里。肺合皮毛，肺脉循行于皮毛之中。诊脉指法中，如三片豆叶重量那样轻，按至皮毛处得脉，称为浮脉；稍稍加重力量，脉道运行不畅，称为涩脉；再稍加重力量，脉道收缩进入关部和尺部，手指上半部分不动，下半部分微动，称为短脉。这就是浮、涩、短三种脉象，是肺没有生病的状态。肺脉的本部出于皮毛之上，显现于皮肤表面，这就是浮脉；深入血脉肌肉之间，就是沉脉。
《黄帝内经》说：肾是精神居住的处所，性命的根本，外部通应于耳朵。男子用肾来藏精，女子用肾来系胞宫，肾与膀胱互为表里，足少阴肾经是其所属经脉。肾气断绝，就会未能享尽天年而死。肾气在冬季旺盛，其脉象沉滑为平脉，与此相反则为病脉。其脉来时像弹丸一样坚硬有力，名叫太过，病在外；其脉去时像解开绳索一样散乱，叫做不及，病在内。太过会让人懈怠、脊痛，少气不想说话；不及会让人心中空虚悬吊感，小腹胀满，小便失禁或滑泄，面色变黄。另外，肾脉来时急促累累如钩状，按之紧实为平脉；来时像牵引葛藤一样长而硬，按之更加坚实为病脉；来时像转动绳索，辟辟作响像弹石一样，主死。另外，肾脉只有石脉而无胃气也是死证。肾有水气停聚，则腹部胀大、脐部肿胀，腰部沉重疼痛，无法排尿，阴部潮湿，如同牛鼻子出汗，足部逆冷，大便困难。肾病，手足冰冷，面色赤红，目黄，小便不禁，骨节烦疼，小腹结聚瘀热，气上冲心胸，脉象应当沉细而滑，现在反而浮大，面色应当黑，现在反而黄，病人呼吸浅短少气，两耳好像聋了，精气自出，饮食减少，大便中有未消化的食物，脉迟尚可治疗。冬季脉象沉滑为平脉，如果反而浮大而缓，是土来克水，属于大逆证，十死无救；如果反而浮涩而短，是肺来乘肾，虽然生病，但容易治疗；如果反而弦细而长，是肝来乘肾，不治也会自愈；如果反而浮大而洪，是心来乘肾，不妨碍病情。肾病表现为腹部肿大、小腿肿胀、喘咳身重、睡着出汗、怕风。虚证则胸中疼痛。阴邪侵入肾脏，则骨痿腰痛，向上牵引背部脊柱疼痛。房事过度，出汗当风，长时间站立在水中洗澡，都会损伤肾脏。其脉象紧急严重，则病痿证；轻微紧急则出现厥逆、奔豚气，足部不能收持。脉象缓急严重，则虚损；轻微缓急则洞泄（剧烈腹泻），食物不下咽，吃进去又吐出来。脉象盛大严重，则阳痿；轻微盛大则水气从脐下兴起，肿胀向上延伸至胸部，主死不治。脉象细小严重，则洞泄；微小则消瘅（糖尿病类疾病）。脉象滑利严重，则癃闭（尿潴留）；轻微滑利则骨痿，坐起困难，视物模糊花眼。脉象涩滞严重，则寒邪壅塞；轻微涩滞则月经不来、痔疾。其脉象到来时，坚硬而大，说明阴中和腹内有积气，名叫肾痹，这是由于洗冷水澡、睡湿地引起的。脉象沉而大坚，轻取而紧，手足肿胀厥冷，阳痿不起，腰背疼痛，小腹胀满，心下有停水，时常胀满且洞泄，这是因为洗澡后身体未干就进行房事导致的。虚证则梦见船只溺水之人，得其时令，梦见伏在水下，好像有所畏惧；实证则梦见临近深水跳入水中。肾胀则腹部疼痛胀满，牵引脊柱腰部痹痛。肾病在半夜平稳，四季之时加重，傍晚时分安静。肾生病，口热舌干，咽喉肿胀，气逆上冲，咽喉干燥及疼痛，心烦疼痛，黄疸，痢疾，痿厥，腰脊背部拘急疼痛，嗜睡，足心发热而疼痛，足跟酸痛。肾病久治不愈，导致脊筋疼痛，小便闭塞，两胁胀满，眼睛失明者死。肾的积病，痛苦在于腰脊相互牵引疼痛，饥饿时加重，饱食后减轻，这是肾中寒结在脐下所致。积病的脉象来势细软，附着于骨头上，面色白而目黑，肾已内伤，八日死。又有阴茎内缩，小便不出，或者流出不止的，也是死证。又有面色青黄连及耳部，人约三十岁，百日死；如果颜色偏在一边，一年死。实证则烦闷，脐下沉重；热证则口舌焦枯且小便涩黄；寒证则阴中与腰背都肿胀疼痛，面色黑耳聋，干呕不食，或者呕血的，都是这种情况。又有喉中鸣响，坐着喘咳，唾血出，这也是肾虚寒，气欲断绝的表现。这是关于肾脏虚实寒热以及生死逆顺脉象与证候的判断法则。
《主治备要》说：大肠经发生变动，会出现饥饿但不想进食，面色像漆柴一样黑，咳唾带血，喘息有声，坐着想要起来，眼睛好像看不见东西，心中空虚像饥饿的感觉，气不足则容易恐惧，心神惕惕不安好像有人要抓捕自己，这叫做骨厥。大肠经主要主管大肠所生的疾病，症状包括口热，舌干，咽喉肿胀，气逆上冲，咽喉干燥及疼痛，心烦，心痛，黄疸，痢疾，脊股内侧后方疼痛，痿厥，嗜睡，足下发热而疼痛。肾苦燥，应用辛味药滋润它，知母、黄柏就是这类药。肾欲坚固，用知母的苦味来坚固它，用黄柏的苦味来补益它，用泽泻的咸味来泻除它。肾虚则用熟地黄、黄柏来补益。肾本无实证，不可泻，钱乙只有补肾地黄丸，没有泻肾的药物。肺是肾的母亲，金生水，所以通过补母（肺）来治疗，这也是用五味子来补益的原因。
The *Classic of Medicine* states: The Large Intestine is the fu-organ of the Lung, responsible for transmission and excretion, known as the "Official of Surveillance." When Lung disease persists, it transmits to the Large Intestine; the Hand-Yangming Large Intestine Meridian (Shou Yangming Dachang Jing) is its channel. Cold causes diarrhea, heat causes constipation; if Qi of the Large Intestine is severed, unceasing dysentery occurs leading to death. Extreme heat leads to hematochezia (blood in stool). Wind invading the Large Intestine also causes lower bleeding. Excess-heat results in abdominal distension and inability to pass stool; deficiency-cold results in unceasing slippery diarrhea. The state of the Large Intestine fluctuates between deficiency and excess, with Qi coming and going intermittently. Cold causes loose stools, heat causes tenesmus; if there are accumulated pathogens, chills and tremors occur; heat causes thirst resembling malaria. If cold accumulation persists, periumbilical pain occurs, preventing prolonged standing; after the pain subsides, white mucous discharge is passed. Deficiency manifests as a preference for fullness, wheezing, coughing, and a sensation of a lump obstructing the throat. This describes the methods for judging pulse and syndrome patterns regarding deficiency/excess and cold/heat of the Large Intestine, indicating life/death and favorable/unfavorable outcomes.
The *Zhu Zhi Bei Yao* states: When the meridian moves abnormally, toothache and neck swelling occur. It primarily governs diseases generated by fluids, manifesting as yellow eyes, dry mouth, epistaxis, bi-syndrome of the throat (Hou Bi), pain in the anterior shoulder, and pain or dysfunction of the index and thumb. If Qi is in excess, heat and swelling occur along the meridian's pathway; if deficient, chills occur that do not easily resolve.
The *Mai Jue* states: The Right Cun position is where the pulses of the Large Intestine and Lung emerge. Light pressure reveals the Large Intestine pulse, belonging to the Exterior; heavy pressure reveals the Lung pulse, belonging to the Interior. The Lung governs the skin and hair, and its pulse travels through them. In pulse diagnosis, applying light pressure equivalent to three fava beans, feeling the pulse at the skin level, constitutes a Floating Pulse (Fu Mai); slightly increasing pressure causing sluggish flow constitutes a Choppy Pulse (Se Mai); further increasing pressure causing the pulse to retract into the Guan and Chi positions, with movement only in the lower half of the finger, constitutes a Short Pulse (Duan Mai). These floating, choppy, and short qualities indicate a healthy Lung without disease. The root of the Lung pulse emerges above the skin/hair, appearing on the surface, which is Floating; entering the blood vessels and muscle layers, which is Deep (Chen Mai).
The *Classic of Medicine* states: The Kidney is the residence of Spirit and the root of Life, externally connecting to the ears. In men, it stores Essence; in women, it anchors the Uterus. It forms an interior-exterior relationship with the Bladder, and the Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Meridian (Zu Shaoyin Shen Jing) is its channel. If Kidney Qi is severed, one dies before fulfilling their natural lifespan. It prospers in Winter; a sinking and slippery pulse is normal. Deviation indicates disease. A pulse arriving hard like a stone is called Excessive (Tai Guo), indicating exterior disease; departing loosely like untying a rope is called Insufficient (Bu Ji), indicating interior disease. Excess causes lethargy, spinal pain, shortness of breath, and reluctance to speak; insufficiency causes a hanging sensation in the heart, lower abdominal fullness, urinary incontinence, and yellow complexion. Furthermore, a Kidney pulse arriving hurriedly and continuously like a hook, firm upon pressure, is normal; arriving like pulling a vine, becoming harder upon pressure, indicates disease; arriving like a turning rope, clicking like striking stone, indicates death. A Kidney pulse showing only Stone quality without Stomach Qi also indicates death. Water retention in the Kidney causes abdominal distension, umbilical swelling, heavy painful waist, inability to urinate, dampness in the genital area, sweating on the soles like ox nose sweat, cold feet, and difficult defecation. Kidney disease presents with cold hands and feet, red face, yellow eyes, urinary incontinence, bone joint pain, stasis-heat in the lower abdomen, Qi rushing to the heart. The pulse should be Sinking, Fine, and Slippery; if it becomes Floating and Large instead, and the color turns Yellow instead of Black, with shallow breathing, deafness, seminal emission, poor appetite, undigested food in stool, and a Slow pulse, it is treatable. In Winter, a Sinking and Slippery pulse is normal; if Floating, Large, and Slow instead, Earth overcomes Water, a major reversal, ten deaths, untreatable; if Floating, Choppy, and Short instead, Metal overcomes Water (Lung overcomes Kidney), though sick, easy to treat; if Wiry, Fine, and Long instead, Wood overcomes Water (Liver overcomes Kidney), self-healing without treatment; if Floating, Large, and Surging instead, Fire overcomes Water (Heart overcomes Kidney), not hindering. Kidney disease involves abdominal and calf swelling, wheezing/coughing, heavy body, night sweats, aversion to wind. Deficiency causes chest pain. Yin pathogen entering the Kidney causes bone萎 (Wei Syndrome) and lumbar pain radiating to the spine. Overindulgence in sex, sweating exposed to wind, long standing in water, damages the Kidney. An urgent pulse severely indicates Wei Syndrome; mildly urgent indicates Sinking Jue, Ben Tun Qi, and foot inability to support. A slack pulse severely indicates deficiency; mildly slack indicates Dong Xie (profuse diarrhea), inability to eat, regurgitation. A large pulse severely indicates Impotence; mildly large indicates Water Qi rising from below the navel, swelling up to the chest, indicating death. A small pulse severely indicates Dong Xie; micro-small indicates Xiao Dan (Wasting-Thirst). A slippery pulse severely indicates Long Bi (dysuria); mildly slippery causes bone萎, difficulty sitting/rising, blurred vision. A choppy pulse severely indicates Cold obstruction; mildly choppy causes amenorrhea and hemorrhoids. A pulse arriving firm and large indicates accumulated Qi in the Yin region and abdomen, named Ren Bi (Kidney Bi), caused by bathing in cold water or sleeping on damp ground. A Sinking, Large, Firm pulse, Tight on superficial palpation, with swollen cold extremities, impotence, back pain, lower abdominal swelling, subcardiac fluid retention, bloating, and Dong Xie, is caused by intercourse while wet from bathing. Deficiency dreams of drowning people in boats; during its season, dreams of lying underwater with fear; Excess dreams of jumping into deep water. Kidney distension causes abdominal pain/fullness radiating to the spine/waist. Kidney disease is stable at midnight, worsens during the four seasons, and quiet in the late afternoon. Symptoms include hot mouth, dry tongue, swollen throat, rebellious Qi, dry/painful pharynx, vexing heart pain, jaundice, intestinal dysentery, Wei Jue, stiff painful back/spine, somnolence, hot/painful sole, heel soreness. Chronic untreated Kidney disease leading to dorsal tendon pain, urinary retention, hypochondriac fullness, and blindness is fatal. Kidney Accumulation (Ji) causes mutual pulling pain in waist/spine, worse when hungry, better when full, due to cold knotting below the navel. The accumulation pulse is fine and soft, adhering to the bone; white face, black eyes, internal Kidney injury, death in eight days. Also, penile retraction, urinary retention or incontinence, indicates death. Blue-yellow complexion extending to ears in a thirty-year-old indicates death in 100 days; unilateral discoloration indicates death in one year. Excess causes vexation/heaviness below navel; Heat causes scorched mouth/tongue and dark scanty urine; Cold causes swelling/pain in yin/lower back, black face, deafness, dry retching/anorexia, or hematemesis. Throat rattling, sitting wheezing/coughing, hemoptysis also indicate Kidney deficiency-cold and impending Qi exhaustion. This describes the methods for judging pulse/syndrome patterns of the Kidney regarding deficiency/excess and cold/heat, indicating life/death and favorable/unfavorable outcomes.
The *Zhu Zhi Bei Yao* states: Meridian movement causes hunger without desire to eat, face black like lacquered wood, bloody sputum, noisy wheezing, restlessness wanting to rise, visual impairment, empty heart like hunger, fearfulness due to Qi deficiency, palpitations as if hunted, termed Bone Jue. It governs Kidney-generated diseases: hot mouth, dry tongue, swollen throat, rebellious Qi, dry/painful pharynx, vexing heart, heart pain, jaundice, intestinal dysentery, posterior medial thigh/back pain, Wei Jue, somnolence, hot/painful soles. The Kidney suffers from Dryness, treated with Acrid moistening agents like Zhimu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma) and Huangbai (Phellodendri Cortex). The Kidney desires firmness, secured by Bitter Zhimu, tonified by Bitter Huangbai, drained by Salty Zexie (Alismatis Rhizoma). Kidney deficiency is tonified with Shudihuang (Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata) and Huangbai. The Kidney has no Excess, cannot be drained; Qian Yi only used Bu Shen Di Huang Wan, no draining herbs. Lung is the Mother of Kidney, Metal generates Water; thus, tonifying the Mother treats it, using Wuweizi (Schisandrae Fructus).