咳嗽一证，五脏六腑皆有之，非独肺也。然总不外于外感内伤所致。外感者，风寒闭其皮
毛，肺气必致郁遏，然必内挟水饮，而痰壅肺窍，一遇风寒闭塞，其嗽乃作也。内伤者，七情
色欲伤其血脉，夜则发热，日则咳嗽，甚则日夜发热，日夜咳嗽，此为虚势咳嗽也。先伤其血，
后伤其气，阴阳并竭，气血皆亏，其病剧矣。如外感风寒，内挟水饮，宜温散者，以小青龙汤
主之。宜清解者，以小柴胡汤主之。如内伤咳嗽，血虚有寒者，以小建中汤主之。如内伤咳嗽，
气逆有火者，以麦冬汤主之。或外感，或内伤，如火热乘肺，咳唾有血者，以《千金》麦门
冬汤加减主之。
小青龙汤
麻黄（二钱） 芍药（二钱） 细辛（一钱） 干姜（二钱） 甘草（二钱） 桂枝
（二钱） 五味（一钱） 半夏（二钱） 先煮麻黄去沫，后入诸药，煎服。寒者可加附子，热者可加
石膏、大黄。湿者可加茯苓，燥者可加天冬、麦冬。射干麻黄汤亦妙。方见《金匮》。
小柴胡汤
（方见瘟疫）
小建中汤
桂枝（三钱） 芍药（六钱） 生姜（三钱） 甘草（二钱） 饴糖（六钱）
大枣（二枚） 水三杯，煮取一杯，去滓，纳饴糖，更上微火消解，温服，日三服。
麦门冬汤
（方见喘证）
千金麦门冬汤
麦门冬（二钱） 桔梗（二钱） 半夏（二钱） 生地黄（二钱） 紫菀（二钱） 杏仁
（二钱） 桑叶（二钱） 甘草（一钱） 柏叶（二钱） 生姜（一片） 水煎大半杯，空心服。如无血，
去柏叶，外感内伤均可服。白茅汤亦可用（方见血证）。金匮治咳嗽方颇多，宜择而用之。
咳嗽这一病症，五脏六腑都可能出现，并不仅仅局限于肺脏。然而，总归不外乎由外感或内伤引起。外感引起的咳嗽，是风寒邪气闭塞皮毛，导致肺气必然郁结受阻；但这必须内部兼有水饮停滞，致使痰液壅塞肺窍，一旦遇到风寒闭塞，咳嗽就会发作。内伤引起的咳嗽，是由于七情过度和房劳色欲损伤了血脉，夜间发热，白天咳嗽，严重时则日夜均发热、日夜均咳嗽，这属于虚损性质的咳嗽。先损伤阴血，后损伤阳气，导致阴阳俱竭，气血双亏，病情就非常严重了。如果是外感风寒且内部兼有水饮，适宜用温散法的，以小青龙汤为主方治疗。适宜用清解法的，以小柴胡汤为主方治疗。如果是内伤咳嗽，血虚兼有寒象的，以小建中汤为主方治疗。如果是内伤咳嗽，气逆兼有火象的，以麦冬汤为主方治疗。无论是外感还是内伤，如果火热之邪乘袭肺脏，咳嗽并伴有咳血的，以《千金方》中的麦门冬汤加减为主方治疗。
小青龙汤
麻黄（二钱） 芍药（二钱） 细辛（一钱） 干姜（二钱） 甘草（二钱） 桂枝（二钱） 五味子（一钱） 半夏（二钱）。先煎煮麻黄去除浮沫，然后加入其他药物，煎煮后服用。体质偏寒的可加附子，体质偏热的可加石膏、大黄。湿重的可加茯苓，燥重的可加天冬、麦冬。射干麻黄汤效果也很好。该方记载于《金匮要略》。
小建中汤
桂枝（三钱） 芍药（六钱） 生姜（三钱） 甘草（二钱） 饴糖（六钱） 大枣（两枚）。用水三杯，煮取一杯，滤去药渣，加入饴糖，再用微火加热使其溶解，温服，每日服用三次。
千金麦门冬汤
麦冬（二钱） 桔梗（二钱） 半夏（二钱） 生地黄（二钱） 紫菀（二钱） 杏仁（二钱） 桑叶（二钱） 甘草（一钱） 侧柏叶（二钱） 生姜（一片）。用水煎至大半杯，空腹服用。如果没有咳血症状，去掉侧柏叶，外感和内伤引起的咳嗽均可服用。白茅汤也可以使用（方剂见“血证”章节）。《金匮要略》中治疗咳嗽的方剂很多，应当选择合适的使用。
The syndrome of cough (Ke Sou) can occur in the five zang organs and six fu organs, not exclusively limited to the Lung. However, it generally stems from either external contraction or internal injury. In cases of external contraction, wind-cold pathogenic factors close the skin and hair pores, inevitably causing stagnation and obstruction of Lung Qi. This must be accompanied internally by fluid retention, leading to phlegm obstructing the Lung orifices; once wind-cold causes blockage, the cough arises. In cases of internal injury, excessive emotions and sexual indulgence damage the blood vessels, resulting in fever at night and cough during the day; in severe cases, there is fever both day and night, and cough both day and night, which constitutes a deficiency-type cough. The yin blood is damaged first, followed by the qi, leading to exhaustion of both yin and yang, and deficiency of both qi and blood, making the condition critical. For external contraction with wind-cold and internal fluid retention, if warm dispersal is indicated, Xiao Qing Long Tang (Minor Blue Green Dragon Decoction) is the primary formula. If clear resolution is indicated, Xiao Chai Hu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction) is the primary formula. For internal injury cough with blood deficiency and cold, Xiao Jian Zhong Tang (Minor Construct the Middle Decoction) is the primary formula. For internal injury cough with rebellious qi and fire, Mai Dong Tang (Ophiopogon Decoction) is the primary formula. Whether due to external contraction or internal injury, if heat-fire pathogenic factors attack the Lung, causing cough with hemoptysis, Jie Qian Fang's Mai Men Dong Tang (Ophiopogon Decoction from the Book of Thousand Gold) modified is the primary formula.
Xiao Qing Long Tang (Minor Blue Green Dragon Decoction)
Ephedrae Herba (Mahuang, 麻黄) (2 qian), Paeoniae Radix Alba (Shaoyao, 芍药) (2 qian), Asari Radix (Xixin, 细辛) (1 qian), Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens (Ganjiang, 干姜) (2 qian), Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Gancao, 甘草) (2 qian), Cinnamomi Ramulus (Guizhi, 桂枝) (2 qian), Schisandrae Fructus (Wuweizi, 五味子) (1 qian), Pinelliae Rhizoma Preparatum (Banxia, 半夏) (2 qian). Boil Ephedrae Herba first to remove foam, then add the remaining herbs, decoct, and take orally. For cold constitutions, add Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (Fuzi, 附子); for heat constitutions, add Gypsum Fibrosum (Shigao, 石膏) and Rheii Radix et Rhizoma (Dahuang, 大黄). For dampness, add Poria (Fuling, 茯苓); for dryness, add Asparagi Radix (Tiandong, 天冬) and Ophiopogonis Radix (Maidong, 麦冬). She Gan Ma Huang Tang (Belamcanda and Ephedra Decoction) is also excellent. See *Jin Gui Yao Lue*.
Xiao Chai Hu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction)
(See "Plague" chapter)
Xiao Jian Zhong Tang (Minor Construct the Middle Decoction)
Cinnamomi Ramulus (Guizhi, 桂枝) (3 qian), Paeoniae Radix Alba (Shaoyao, 芍药) (6 qian), Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens (Shengjiang, 生姜) (3 qian), Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Gancao, 甘草) (2 qian), Maltose (Yitang, 饴糖) (6 qian), Jujubae Fructus (Dazao, 大枣) (2 pieces). Use three cups of water, boil until one cup remains, strain, add Maltose, simmer gently on low heat until dissolved, take warm, three times daily.
Mai Dong Tang (Ophiopogon Decoction)
(See "Asthma" chapter)
Qian Jin Mai Men Dong Tang (Ophiopogon Decoction from the Book of Thousand Gold)
Ophiopogonis Radix (Maidong, 麦冬) (2 qian), Platycodonis Radix (Jiegeng, 桔梗) (2 qian), Pinelliae Rhizoma Preparatum (Banxia, 半夏) (2 qian), Rehmanniae Radix Recens (Shengdihuang, 生地黄) (2 qian), Asteris Radix (Ziwan, 紫菀) (2 qian), Armeniacae Semen Amarum (Xingren, 杏仁) (2 qian), Mori Folium (Sangye, 桑叶) (2 qian), Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Gancao, 甘草) (1 qian), Platycladi Cacumen (Baiye, 柏叶) (2 qian), Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens (Shengjiang, 生姜) (one slice). Decoct in water until half a cup remains, take on an empty stomach. If no hemoptysis, remove Platycladi Cacumen; suitable for both external contraction and internal injury coughs. Bai Mao Tang (Imperata Decoction) may also be used (See "Hemorrhage" chapter). There are many formulas for treating cough in *Jin Gui Yao Lue*; select and use appropriately.