太阳病，头痛发热，汗出恶风者，桂枝汤主之。太阳中风，阳浮而阴弱。阳浮者，热自发。阴弱
者，汗自出。啬啬恶寒，淅淅恶风，翕翕发热，鼻鸣干呕者，桂枝汤主之。太阳病，发热汗出者，此为营
弱卫强，故使汗出，欲救邪风者，桂枝汤主之。病患脏无他病，时发热自汗出，而不愈者，此为卫气不
和也。先于其时发汗则愈，桂枝汤主之。病常自汗出者，此为营气和，营气和者，外不谐，以卫气不共营
气和谐故耳。以营行脉中，卫行脉外，复发其汗，营卫和则愈，宜桂枝汤。太阳病，初服桂枝汤，反烦不解
者，先刺风池、风府，却与桂枝汤则愈。太阳病，外证未解，脉浮弱者，当以汗解，宜桂枝汤。太阳病，
外证未解者，不可下也，下之为逆，欲解外者，桂枝汤主之。夫病脉浮大，问病者，言但便硬耳。设利之，
为大逆。硬为实，汗出而解，何以故？脉浮当以汗解。酒客病，不可与桂枝汤，得汤则呕，以酒客不喜甘故
也。凡服桂枝汤吐者，其后必吐脓血也。桂枝本为解肌，若其人脉浮紧，发热汗不出者，不可与也。常须
识此，勿令误也。伤寒，发汗宜解，半日许复烦，脉浮数者，可更发汗，宜桂枝汤。伤寒，不大便六七日
，头痛有热者，与承气汤，其小便清者，知不在里，仍在表也，当须发汗。若头痛者必衄。宜桂枝汤。太
阳病，先发汗不解，而复下之，脉浮者不愈。浮为在外，而反下之，故令不愈。今脉浮，故知在外，当须解
外则愈，桂枝汤主之。伤寒，医下之，续得下利，清谷不止，身疼痛者，急当救里。后身疼痛，清便自调者，
急当救表，宜桂枝汤。伤寒大下后，复发汗，心下
痞，恶寒者，表未解也。不可攻痞，当先解表，表解方可攻痞。解表宜桂枝汤。病患烦热，汗出则解，
又如疟状，日晡时发热者，属阳明也。脉实者，宜下之。脉浮虚者，宜发汗，宜桂枝汤。阳明病，脉迟，
汗出多，微恶寒者，表未解也，可发汗，宜桂枝汤。太阴病，脉浮者，可发汗，宜桂枝汤。下利，腹胀
满，身体疼痛者，先温其里，乃攻其表，攻表宜桂枝汤。太阳病，头痛发热，身疼腰痛，骨节疼痛，恶
寒无汗而喘者麻黄汤主之。脉浮者，病在表，可发汗，宜麻黄汤脉。浮而数者可发汗，宜麻黄汤。太阳
病，脉浮紧，发热身无汗，自衄者愈。伤寒，脉浮紧，不发汗，以致衄者，宜麻黄汤主之。太阳病，脉浮
紧，无汗发热，身疼痛，八九日不解，表证仍在，此当发汗，麻黄汤主之。服药已微除，其人发烦，目
瞑剧者必衄，衄乃解。所以然者，阳气重故也。脉浮紧者，法当身疼痛，宜以汗解之。假令脉尺中迟
者，不可发汗。何以知之然，以营气不足，血少故也。阳明病，脉浮无汗而喘者，发汗则愈，宜麻黄汤。
太阳与阳明合病，喘而胸满者，不可下，麻黄汤主之。太阳病十日已去，脉浮细而嗜卧者，外已解也。设胸
满腹痛者，与小柴胡汤。脉但浮者，与麻黄汤。太阳病，项背强，KT KT 无汗恶风者，葛根汤主之。太
阳与阳明合病者，必自下利，葛根汤主之。
按以上诸证，或风伤卫而营病，或寒伤营而卫病，或入阳明而太阳经证未罢，二阳卫气并病。证固不
同，而要总属寒邪在表，不离乎温散之法也，故以表寒证统之。
桂枝汤
桂枝（三钱） 芍药（三钱） 甘草（二钱炙） 生姜（三钱） 大枣（四枚） 水煎温服，
须臾啜稀粥，温覆取微似汗，禁生冷、粘滑、肉面、五辛、酒酪、臭恶等物。按风伤卫，而治在营，故用
甘草大枣补脾精以滋肝血，生姜调脏腑而宣经络，芍药清营中之热，桂枝达营中之郁，孔窍一开，而营郁
外达，则中风愈矣。
麻黄汤
麻黄（三钱） 桂枝（二钱） 杏仁（三钱） 甘草（一钱炙） 水二杯半，先煮麻黄
至杯半，入诸药同煎，至八分，温服，覆取微似汗，不须啜粥。按寒伤营，而治在卫，故用甘草保
其中气，桂枝发其营郁，麻黄泄其卫气，杏仁利其肺气，降逆而止喘也。孔窍一开，而卫郁外达，则伤
寒愈矣。
葛根汤
葛根（四钱） 麻黄（三钱） 甘草（二钱炙） 芍药（二钱） 桂枝（二钱） 生姜（二
钱） 大枣（四枚） 水煎，先煮麻黄、葛根去沫，入诸药煎服，不须啜粥。按营为寒伤，闭束二阳卫气
，故用葛根泄阳明之卫，麻黄泄太阳之卫，桂枝芍药通经络而清营血，姜甘大枣和中气而补脾精也。
太阳病，出现头痛、发热、出汗且怕风的症状，应当用桂枝汤主治。太阳中风证，脉象阳部浮而阴部弱。阳脉浮，说明热气自然外发；阴脉弱，说明汗液自然外泄。患者感到畏寒瑟瑟、怕风如冷水洒身、发热如羽毛覆盖般温和，伴有鼻鸣和干呕症状的，也用桂枝汤主治。太阳病，如果发热并出汗，这是因为营气虚弱、卫气强盛，导致汗出，想要解除邪风侵袭，应用桂枝汤主治。病人内脏没有其他疾病，只是时常发热并自汗出，但病情不愈的，这是卫气不和的表现。应当在发热汗出之前给予发汗治疗即可痊愈，主方为桂枝汤。病人经常自汗出的，这是因为营气本身调和，营气调和则外部不协调，是因为卫气不能与营气和谐共处。因为营气行于脉中，卫气行于脉外，再次发汗后，营卫调和就会痊愈，适宜用桂枝汤。太阳病，初次服用桂枝汤后，反而出现烦闷不解的情况，应当先针刺风池穴和风府穴，然后再给予桂枝汤服用即可痊愈。太阳病，表证未解，脉象浮弱的，应当通过发汗来解表，适宜用桂枝汤。太阳病，表证未解的，不可使用泻下法，误用泻下法是逆治，想要解除表邪，应用桂枝汤主治。凡是脉象浮大的病人，询问病情，说只是大便硬结。如果误用泻下法，就是大逆之错。大便硬结属于实证，应当通过出汗来解除，为什么呢？因为脉浮应当通过发汗来解表。患有酒客病（长期饮酒者患的病），不可给予桂枝汤，服用后会呕吐，因为长期饮酒者不喜欢甘味药物。凡是服用桂枝汤后发生呕吐的，其后必然会出现吐脓血的症状。桂枝本是用来解肌表的，如果病人脉象浮紧，发热且无汗，不可给予桂枝汤。必须时刻牢记这一点，不要弄错了。伤寒病，发汗后应当解除，但如果半天左右又出现烦闷，脉象浮数的，可以再次发汗，适宜用桂枝汤。伤寒病，六七天不大便，头痛且有发热的，给予承气汤；如果小便清长，知道病不在里，仍在表，应当需要发汗。如果头痛严重，必然会流鼻血。适宜用桂枝汤。太阳病，先发汗但未痊愈，又误用泻下法，脉象仍然浮的，病不会好。脉浮表示病邪在表，反而使用泻下法，所以导致不愈。现在脉象浮，所以知道病邪仍在表，应当需要解除表邪才能痊愈，主方为桂枝汤。伤寒病，医生误用泻下法，接着出现腹泻不止，排出未消化的食物，身体疼痛的，应当紧急救治里证。后来身体疼痛，大小便正常的，应当紧急救治表证，适宜用桂枝汤。伤寒病，医生误用峻下法后，又误用发汗法，导致心下痞满，且怕冷的，说明表证未解。不可攻逐痞满，应当先解表，表证解除后才能攻逐痞满。解表适宜用桂枝汤。病人烦热，出汗后缓解，但又像疟疾一样发作，下午申酉时发热的，属于阳明病。脉象实的，适宜用泻下法。脉象浮虚的，适宜用发汗法，适宜用桂枝汤。阳明病，脉象迟，出汗多，轻微怕冷的，说明表证未解，可以发汗，适宜用桂枝汤。太阴病，脉象浮的，可以发汗，适宜用桂枝汤。腹泻，腹部胀满，身体疼痛的，先温补里证，然后攻逐表证，攻表适宜用桂枝汤。太阳病，头痛发热，身体疼痛，腰痛，骨节疼痛，怕冷无汗且喘息的，用麻黄汤主治。脉象浮的，病在表，可以发汗，适宜用麻黄汤。脉象浮而数的，可以发汗，适宜用麻黄汤。太阳病，脉象浮紧，发热身体无汗，自然流鼻血的会痊愈。伤寒病，脉象浮紧，如果不发汗，导致流鼻血的，适宜用麻黄汤主治。太阳病，脉象浮紧，无汗发热，身体疼痛，经过八九天仍未解除，表证仍在，这应当发汗，主方为麻黄汤。服药后症状轻微减轻，病人感到烦闷，眼睛闭合想睡，严重的必然流鼻血，流鼻血后病才会解除。之所以这样，是因为阳气郁闭严重的缘故。脉象浮紧的，按照法则应当身体疼痛，适宜通过发汗来解除。假如尺部脉搏迟缓的，不可发汗。为什么知道呢？因为营气不足，血液亏少的缘故。阳明病，脉象浮，无汗且喘息的，发汗就会痊愈，适宜用麻黄汤。太阳与阳明合病，喘息且胸部胀满的，不可泻下，主方为麻黄汤。太阳病十天以上，脉象浮细且喜欢躺卧的，说明表证已解。如果出现胸满腹痛的，给予小柴胡汤。如果脉象只浮的，给予麻黄汤。太阳病，项背部僵硬，无汗怕风的，用葛根汤主治。太阳与阳明合病的，必然自行腹泻，主方为葛根汤。
根据以上各种证候，有的是风邪伤及卫气而导致营气病变，有的是寒邪伤及营气而导致卫气病变，有的病入阳明但太阳经证尚未罢除，属于二阳卫气并病。证候固然不同，但总归都属于寒邪在表，不离乎温散的治疗方法，所以统称为表寒证。
桂枝汤
组成：桂枝（三钱）、芍药（三钱）、甘草（二钱，炙）、生姜（三钱）、大枣（四枚）。用水煎煮，温服。服药后须臾喝稀粥，覆盖衣被使身体微微似有汗出。禁忌生冷、粘滑、肉类、面食、五辛、酒酪、臭恶等食物。按语：风邪伤卫，而治疗在营分，所以用甘草、大枣补益脾精以滋养肝血，生姜调理脏腑而宣通经络，芍药清除营中的热邪，桂枝通达营中的郁滞，腠理孔窍一旦打开，营郁向外发散，那么中风证就痊愈了。
麻黄汤
组成：麻黄（三钱）、桂枝（二钱）、杏仁（三钱）、甘草（一钱，炙）。水两杯半，先煮麻黄至一杯半，加入其他药物同煎，煮至八分，温服。覆盖衣被使身体微微似有汗出，不需要喝粥。按语：寒邪伤营，而治疗在卫分，所以用甘草保护中气，桂枝发散营中的郁滞，麻黄宣泄卫气的郁闭，杏仁利肺气，降逆气而止喘息。腠理孔窍一旦打开，卫郁向外发散，那么伤寒证就痊愈了。
葛根汤
组成：葛根（四钱）、麻黄（三钱）、甘草（二钱，炙）、芍药（二钱）、桂枝（二钱）、生姜（二钱）、大枣（四枚）。用水煎煮，先煮麻黄、葛根去掉泡沫，加入其他药物煎服，不需要喝粥。按语：营气被寒邪所伤，闭束了阳明和太阳的卫气，所以用葛根宣泄阳明的卫气，麻黄宣泄太阳的卫气，桂枝和芍药通经络而清营血，生姜、甘草和大枣调和胃气而补益脾精。
Taiyang disease (disease of the Taiyang channel), characterized by headache, fever, sweating, and aversion to wind, is primarily treated with Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction). In Taiyang Zhongfeng (Wind Strike), the pulse is floating on the superficial level (Yang) and weak on the deep level (Yin). A floating Yang pulse indicates spontaneous heat emission; a weak Yin pulse indicates spontaneous sweating. When accompanied by shivering aversion to cold, chilly aversion to wind, mild fever resembling feathers covering the body, nasal congestion (Bining), and dry retching, Guizhi Tang is also indicated. In Taiyang disease, if there is fever and sweating, this is due to weak Ying (Nutrient) Qi and strong Wei (Defensive) Qi, causing sweating. To rescue from pathogenic wind, Guizhi Tang is indicated. If a patient has no internal organ diseases but experiences intermittent fever and spontaneous sweating without recovery, this is due to disharmony of Wei Qi. Sweating should be induced prior to the onset of symptoms to achieve cure, primarily using Guizhi Tang. Frequent spontaneous sweating indicates that Ying Qi is harmonious internally, but external disharmony exists because Wei Qi does not harmonize with Ying Qi. Since Ying Qi circulates within the vessels and Wei Qi circulates outside, inducing sweat again will restore harmony between Ying and Wei, leading to recovery; Guizhi Tang is suitable. In Taiyang disease, if after the first dose of Guizhi Tang, vexation persists or worsens, one should first puncture Fengchi (GB20) and Fengfu (GV16) acupoints, then administer Guizhi Tang for recovery. If the exterior syndrome of Taiyang disease remains unresolved and the pulse is floating and weak, sweating should be induced to resolve the exterior; Guizhi Tang is suitable. If the exterior syndrome of Taiyang disease is unresolved, purgation must not be used; doing so is contrary to treatment principles. To resolve the exterior, Guizhi Tang is indicated. For patients with a large, floating pulse who report only hard stools, purgation is a major error. Hard stools indicate excess; resolution through sweating is appropriate because a floating pulse requires sweating to resolve. Patients with Jiu Ke Bing (alcohol-induced pathology) should not receive Guizhi Tang, as it may cause vomiting due to their intolerance to sweet flavors. Those who vomit after taking Guizhi Tang may subsequently expectorate pus and blood. Guizhi Tang is intended to release the muscle layer; if the pulse is floating and tight with fever but no sweating, it is contraindicated. This distinction must be carefully noted to avoid errors. In Shanghan (Cold Damage), if sweating fails to resolve the condition and vexation recurs within half a day with a floating, rapid pulse, further sweating may be induced using Guizhi Tang. If Shanghan presents with constipation for six to seven days, headache, and fever, Chengqi Tang is considered; however, if urination is clear, the pathogen is confirmed to remain in the exterior rather than the interior, requiring sweating. Severe headache may lead to epistaxis; Guizhi Tang is suitable. If Taiyang disease persists after initial sweating and subsequent erroneous purgation, but the pulse remains floating, the disease is unhealed because the floating pulse indicates an exterior location, and purgation was inappropriate. With a floating pulse indicating an exterior pathogen, resolving the exterior with Guizhi Tang is necessary. In Shanghan, if erroneous purgation leads to persistent diarrhea with undigested food and body pain, urgent treatment of the interior is required. Once bowel movements normalize and body pain persists, urgent treatment of the exterior with Guizhi Tang is indicated. After severe purgation followed by sweating in Shanghan, if epigastric fullness (Xia Pi) and aversion to cold occur, the exterior remains unresolved. Epigastric fullness should not be attacked until the exterior is resolved; Guizhi Tang is suitable for releasing the exterior. For patients with vexation and heat that resolve with sweating but recur like malaria with afternoon fever (Ri Bu Shi Fa Re), the pattern belongs to Yangming. A solid pulse indicates purgation is suitable; a floating, deficient pulse indicates sweating is suitable, specifically Guizhi Tang. In Yangming disease, a slow pulse, profuse sweating, and slight aversion to cold indicate unresolved exterior syndrome; sweating with Guizhi Tang is appropriate. In Taiyin disease, a floating pulse allows for sweating with Guizhi Tang. In cases of diarrhea, abdominal fullness, and body pain, the interior should be warmed first, followed by attacking the exterior with Guizhi Tang. Taiyang disease presenting with headache, fever, body ache, lower back pain, joint pain, aversion to cold, anhidrosis, and wheezing is primarily treated with Mahuang Tang (Ephedra Decoction). A floating pulse indicates an exterior pattern treatable by sweating with Mahuang Tang. A floating, rapid pulse also permits sweating with Mahuang Tang. In Taiyang disease, a floating, tight pulse with fever and anhidrosis may resolve spontaneously via epistaxis. In Shanghan, if a floating, tight pulse is not treated with sweating, leading to epistaxis, Mahuang Tang is indicated. If Taiyang disease with a floating, tight pulse, anhidrosis, fever, and body pain persists for eight to nine days without resolution, and exterior signs remain, sweating with Mahuang Tang is required. After administration, if symptoms slightly improve but the patient becomes vexed, desires to close their eyes, and severe epistaxis occurs, the disease resolves upon bleeding due to excessive Yang Qi stagnation. A floating, tight pulse typically presents with body pain and requires sweating. However, if the Chi position pulse is slow, sweating is contraindicated due to insufficient Ying Qi and blood deficiency. In Yangming disease, a floating pulse with anhidrosis and wheezing responds to sweating with Mahuang Tang. In combined Taiyang and Yangming disease presenting with wheezing and chest fullness, purgation is contraindicated; Mahuang Tang is indicated. If Taiyang disease lasts ten days or more, with a fine, floating pulse and a desire to lie down, the exterior is resolved. If chest fullness and abdominal pain occur, Xiaochaihu Tang is given. If only a floating pulse remains, Mahuang Tang is administered. For Taiyang disease with stiffness of the neck and back, anhidrosis, and aversion to wind, Gegen Tang (Kudzu Root Decoction) is indicated. In combined Taiyang and Yangming disease presenting with spontaneous diarrhea, Gegen Tang is the primary formula.
Based on the above syndromes, whether wind injures Wei leading to Ying pathology, or cold injures Ying leading to Wei pathology, or the pathogen enters Yangming while Taiyang exterior signs persist (simultaneous disease of Wei Qi in both Yang channels), the patterns differ but fundamentally belong to cold pathogens in the exterior, requiring warm dispersal methods; thus, they are collectively categorized as Exterior Cold Syndrome.
Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction)
Composition: Guizhi (Cinnamomi Ramulus, 3 qian), Shaoyao (Paeoniae Radix Alba, 3 qian), Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, roasted, 2 qian), Shengjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens, 3 qian), Dazao (Jujubae Fructus, 4 pieces). Decoct in water, take warm. Immediately after ingestion, drink thin rice gruel and cover with blankets to induce slight perspiration. Contraindications include raw/cold foods, sticky/slippery foods, meat, wheat products, five pungent spices, dairy/wine, and foul-smelling substances. Commentary: Wind injures Wei, yet treatment targets Ying; therefore, Gancao and Dazao tonify Spleen essence to nourish Liver blood, Shengjiang regulates Zang-Fu and unblocks collaterals, Shaoyao clears heat in Ying, and Guizhi disseminates Ying stagnation. Once the pores open, Ying stagnation dissipates outward, curing Wind Strike.
Mahuang Tang (Ephedra Decoction)
Composition: Mahuang (Ephedrae Herba, 3 qian), Guizhi (Cinnamomi Ramulus, 2 qian), Xingren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum, 3 qian), Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, roasted, 1 qian). Decoct in 2.5 cups of water; first boil Mahuang until reduced to 1 cup, then add other herbs and simmer to 0.8 cup. Take warm. Cover to induce slight perspiration; rice gruel is not required. Commentary: Cold injures Ying, yet treatment targets Wei; therefore, Gancao protects Middle Qi, Guizhi disperses Ying stagnation, Mahuang vents Wei Qi obstruction, and Xingren benefits Lung Qi, descends rebellious Qi, and stops wheezing. Once pores open, Wei stagnation dissipates outward, curing Cold Damage.
Gegen Tang (Kudzu Root Decoction)
Composition: Gegen (Puerariae Lobatae Radix, 4 qian), Mahuang (Ephedrae Herba, 3 qian), Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, roasted, 2 qian), Shaoyao (Paeoniae Radix Alba, 2 qian), Guizhi (Cinnamomi Ramulus, 2 qian), Shengjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens, 2 qian), Dazao (Jujubae Fructus, 4 pieces). Decoct in water; first boil Mahuang and Gegen to remove foam, then add other herbs and simmer. Rice gruel is not required. Commentary: Ying is injured by cold, binding the Wei Qi of Yangming and Taiyang; therefore, Gegen vents Yangming Wei Qi, Mahuang vents Taiyang Wei Qi, Guizhi and Shaoyao unblock collaterals and clear Ying blood, while Shengjiang, Gancao, and Dazao harmonize Stomach Qi and tonify Spleen essence.