Cheng Wuji stated: When Yin-cold pathogenic factors act as the cause, symptoms such as abdominal fullness and vomiting, inability to eat or drink, worsening spontaneous diarrhea, and abdominal pain occur; this is a Taiyin syndrome (Taiyin disease). If sweating fails to resolve the condition, and the physician erroneously applies purgation, resulting in abdominal fullness and intermittent pain, it belongs to the Taiyang syndrome (Taiyang disease), which should be treated with Guizhi Jia Shaoyao Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction plus Paeonia Root). For cases of severe fullness and pain due to excess, Guizhi Jia Dahuang Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction plus Rheum Palmatum) is indicated.

Li Dongyuan stated: Various pains in the abdomen are generally caused by excessive labor, irregular diet, deficiency of Middle Qi (Spleen and Stomach Qi), allowing Cold pathogenic factors to invade and lodge due to deficiency, thus causing sudden severe pain. The classics state that "pain ceases upon obtaining heat." "Jiong" (heat) implies treating cold with heat, which is the correct approach. However, abdominal pain has specific locations, and the viscera are situated at different levels; therefore, treatment must differentiate according to these factors.

The *Yuan Bing Shi* (Original Treatise on Disease Mechanisms) states: When heat is depressed internally, leading to abdominal fullness, hardness, condensation, and pain, it cannot be classified as a cold syndrome. Therefore, Zhu Danxi said: Accumulated heat, dead blood (stasis), food retention, and damp-phlegm can all cause abdominal pain; one should seek treatment based on the specific category of the cause. Dai Shi said: Continuous abdominal pain without fluctuation indicates cold; intermittent pain indicates heat; pain fixed in one place without migration indicates blood stasis; severe pain with an urge to defecate, where pain decreases after defecation, indicates food retention. Generally speaking, pain accompanied by difficulty in urination, or temporary relief after consuming spicy hot liquids, indicates phlegm-dampness; pain that subsides allowing for eating, intermittent occurrence, distended abdomen with swollen blue veins, continuous recurrence, salivation, and vomiting of clear fluid indicate parasitic worms.

Cheng Wuji stated: When pathogenic factors gather in the Lower Jiao (Lower Burner), body fluids fail to circulate freely, and Qi and Blood stagnate. This may manifest as urinary abnormalities or blood stasis in the lower region, resulting in fullness, hardness, and pain. If hardness, fullness, and pain extend from the epigastrium down to the hypogastrium, but urination is free, it is a syndrome of Blood Stasis (accumulation of blood); if urination is difficult, it is a syndrome of Urinary Difficulty (dysuria).

The *Mai Jing* (Pulse Classic) states: A pulse that is fine, small, and urgent indicates rapid progression of disease and stabbing pain in the abdomen. A wiry pulse in the Yin position indicates abdominal pain. A wiry and urgent pulse indicates lower abdominal pain. A tight pulse at the Chi position (cun-chi pulse at the wrist corresponding to the kidneys/lower abdomen) indicates pain below the navel. A hidden pulse at the Chi position indicates lower abdominal pain, possibly associated with hernia or masses. A solid pulse at the Chi position indicates lower abdominal pain, requiring purgation or unblocking. In abdominal pain, if the pulse is unexpectedly floating, large, and long, the prognosis is fatal. In heart and abdominal pain causing breathlessness, a fine, small, and slow pulse indicates survival; a large and rapid pulse indicates death. In Shanghan (Cold Damage), if the Yang pulse is choppy and the Yin pulse is minute, with acute abdominal pain, it indicates interior deficiency-cold.