我八岁开始念书，上了八年私塾，读了《幼学》、《论语》、《大学》、《中庸》、《孟子》、《左传》、《诗经》、《易经》、《古文观止》等书。十七岁从师学医，在老师的指点下，第一年读《药性赋》、《汤头歌诀》、《经络歌诀》、《濒湖脉诀》、《医学三字经》，并参看《本草备要》、《医方集解》等书。第二年读《素灵类纂》白文、《伤寒论》自文、《金匮要略》白文，并参看《灵素节要浅注》、《伤寒论浅注》、《金匮要略浅注})等书。这些书读起来枯燥无味，特别是《内经》白文读不懂，开始有些畏难情绪。第三年随同老师临证实习，并参看《时方妙用》，《医学实在易》，《医学从众录》等书。我的老师在医学上是崇拜陈修园的，所以他指导我看的参考书，多是陈修园编着的。他对《伤寒论》、《金匮要略》，确实下了一番功夫。在临床上治疗伤寒，杂病，多用经方，疗效颇好，但对温病就不是他的所长了。
初诊失误深自内疚
三年学徒期满，我才二十岁，由于年轻没有经验，就诊者无几。一九三一年农历正月十五日，有远房本家邀诊，其弟因上午修路，搬运砂石，汗出湿衣，又受风凉，中午暴饮暴食酒肉过多，下午腹痛，按之甚剧，我诊为感寒伤食，用藿香正气散加保和丸治之无效，及夜半竟然死亡。翌晨检视其尸，发现背部瘀癍累累，不知为何病，深自内疚。认为患者之死，实由我之失误，虽其家属不曾责怪于我，但我内心实为难过。从此对于学医，信心尽失，乃改行当小学教员。旧社会教小学，也和其它工作一样没有保障，今年在这个学校任教，明年叉不知能否找到工作，经常处于失业恐慌之中。我的家境，仅系小康，没有固定工作，生活便无着落。为了生计，只有发奋圈强，努力深造，从原来所学医学知识的基础上打开一条出路，舍此别无息图。
发奋图强努力深违
一九三四年湖南国医专科学校招生，我决心去报考，得到了家长的支持。这个学校的老师，都是湖南比较著名的中医。我因原来在医疗上有过失误的教训，这次重新学习，自觉性高，不懂的地方，尽量发问，做好笔记。在学g内经》的同时，参看《医经原旨》、《张氏类经》，学《伤寒论》的同时，参看「伤寒来苏集》、《伤寒贯珠集》，学《金匮要略》的同时，参看《金匮要略心典》、《金鉴·订正金匮要略注》，学内科的同时，参看「医学心悟》、《金鉴·杂病心法要诀》，学妇科的同时，参看《傅青主女科》、《金鉴·妇科心法要诀》。温病一课，是我以前没有学过的，除听课外，参看了《通俗伤寒论》、《寒温条辨》、《温病条辨》、《温热经纬》等书。
第三年每目上午分组到各老师的诊所去实习，我根据各老师辨证用药的特点，详细纪录下来，下午自习。这一年看的参考书比较杂，如《兰台轨范》、《东医宝鉴》、《类证治裁》、《临证指南》、《王氏医案》、《冷庐医话》、《医学广笔记》等等，但杂而不专，深入不够。毕业后，留校工作。
再诊取效盲目自满
一九三七年元月，为了抗议国民党不许中医办学校设医院，与校长吴汉仙代表湖南中医界赴南京，参加全国中医请愿团，向国民党三中全会请愿。国民党迫于中医界之义愤，为了敷衍应付，通过了中医列入教育学制系统的决议案。抗日战争爆发后，长沙迭遭轰炸，我另找了一个工作，离开母校，辗转于湘西、湘南等地。其时，传染性疾病，到处都有流行，我参照《时病论》、《温疫论》、《霍乱论》及《温热经纬》有关湿温、疫证的治法，取得了较好的疗效，渐渐产生了自满情绪。认为我在学徒时，学了治疗伤寒的一套，在医校时又学了治疗温病的一套，牛刀小试，果然得心应手，于是飘瓢然放松了学习。一九四一年，我在湖南省地方干训团中医组担任传染病教学，因无教材，就自己动手写了一些讲稿，但是东拼西凑，自己的心得体会不多，所以没有付印。其后湖南相继沦陷，疲于奔命，书籍衣物丢失殆尽，景况相当狼狈。总之，我在八年抗战期间，医学上进步很少。
戒骄戒躁继续前进
抗战胜利以后，回到长沙开业，初起诊务不好。当时长沙市的西医院很少，大部分常见病、多发病还是靠中医治疗。我在抗战期阐，因对这些病取得了初步经验，疗效较好，病人互为宣传，介绍来诊者渐渐增多。这些病人多属疑难重症，或久治不愈的慢性病，他医治之无效者，我亦不能愈之，这才使我真正认识到自己的学力不足，没有什么值得自满的。于是每日利用诊余时间，或温旧课，或读新书。所谓新书，我是指何廉臣、恽铁樵、陆渊雷、张锡纯等所著的书及皇汉医学等，颇有新的启发。一九四七年三月十七日，与曹伯闻等组织长沙市中医药界罢诊罢市，向湖南伪省政府请愿，要求拨发救济物资，恢复湖南国医院，幸而有成。但为了此事，从筹建到开院，费时将近三年，荒废了不少业务，耽误了许多学习时间。
坚守阵地稳扎稳打
解放以后，于一九五0年，参加了由湖南省卫生厅举办的中医进修班。但实际上教的是西医基础课，如解剖学、生理学、病理学、微生物寄生虫学、传染病学、诊断学基础等。这些西医基本知识，对我后来参加中西医会诊，不无帮助。但在治疗上还是根据中医的理、法、方、药，进行辨证论治。一九五二年湖南国医院由人民政府接收，改为湖南省立中医院，我参加了工作。当时是我管病房及院外会诊，这对我来说是一项新的工作，没有经验，在兄弟医院会诊中，学习和建立了我院的病房制度。为了提高医疗质量，我利用晚上时间及节假日，将一些常见病、多发病，参考有关医籍，进行了一些辨证分型工作。即把某个病或症，分成几个类型，系之以理、法、方、药，这对我的学习也是一个大的促进。可是这项工作，自从调来中医学院以后，没有继续进行下去。
主管教学兼顾医疗
我是一九六0年调来中医学院的，当时还在筹建阶段，困难不少，但我信心很足，决心也太，一定要在党的领导下，把这所学校办好。当年就招了本科班学生，直至一九六六年止，每年都招了新生。在教学安排上，坚持了中医课与西医课的比例为七比三。我除管教学工作外，每星期二、五还看点特约门诊。由于接触传染性肝炎、肝硬化病人较多，从实践中初步体会到：急性黄疸型肝炎，起病较急，病邪方盛，应从阳明胃治；慢性黄疸型肝炎，多由急性迁延失治而来，应从太阴脾治无黄疸性肝炎，初起即呈慢性经过，应从厥阴肝治；肝硬化由于肝细胞变性，纤维组织增生，肝脏变硬，应从疏肝软坚、活血化瘀论治。一九六二年曾研制了一种疏肝理脾丸，其方即当归、柴胡、白芍、枳实，鳖甲、青皮、茅根、茜草、地龙、甘草、猪肝、鸡内金等昧组成，以治慢性肝炎、早期肝硬化，疗效颇好。与此同时，还写了《传染性肝炎的辨证治疗》一书，已由湖南科技出版社出版。
老骥伏枥志在千里
一九六三年，我因患肝炎，回湘乡故里疗养，渐有好转。鉴于全国中医统一教材中尚缺《金匮要略讲义》，乃着手编写《金匮要略浅述》一稿，于一九六四年十月才完成。原拟作为我院试用教材，嗣因湖北主编的《金匮要略讲义》先我出版，所以把它搁置下来了。在文化大革命期间，不敢接近书本。粉碎「四人帮」以后，在党的十一属三中全会精神的鼓舞下，特将「金匮要略浅述》一稿，重新加以修改和补充，已由人民卫生出版社付梓。现在我分工管科研，我的自选项目是中西医结合治疗再障的研究。一九八0年经过对二十九例再障的疗效观察，其中基本治愈十一例，缓解七例，进步四例，无效七例，有效率占76．7％，目前这个项目仍在继续进行。
几点体会
五十多年来，我所走过的学医道路，是艰苦的，曲折的。总起来有以下体会：
(一)要学好中医，。必须打好两个基础。首先是古文基础，最低要求繁体字能认识，文言文能断句。
再就是中医基础，如《内经·素问》、《伤寒论》，《金匮要略》的白文要选读，药性、方歌、脉诀、经络歌诀要熟读，有了这两个基础，才能继续深入下去。』
(二)要多看几种好的参考书。我在当学徒的时候，老师教我读古典医着是不错的，但是指导我看的参考书，只限于汪切庵、陈修园两家，这就太局限了。后来我在国医专科学校时所看的参考书，就使我的眼界开阔多了，因而获益不少。
(三)要多跟几个好的老师，因每个老师各有他的长处。比如，我在学徒时的老师长于伤寒；我在医校时的老师有的长于温病，有的长于杂病，有的长于妇科，有的长于儿科。根据各老师辨证用药的特点，取其所长，为我所用，这就大有好处。但这个条件如不具备，也可自学成材。
(四)学医要有坚强的意志，朝斯夕斯，持之以恒。在困难的时候，要看到前途，要看到光明，要提高自己的勇气。在顺利的时候，又要谦虚谨慎，戒骄戒躁，刻苦学习，继续前进。我在学医过程中，学习情绪曾有几次大的起落，教训是很深刻的。
(五)在医疗作风方面，对同道不要贬低别人，抬高自己；对病人无论工人、农民、领导干部，都要一视同仁，详细诊察，不得草率。有时病人情绪急躁，要求过高，也只能耐心说服，体谅病人。但也不能迁就病人，投其所好。更不能乘人之危，向病家需索财物，这是起码的医德。
学然后知不足
浙江省中医药识究所所长，研究员潘澄濂。
【作者筒介】潘澄濂(1910～)，浙江温州人。十六岁入丁甘仁先生创办的上海中医专门学校，1929年毕业。解放前，除悬壶应诊外，曾执教于上海中医学院、上海中国医学院，并任温州普安药局医务主任等，学验俱富，力主中西医学从理论上结合。解放后，历任浙江中医学院副院长、浙江省中医研究所剐所长、全国第五届政协委员等职。着有《伤寒论新解》、《潘澄濂论医集》等。
一九二九年三月十七日，全国中医药界自发地在上海召开第一次代表大会，愤怒斥责国民党反动政府废止中医中药的荒谬禁令。因而将这个具有历史意义的日子，定为「国医节」。那时，我正在上海中医专门学校毕业，自叹是一个「末代」的中医。
解放以后，在党的中医政策的光辉照耀下，中医药事业重薪得到蓬勃发展。特别是将中医列入教育系统，后继有人。抚今思昔，感慨万千。
借助他山取长补短
我在校修业期中，按照当时课程，对《内经》、《伤寒论》、「金匮要略」、《温热经纬》以及《本草经》等，进行了系统学习。此外，如妇、儿、外、喉等科，以《医宗金鉴》为教材，亦按照教学计划而必修。。与此同时，也览阅了历代名医著作，如《东垣十书》、《刘河间六书》、《丹溪心法》、《景岳垒书》、《徐灵胎十六种》等等。对中医知识，虽说入了门，而未登堂奥。当时，。因求知欲所驱使，学习中医之余，尚参加其它医院校旁哳和函授，进行了解剖、生理、病理等的实验。嗣后，又阅读丁日本和田启十郎氏的《医界之铁锥》、汤本求真氏的《皇汉医学》、松园渡边熙氏的《和汉医学})。和田启十郎氏在日本明治维新后汉医学遭受到摧残的岁月中，披沥汉医之真髓，奋臂疾呼，力挽几倒之狂澜，这种精神，给我感动，甚为深刻，而且也使我认识到中西医学瑕瑜互见。所以，早在三十年代，我就抱有铺平经、时方之鸿沟、溶中西医于一炉的愿望和企图。这可从拙著《伤寒论新解》的某些内容中略见一斑。
例如，我曾试以现代生理学和临床病理学(即病理生理学)的知识，对「阳浮」和「阴弱」阻及「营弱」和「卫强」加以解释。认为这里所说的「阳」和「卫」是代表机体的产温机能，「阴」和「营」是代表机体的散温机能。太阳中风，就是由于产温机能的亢进，散温机能不能相应地随着旺盛，使机体调节中枢的相对平衡失调，所以虽自汗出而不解。
又如，据《伤寒论》「病发于阳，而反下之，热入因作结胸……所以成结胸者，以下之太早故也」条看来，结胸证似困过阜应用攻下而造成的。但是结胸证的治疗，恰恰是采用大陷胸汤的峻下。这样，前后似有矛盾，不易理解。我是这样认识的：从《伤寒论》对结胸证的描述来看，先说：「舌上燥而渴，日晡所小有潮热，从心下至少腹鞭满而痛，不可近也。」又说：「结胸无大热者，此水结在胸胁者也。」据此，可以推测，结胸证的实质似乎是指胸腔或腹腔有大量渗出性或漏出性积液。病变的主要部位，是在胸腔，亦可想象。
我八岁开始读书，读了八年私塾，学习了《幼学琼林》、《论语》、《大学》、《中庸》、《孟子》、《左传》、《诗经》、《易经》、《古文观止》等书籍。十七岁时拜师学医，在老师的指导下，第一年学习《药性赋》、《汤头歌诀》、《经络歌诀》、《濒湖脉诀》、《医学三字经》，并参考《本草备要》、《医方集解》等书。第二年阅读《素灵类纂》原文、《伤寒论》原文、《金匮要略》原文，并参考《灵素节要浅注》、《伤寒论浅注》、《金匮要略浅注》等书。这些书读起来枯燥无味，特别是《黄帝内经》的原文读不懂，起初有些畏难情绪。第三年跟随老师进行临床实习，并参考《时方妙用》、《医学实在易》、《医学从众录》等书。我的老师在医学上推崇陈修园，所以他指导我阅读的参考书，大多是陈修园编著的。他对《伤寒论》、《金匮要略》确实下了一番功夫。在临床上治疗伤寒（外感热病）、杂病，多用经方（经典方剂），疗效很好，但对温病（温热性质的外感病）就不是他的强项了。
初诊失误深自内疚
三年学徒期满，我才二十岁，由于年轻没有经验，就诊者寥寥无几。一九三一年农历正月十五日，有远房本家邀请诊治，其弟因上午修路，搬运砂石，汗出湿衣，又受风凉，中午暴饮暴食酒肉过多，下午腹痛，按压时疼痛剧烈，我诊断为感寒伤食（感受寒邪、饮食积滞），用藿香正气散加保和丸治疗无效，到了半夜竟然死亡。第二天早上检视尸体，发现背部瘀斑累累，不知道是什么病，内心深感愧疚。认为患者的死亡，确实是由于我的失误，虽然家属没有责怪我，但我内心非常难过。从此对学医信心尽失，于是改行当小学教员。旧社会教小学，也和其他工作一样没有保障，今年在这个学校任教，明年又不知能否找到工作，经常处于失业恐慌之中。我的家境仅属小康，没有固定工作，生活便无着落。为了生计，只有发奋图强，努力深造，从原来所学的医学知识基础上打开一条出路，除此之外别无他图。
发奋图强努力深造
一九三四年湖南国医专科学校招生，我决心去报考，得到了家长的支持。这个学校的老师，都是湖南比较著名的中医。我因为原来在医疗上有过失误的教训，这次重新学习，自觉性高，不懂的地方，尽量发问，做好笔记。在学习《黄帝内经》的同时，参考《医经原旨》、《张氏类经》，学习《伤寒论》的同时，参考《伤寒来苏集》、《伤寒贯珠集》，学习《金匮要略》的同时，参考《金匮要略心典》、《金鉴·订正金匮要略注》，学习内科的同时，参考《医学心悟》、《金鉴·杂病心法要诀》，学习妇科的同时，参考《傅青主女科》、《金鉴·妇科心法要诀》。温病一课，是我以前没有学过的，除听课外，还参考了《通俗伤寒论》、《寒温条辨》、《温病条辨》、《温热经纬》等书。
第三年每天上午分组到各老师的诊所去实习，我根据各老师辨证用药的特点，详细记录下来，下午自习。这一年看的参考书比较杂，如《兰台轨范》、《东医宝鉴》、《类证治裁》、《临证指南》、《王氏医案》、《冷庐医话》、《医学广笔记》等等，但杂而不专，深入不够。毕业后，留校工作。
再诊取效盲目自满
一九三七年一月，为了抗议国民党不许中医办学校设医院，我与校长吴汉仙代表湖南中医界赴南京，参加全国中医请愿团，向国民党三中全会请愿。国民党迫于中医界的义愤，为了敷衍应付，通过了将中医列入教育学制系统的决议案。抗日战争爆发后，长沙屡遭轰炸，我另找了一个工作，离开母校，辗转于湘西、湘南等地。当时，传染性疾病到处流行，我参照《时病论》、《温疫论》、《霍乱论》及《温热经纬》有关湿温、疫证的治法，取得了较好的疗效，渐渐产生了自满情绪。认为我在学徒时，学了治疗伤寒的一套，在医校时又学了治疗温病的一套，牛刀小试，果然得心应手，于是飘飘然放松了学习。一九四一年，我在湖南省地方干训团中医组担任传染病教学，因无教材，就自己动手写了一些讲稿，但是东拼西凑，自己的心得体会不多，所以没有付印。其后湖南相继沦陷，疲于奔命，书籍衣物丢失殆尽，景况相当狼狈。总之，我在八年抗战期间，医学上进步很少。
戒骄戒躁继续前进
抗战胜利以后，回到长沙开业，起初诊务不好。当时长沙市的西医院很少，大部分常见病、多发病还是靠中医治疗。我在抗战期间，因对这些病取得了初步经验，疗效较好，病人互为宣传，介绍来诊者渐渐增多。这些病人多属疑难重症，或久治不愈的慢性病，其他医生医治无效的，我也不能治愈，这才使我真正认识到自己的学力不足，没有什么值得自满的。于是每日利用诊余时间，或温习旧课，或阅读新书。所谓新书，是指何廉臣、恽铁樵、陆渊雷、张锡纯等所著的书及皇汉医学等，颇有新的启发。一九四七年三月十七日，与曹伯闻等组织长沙市中医药界罢诊罢市，向湖南伪省政府请愿，要求拨发救济物资，恢复湖南国医院，幸而有成。但为了此事，从筹建到开院，费时将近三年，荒废了不少业务，耽误了许多学习时间。
坚守阵地稳扎稳打
解放以后，于一九五〇年，参加了由湖南省卫生厅举办的中医进修班。但实际上教的是西医基础课，如解剖学、生理学、病理学、微生物寄生虫学、传染病学、诊断学基础等。这些西医基本知识，对我后来参加中西医会诊，不无帮助。但在治疗上还是根据中医的理、法、方、药，进行辨证论治。一九五二年湖南国医院由人民政府接收，改为湖南省立中医院，我参加了工作。当时是我管病房及院外会诊，这对我来说是一项新的工作，没有经验，在兄弟医院会诊中，学习和建立了我院的病房制度。为了提高医疗质量，我利用晚上时间及节假日，将一些常见病、多发病，参考有关医籍，进行了一些辨证分型工作。即把某个病或症，分成几个类型，系之以理、法、方、药，这对我的学习也是一个大的促进。可是这项工作，自从调来中医学院以后，没有继续进行下去。
主管教学兼顾医疗
我是一九六〇年调来中医学院的，当时还在筹建阶段，困难不少，但我信心很足，决心很大，一定要在党的领导下，把这所学校办好。当年就招了本科班学生，直至一九六六年止，每年都招了新生。在教学安排上，坚持了中医课与西医课的比例为七比三。我除管教学工作外，每星期二、五还看点特约门诊。由于接触传染性肝炎、肝硬化病人较多，从实践中初步体会到：急性黄疸型肝炎，起病较急，病邪方盛，应从阳明胃治；慢性黄疸型肝炎，多由急性迁延失治而来，应从太阴脾治；无黄疸性肝炎，初起即呈慢性经过，应从厥阴肝治；肝硬化由于肝细胞变性，纤维组织增生，肝脏变硬，应从疏肝软坚、活血化瘀论治。一九六二年曾研制了一种疏肝理脾丸，其方即当归、柴胡、白芍、枳实、鳖甲、青皮、茅根、茜草、地龙、甘草、猪肝、鸡内金等味组成，以治慢性肝炎、早期肝硬化，疗效颇好。与此同时，还写了《传染性肝炎的辨证治疗》一书，已由湖南科技出版社出版。
老骥伏枥志在千里
一九六三年，我因患肝炎，回湘乡故里疗养，渐有好转。鉴于全国中医统一教材中尚缺《金匮要略讲义》，乃着手编写《金匮要略浅述》一稿，于一九六四年十月才完成。原拟作为我院试用教材，嗣因湖北主编的《金匮要略讲义》先我出版，所以把它搁置下来了。在文化大革命期间，不敢接近书本。粉碎“四人帮”以后，在党的十一届三中全会精神的鼓舞下，特将《金匮要略浅述》一稿，重新加以修改和补充，已由人民卫生出版社付梓。现在我分工管科研，我的自选项目是中西医结合治疗再障的研究。一九八〇年经过对二十九例再障的疗效观察，其中基本治愈十一例，缓解七例，进步四例，无效七例，有效率占76.7％，目前这个项目仍在继续进行。
几点体会
五十多年来，我所走过的学医道路，是艰苦的，曲折的。总起来有以下体会：
(一) 要学好中医，必须打好两个基础。首先是古文基础，最低要求繁体字能认识，文言文能断句。再就是中医基础，如《内经·素问》、《伤寒论》、《金匮要略》的白文要选读，药性、方歌、脉诀、经络歌诀要熟读，有了这两个基础，才能继续深入下去。
(二) 要多看几种好的参考书。我在当学徒的时候，老师教我读古典医著是不错的，但是指导我看的参考书，只限于汪切庵、陈修园两家，这就太局限了。后来我在国医专科学校时所看的参考书，就使我的眼界开阔多了，因而获益不少。
(三) 要多跟几个好的老师，因每个老师各有他的长处。比如，我在学徒时的老师长于伤寒；我在医校时的老师有的长于温病，有的长于杂病，有的长于妇科，有的长于儿科。根据各老师辨证用药的特点，取其所长，为我所用，这就大有好处。但这个条件如不具备，也可自学成材。
(四) 学医要有坚强的意志，朝斯夕斯，持之以恒。在困难的时候，要看到前途，要看到光明，要提高自己的勇气。在顺利的时候，又要谦虚谨慎，戒骄戒躁，刻苦学习，继续前进。我在学医过程中，学习情绪曾有几次大的起落，教训是很深刻的。
(五) 在医疗作风方面，对同道不要贬低别人，抬高自己；对病人无论工人、农民、领导干部，都要一视同仁，详细诊察，不得草率。有时病人情绪急躁，要求过高，也只能耐心说服，体谅病人。但也不能迁就病人，投其所好。更不能乘人之危，向病家需索财物，这是起码的医德。
学然后知不足
浙江省中医药研究所所长，研究员潘澄濂。
【作者简介】潘澄濂(1910～)，浙江温州人。十六岁入丁甘仁先生创办的上海中医专门学校，1929年毕业。解放前，除悬壶应诊外，曾执教于上海中医学院、上海中国医学院，并任温州普安药局医务主任等，学验俱富，力主中西医学从理论上结合。解放后，历任浙江中医学院副院长、浙江省中医研究所副所长、全国第五届政协委员等职。著有《伤寒论新解》、《潘澄濂论医集》等。
一九二九年三月十七日，全国中医药界自发地在上海召开第一次代表大会，愤怒斥责国民党反动政府废止中医中药的荒谬禁令。因而将这个具有历史意义的日子，定为“国医节”。那时，我正在上海中医专门学校毕业，自叹是一个“末代”的中医。
解放以后，在党的中医政策的光辉照耀下，中医药事业重新得到蓬勃发展。特别是将中医列入教育系统，后继有人。抚今思昔，感慨万千。
借助他山取长补短
我在校修业期中，按照当时课程，对《内经》、《伤寒论》、《金匮要略》、《温热经纬》以及《本草经》等，进行了系统学习。此外，如妇、儿、外、喉等科，以《医宗金鉴》为教材，亦按照教学计划而必修。与此同时，也览阅了历代名医著作，如《东垣十书》、《刘河间六书》、《丹溪心法》、《景岳全书》、《徐灵胎十六种》等等。对中医知识，虽说入了门，而未登堂奥。当时，因求知欲所驱使，学习中医之余，尚参加其它医院校旁听和函授，进行了解剖、生理、病理等的实验。嗣后，又阅读了日本和田启十郎氏的《医界之铁锥》、汤本求真氏的《皇汉医学》、松园渡边熙氏的《和汉医学》。和田启十郎氏在日本明治维新后汉医学遭受到摧残的岁月中，披沥汉医之真髓，奋臂疾呼，力挽几倒之狂澜，这种精神，给我感动，甚为深刻，而且也使我认识到中西医学瑕瑜互见。所以，早在三十年代，我就抱有铺平经、时方之鸿沟、溶中西医于一炉的愿望和企图。这可从拙著《伤寒论新解》的某些内容中略见一斑。
例如，我曾试以现代生理学和临床病理学(即病理生理学)的知识，对“阳浮”和“阴弱”以及“营弱”和“卫强”加以解释。认为这里所说的“阳”和“卫”是代表机体的产温机能，“阴”和“营”是代表机体的散温机能。太阳中风（太阳经受风邪侵袭的病证），就是由于产温机能的亢进，散温机能不能相应地随着旺盛，使机体调节中枢的相对平衡失调，所以虽自汗出而不解。
又如，据《伤寒论》“病发于阳，而反下之，热入因作结胸……所以成结胸者，以下之太早故也”条看来，结胸证似因过早应用攻下而造成的。但是结胸证的治疗，恰恰是采用大陷胸汤的峻下。这样，前后似有矛盾，不易理解。我是这样认识的：从《伤寒论》对结胸证的描述来看，先说：“舌上燥而渴，日晡所小有潮热，从心下至少腹鞭满而痛，不可近也。”又说：“结胸无大热者，此水结在胸胁者也。”据此，可以推测，结胸证的实质似乎是指胸腔或腹腔有大量渗出性或漏出性积液。病变的主要部位，是在胸腔，亦可想象。
I began my studies at the age of eight and attended a private school for eight years, studying books such as *Youxue Qionglin* (Encyclopedia for Children), *Analects*, *Great Learning*, *Doctrine of the Mean*, *Mencius*, *Zuo Zhuan*, *Classic of Poetry*, *I Ching*, and *Guwen Guanzhi*. At seventeen, I apprenticed under a master to study medicine. Under his guidance, in the first year, I studied *Yaoxing Fu* (Ode on Medicinal Properties), *Tangtou Gejue* (Rhymes of Prescriptions), *Jingluo Gejue* (Rhymes of Meridians and Acupoints), *Binhu Maijue* (Pulse Rhymes from Binhu), and *Yixue Sanzijing* (Three-Character Classic of Medicine), while also consulting *Bencao Beiyao* (Essentials of Materia Medica) and *Yifang Jijie* (Collected Explanations of Medical Formulas). In the second year, I read the original texts of *Suling Leizuan* (Classified Compendium of Su and Ling), *Shanghan Lun* (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases), and *Jingui Yaolue* (Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Cabinet), along with reference works like *Lingsu Jiaoyao Qiannzhu* (Light Commentary on Selected Essentials of Ling Shu and Su Wen), *Shanghan Lun Qiannzhu* (Light Commentary on Shanghan Lun), and *Jingui Yaolue Qiannzhu* (Light Commentary on Jingui Yaolue). These texts were dry and uninteresting; particularly, I found the original text of *Huangdi Neijing* (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon) difficult to understand, which initially caused some reluctance. In the third year, I accompanied my teacher for clinical practice and consulted *Shifang Miaoyong* (Wonderful Uses of Contemporary Formulas), *Yixue Shizaiyi* (Medicine is Actually Easy), and *Yixue Congzhong Lu* (Records of Following Public Opinion in Medicine). My teacher admired Chen Xiuyuan in terms of medical theory, so the reference books he guided me to read were mostly authored by Chen. He had indeed put considerable effort into studying *Shanghan Lun* and *Jingui Yaolue*. In clinical practice, when treating *Shanghan* (cold-induced febrile diseases) and miscellaneous diseases, he frequently used *Jingfang* (classic formulas), achieving good efficacy, but treating *Wenbing* (warm-pathogen diseases) was not his forte.
Deep Remorse for Initial Diagnostic Error
Upon completing my three-year apprenticeship, I was only twenty years old. Due to my youth and lack of experience, few patients sought my consultation. On the fifteenth day of the first lunar month in 1931, a distant relative invited me to treat his younger brother. The patient had been repairing roads in the morning, carrying sand and gravel, sweating profusely until his clothes were wet, and then exposed to wind and chill. At noon, he overindulged in alcohol, meat, and food. In the afternoon, he suffered from abdominal pain that was severe upon palpation. I diagnosed him with cold invasion and food stagnation (*Gan Han Shang Shi*) and prescribed *Huoxiang Zhengqi San* (Agaric Powder for Regulating the Middle) combined with *Baohe Wan* (Preserve Harmony Pill). The treatment was ineffective, and he died by midnight. The next morning, upon examining the corpse, I found numerous ecchymoses on his back but could not determine the disease. I felt deeply guilty, believing that the patient’s death was truly due to my error. Although his family did not blame me, I was internally distressed. Consequently, I lost all confidence in studying medicine and changed careers to become an elementary school teacher. Teaching in the old society, like other jobs, offered no security; one might teach at a school this year but face uncertainty about employment the next, often living in fear of unemployment. My family was merely comfortable, without fixed income, leaving our livelihood precarious. To survive, I resolved to strive hard and deepen my studies, seeking a way out based on my existing medical knowledge, with no other alternative.
Striving Hard to Deepen Studies
In 1934, Hunan National Medicine Specialized School opened admissions. Determined to apply, I gained my parents' support. The teachers there were well-known TCM practitioners in Hunan. Having learned from my previous medical error, I approached my renewed studies with high self-awareness, asking questions whenever confused and taking detailed notes. While studying *Neijing* (Inner Canon), I referenced *Yijing Yuanzhi* (Original Principles of Medical Classics) and *Zhangshi Leijing* (Zhang’s Classified Classics); while studying *Shanghan Lun*, I referenced *Shanghan Laisu Ji* (Collection of Commentaries on Shanghan Lun) and *Shanghan Guanzhu Ji* (Collection of Pearl Strings through Shanghan Lun); while studying *Jingui Yaolue*, I referenced *Jingui Yaolue Xindian* (Heart Standard of Jingui Yaolue) and *Jinjian Dingzheng Jingui Yaolue Zhu* (Corrected Annotations on Jingui Yaolue from Jinjian); while studying Internal Medicine, I referenced *Yixue Xinwu* (Medical Insights) and *Jinjian Zabing Xinfa Yaojue* (Essential Principles of Miscellaneous Diseases from Jinjian); while studying Gynecology, I referenced *Fu Qingzhu Nuke* (Women’s Medicine by Fu Qingzhu) and *Jinjian Fuke Xinfa Yaojue* (Essential Principles of Gynecology from Jinjian). *Wenbing* (Warm Diseases) was a subject I had not previously studied. Besides attending lectures, I consulted *Tongsu Shanghan Lun* (Popular Treatise on Cold Damage), *Hanwen Tiaobian* (Differentiation of Cold and Warm Pathogens), *Wenbing Tiaobian* (Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases), and *Wenre Jingwei* (Coordinates of Warmth and Heat).
In the third year, every morning we were divided into groups to intern at various teachers’ clinics. I meticulously recorded each teacher’s characteristics in syndrome differentiation and prescription usage, studying independently in the afternoons. The reference books I read that year were diverse, such as *Lantai Guifan* (Norms of the Orchid Terrace), *Dongyi Baojian* (Treasures of Eastern Medicine), *Leizheng Zaicai* (Selected Treatments for Categorized Syndromes), *Linzheng Zhinan* (Guide to Clinical Practice), *Wangshi Yi’an* (Medical Cases of the Wang Family), *Lenglu Yihua* (Anecdotes from Lenglu), and *Yixue Guang Biji* (Extensive Notes on Medicine). However, they were broad rather than specialized, lacking depth. After graduation, I stayed at the school to work.
Blind Complacency After Initial Success
In January 1937, to protest the Kuomintang’s ban on TCM schools and hospitals, I, along with Principal Wu Hanxian, represented Hunan’s TCM community in Nanjing to join the National TCM Petition Group, appealing to the Third Plenary Session of the Kuomintang. Pressured by the righteous indignation of the TCM community, the Kuomintang passed a resolution to include TCM in the educational system merely to appease them. Following the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, Changsha suffered repeated bombings. I found another job and left my alma mater, wandering through Western and Southern Hunan. Infectious diseases were prevalent everywhere. Referencing treatments for damp-warmth and epidemic syndromes from *Shi Bing Lun* (Treatise on Seasonal Diseases), *Wenyi Lun* (Treatise on Epidemic Diseases), *Huoluan Lun* (Treatise on Cholera), and *Wenre Jingwei*, I achieved good results, which gradually fostered complacency. I believed that having learned methods for treating *Shanghan* during my apprenticeship and *Wenbing* at medical school, I could handle cases effortlessly with minor efforts. Thus, I became arrogant and relaxed my studies. In 1941, I taught infectious diseases in the TCM group of the Hunan Provincial Cadre Training Corps. Lacking textbooks, I wrote lecture notes myself, but they were pieced together with little personal insight, so they were never published. Subsequently, Hunan fell successively, forcing me to flee constantly. Books and belongings were lost, and my situation was wretched. In short, my medical progress during the eight-year war was minimal.
Guarding Against Arrogance and Continuing Forward
After the victory in the Anti-Japanese War, I returned to Changsha to open a clinic. Initially, business was poor. At that time, there were few Western medicine hospitals in Changsha, and most common and frequent diseases were still treated by TCM. Having gained preliminary experience during the war, my efficacy was good. Patients spread the word, and referrals increased. Most of these patients had difficult, critical conditions or chronic diseases that had not healed despite long-term treatment. When other doctors failed, I also could not cure them. This made me truly realize my insufficient academic ability and that there was nothing to be proud of. Thus, I used my spare time after consultations to review old lessons or read new books. By "new books," I referred to works by He Lianchen, Yun Tieqiao, Lu Yuanlei, Zhang Xichun, and Japanese Kampo medicine, which provided new inspirations. On March 17, 1947, I organized with Cao Bowen and others a strike of diagnosis and commerce among Changsha’s TCM community, petitioning the puppet Hunan provincial government for relief supplies and the restoration of Hunan National Hospital. Fortunately, we succeeded. However, from planning to opening the hospital took nearly three years, neglecting much business and delaying learning time.
Holding Ground with Steady Progress
After liberation, in 1950, I participated in a TCM advanced training class organized by the Hunan Provincial Health Department. However, the curriculum focused on Western medicine basics, such as anatomy, physiology, pathology, microbiology and parasitology, epidemiology, and diagnostic fundamentals. These Western medical basics were helpful for my later participation in integrated Chinese-Western medical consultations. Nevertheless, in treatment, I still adhered to TCM principles, methods, formulas, and herbs for syndrome differentiation and treatment. In 1952, Hunan National Hospital was taken over by the People’s Government and renamed Hunan Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, where I joined the staff. I managed wards and external consultations, a new task for me without prior experience. Through consultations with sister hospitals, I learned and established ward systems for our hospital. To improve medical quality, I utilized evenings and holidays to categorize common and frequent diseases based on relevant medical texts. This involved dividing specific diseases or symptoms into several types, linking them with principles, methods, formulas, and herbs, which greatly promoted my learning. However, this work ceased after I was transferred to the College of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Managing Teaching While Attending to Medical Practice
I was transferred to the College of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 1960. Although it was in the preparatory stage with many difficulties, I was confident and determined to run the school well under the Party’s leadership. We enrolled undergraduate students that year, continuing annually until 1966. In teaching arrangements, we maintained a ratio of seven parts TCM courses to three parts Western medicine courses. Besides managing teaching, I held special outpatient clinics on Tuesdays and Fridays. Due to frequent contact with patients suffering from infectious hepatitis and liver cirrhosis, I preliminarily realized through practice: acute icteric hepatitis has a sudden onset with vigorous pathogenic factors, so it should be treated via the Yangming Stomach channel; chronic icteric hepatitis often results from the persistence and mistreatment of acute cases, so it should be treated via the Taiyin Spleen channel; non-icteric hepatitis presents chronically from the onset, so it should be treated via the Jueyin Liver channel; liver cirrhosis, characterized by hepatocyte degeneration, fibrous tissue proliferation, and liver hardening, should be treated by soothing the Liver, softening hardness, and invigorating blood to resolve stasis. In 1962, I developed a formula called *Shugan LiPi Wan* (Liver-Soothing and Spleen-Strengthening Pill), composed of *Danggui* (Angelicae Sinensis Radix), *Chaihu* (Bupleuri Radix), *Baishao* (Paeoniae Radix Alba), *Zhishi* (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus), *Biejia* (Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum), *Qingpi* (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride), *Maogen* (Imperatae Rhizoma), *Qiancao* (Rubiae Cordifoliae Radix et Rhizoma), *Dilong* (Pheretima), *Gancao* (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), *Zhugan* (Sus Scrofae Hepatis), and *Jineijin* (Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum), which showed good efficacy for chronic hepatitis and early-stage liver cirrhosis. Simultaneously, I wrote *Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Infectious Hepatitis*, published by Hunan Science and Technology Press.
The Old Steed in the Stable Still Aspires to Gallop a Thousand Li
In 1963, due to hepatitis, I returned to my hometown in Xiangxiang for recuperation and gradually improved. Noticing the absence of a *Jingui Yaolue* textbook in the national unified TCM curriculum, I began drafting *Jingui Yaolue Qianshu* (Brief Exposition on Jingui Yaolue), completing it in October 1964. Originally intended as a trial textbook for our college, it was shelved because the *Jingui Yaolue Jiangyi* edited in Hubei was published before mine. During the Cultural Revolution, I dared not approach books. After the fall of the "Gang of Four," encouraged by the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, I revised and supplemented the draft of *Jingui Yaolue Qianshu*, which was subsequently published by People’s Medical Publishing House. Currently, I am responsible for scientific research. My selected project is the study of integrated Chinese and Western medicine treatment for aplastic anemia. In 1980, after observing the efficacy in 29 cases of aplastic anemia, 11 were basically cured, 7 relieved, 4 improved, and 7 ineffective, with an effective rate of 76.7%. This project is still ongoing.
Some Reflections
Over more than fifty years, my path in studying medicine has been arduous and tortuous. Summarizing my experiences, I have the following reflections:
(1) To learn TCM well, one must lay two foundations. First is the foundation of classical Chinese literature, with the minimum requirement of recognizing traditional characters and being able to punctuate classical Chinese. Second is the foundation of TCM basics, such as selecting readings from *Suwen* (Basic Questions) of *Neijing*, *Shanghan Lun*, and *Jingui Yaolue*, and memorizing rhymes on medicinal properties, prescriptions, pulse diagnosis, and meridians. With these two foundations, one can proceed deeper.
(2) One should read various good reference books. When I was an apprentice, my teacher correctly instructed me to read classical medical works, but the reference books he guided me to read were limited to those by Wang Qie’an and Chen Xiuyuan, which was too restrictive. Later, the reference books I read at the National Medicine Specialized School broadened my horizons significantly, bringing me considerable benefit.
(3) One should follow several good teachers, as each has their strengths. For example, my teacher during apprenticeship was skilled in *Shanghan*; my teachers at medical school were skilled in *Wenbing*, miscellaneous diseases, gynecology, and pediatrics respectively. By observing each teacher’s characteristics in syndrome differentiation and prescription usage, adopting their strengths for my own use, I benefited greatly. If this condition is not met, one can also succeed through self-study.
(4) Studying medicine requires strong willpower, consistency, and perseverance. In difficult times, one must see the future and light, boosting courage. In smooth times, one must remain humble and cautious, guarding against arrogance and impetuosity, studying diligently, and moving forward. My learning enthusiasm fluctuated greatly several times during my medical studies, providing profound lessons.
(5) Regarding medical ethics, do not belittle colleagues to elevate oneself; treat all patients—workers, farmers, leaders—equally, examining them carefully without haste. Sometimes patients are impatient or have excessive demands; one must patiently persuade and empathize, but not indulge them or cater to their whims. Never take advantage of someone’s distress to extort money, which is basic medical ethics.
Learning Reveals Insufficiency
Pan Chenglian, Director and Researcher, Zhejiang Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
[Author Introduction] Pan Chenglian (1910–), from Wenzhou, Zhejiang. Entered Shanghai College of Traditional Chinese Medicine founded by Mr. Ding Ganren at sixteen, graduating in 1929. Before liberation, besides practicing medicine, he taught at Shanghai College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Shanghai China College of Medicine, and served as Medical Director of Wenzhou Pu’an Pharmacy. Rich in learning and experience, he advocated for theoretical integration of Chinese and Western medicine. After liberation, he served as Vice President of Zhejiang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Deputy Director of Zhejiang Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and member of the Fifth National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference. He authored *New Interpretation of Shanghan Lun* and *Pan Chenglian’s Medical Discussions*.
On March 17, 1929, the national TCM community spontaneously convened its first representative congress in Shanghai, angrily denouncing the Kuomintang reactionary government’s absurd decree abolishing Chinese medicine and pharmacy. This historic date was thus designated as "National Medicine Day." At that time, I had just graduated from Shanghai College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, sighing that I was a "last-generation" TCM practitioner.
After liberation, under the radiant guidance of the Party’s TCM policies, the cause of TCM flourished again. Especially with TCM included in the education system, there are successors. Reflecting on the past and present, I feel moved.
Borrowing Strength from Others to Make Up for Weaknesses
During my schooling, according to the curriculum, I systematically studied *Neijing*, *Shanghan Lun*, *Jingui Yaolue*, *Wenre Jingwei*, and *Bencao Jing* (Classic of Materia Medica). Additionally, subjects like gynecology, pediatrics, surgery, and otolaryngology used *Yizong Jinjian* (Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition) as textbooks, required by the teaching plan. Meanwhile, I also read works of famous doctors throughout history, such as *Dongyuan Shishu* (Ten Works of Dongyuan), *Liu Hejian Liushu* (Six Works of Liu Hejian), *Danxi Xinfa* (Core Methods of Danxi), *Jingyue Quanshu* (Complete Works of Jingyue), and *Xu Lingtai Shiliuzhong* (Sixteen Works of Xu Lingtai). Although I had entered the door of TCM knowledge, I had not yet reached the inner sanctum. Driven by curiosity, besides studying TCM, I audited and corresponded with other hospitals and schools to conduct experiments in anatomy, physiology, and pathology. Later, I read Japanese authors’ works such as *Ikai no Tekkishu* (Iron Awl of the Medical World) by Kejujiro Wada, *Kōkan Igaku* (Imperial Han Medicine) by Motonori Tomimoto, and *Wakan Igaku* (Chinese and Japanese Medicine) by Migishi Matsuzono. Kejujiro Wada, amidst the devastation of Kampo medicine after the Meiji Restoration in Japan, revealed the true essence of Han medicine, cried out bravely, and tried to turn back the tide of decline. This spirit deeply moved me and made me realize that Chinese and Western medicine each have their merits and flaws. Thus, as early as the 1930s, I harbored the wish and intention to bridge the gap between classic and contemporary formulas and integrate Chinese and Western medicine. This can be glimpsed in certain contents of my book *New Interpretation of Shanghan Lun*.
For instance, I attempted to explain "Yang floating" and "Yin weakness," as well as "Ying weakness" and "Wei strength," using modern physiology and clinical pathology (pathophysiology). I believed that "Yang" and "Wei" here represent the body’s heat-producing function, while "Yin" and "Ying" represent the body’s heat-dissipating function. *Taiyang Fengzhong* (Wind Strike of the Taiyang Channel) occurs because the heat-producing function is hyperactive, while the heat-dissipating function cannot correspondingly increase, causing a relative imbalance in the body’s regulatory center. Hence, although there is spontaneous sweating, the condition does not resolve.
Furthermore, regarding the clause in *Shanghan Lun*: "When a disease originates from Yang, but purgatives are wrongly applied, heat enters and forms chest binding... Therefore, chest binding is formed because purgatives were applied too early," it seems that chest binding syndrome is caused by premature application of purgatives. However, the treatment for chest binding precisely employs the harsh purgation of *Da Xianxiong Tang* (Major Decoction to Drain the Chest). This appears contradictory and difficult to understand. My understanding is as follows: From the description of chest binding in *Shanghan Lun*, it first states: "Dry tongue with thirst, slight tidal fever in the late afternoon, fullness and pain from the epigastrium down to the lower abdomen, so severe that one cannot bear pressure." It also says: "Chest binding without significant heat indicates water binding in the chest and hypochondrium." Based on this, one can speculate that the essence of chest binding syndrome seems to refer to a large amount of exudative or transudative fluid accumulation in the thoracic or abdominal cavity. The main site of the lesion is likely in the thoracic cavity, which can also be imagined.