味甘，寒，无毒。主丹毒，烦热，风疹，药石发动，热气奔豚。日华子云∶冷。益气
除热毒风，浓肠胃，作枕明目，治头风头痛。孟诜云∶补益，和五脏，安精神，行十二经
此最为良。今人食皆去皮，若愈病须和皮。又研汁治消渴，去浮风，益气力。
平，无毒。补五脏，益中，助十二经脉，调中，暖肠胃。孙真人云∶宜肾，煞鬼气。
味酸，温，无毒。主消痈肿，散水气，杀邪毒。日华子云∶治产后妇人并伤损，及金疮
血晕，下气，除烦，破症结，妇人心痛，助诸药力，杀一切鱼、肉、菜毒。米醋功用同。
云∶俗呼为苦酒，亦谓之醯。
味甘，寒，无毒。主五脏六腑寒热，羸瘦，五癃，利小便，疗妇人乳难，内闭，久
骨，长肌肉。《药性论》云∶臣。滑，平。能治五淋，主奶肿，能下乳汁。根∶治恶疮
儿吞钱不出。叶∶治金疮，滑小肠，治时行黄病。日华子云∶久服坚筋骨。黄芩为之使
味苦，寒，有毒。主大水，身面四肢浮肿，下水，杀蛊毒，咳逆上气。日华子
治脑塞，热 ，眼昏，吐痰。一云∶即甜瓜蒂也。《药性论》云∶使。茎∶主
鼻。和小豆、丁香吹鼻治黄胆。花∶主心痛咳逆。肉∶主烦渴，除热。多食
主腹内结聚，破溃脓血，最为肠胃脾内壅要药。
味辛，温，微毒。消谷，治五脏，补不足，利大小肠，通小腹气，止头痛，疗沙疹，
豆疮不出，主蛊毒，五痔。《食疗》云∶平。利五脏，补筋脉，主消谷。
味甘，性寒，无毒。主治丹毒（皮肤突然发红如涂丹砂的急性感染性疾病），烦热（心中烦躁发热），风疹（皮肤瘙痒起疹），药石发动（服用矿物类药物引起的不良反应），热气奔豚（气从少腹上冲心胸的病症）。日华子说：性冷。能益气除热毒风，厚肠胃，做枕头可明目，治疗头风头痛。孟诜说：补益，调和五脏，安定精神，通行十二经脉，此药最为优良。现在人们食用都去皮，若为治病必须连皮一起使用。又研磨汁液治疗消渴（糖尿病类疾病），去除浮风，益气力。
性平，无毒。补五脏，益中气，助十二经脉，调和中焦，温暖肠胃。孙真人说：适宜肾脏，驱除鬼气（指邪祟之气）。
味酸，性温，无毒。主治消痈肿（消散痈疽肿胀），散水气，杀邪毒。日华子说：治疗产后妇人及损伤，以及金疮（金属利器造成的创伤）血晕（失血过多导致的头晕目眩），下气，除烦，破除症结（腹部积块），妇人心痛，辅助诸药力，杀一切鱼、肉、菜毒。米醋功用相同。有人说：俗称为苦酒，也称之为醯。
味甘，性寒，无毒。主治五脏六腑寒热，消瘦，五癃（五种小便不通的病症），利小便，治疗妇人乳难（乳汁不下），内闭，久骨（此处疑为衍文或特定语境下的骨骼问题，原文如此），长肌肉。《药性论》说：臣药。滑，平。能治五淋（五种淋证），主奶肿（乳房肿胀），能下乳汁。根：治恶疮，小儿吞钱不出。叶：治金疮，滑小肠，治时行黄病（流行性黄疸）。日华子说：久服坚固筋骨。黄芩为之使（引经药）。
味苦，性寒，有毒。主治大水（严重水肿），身面四肢浮肿，下水（利尿消肿），杀蛊毒（寄生虫毒），咳逆上气（咳嗽气喘）。日华子说：治脑塞，热[缺失字]，眼昏，吐痰。一说：即甜瓜蒂也。《药性论》说：使药。茎：主[缺失字]鼻。和小豆、丁香吹鼻治黄胆（黄疸）。花：主心痛咳逆。肉：主烦渴，除热。多食[缺失字]主腹内结聚，破溃脓血，最为肠胃脾内壅要药。
味辛，性温，微毒。消谷（促进消化），治五脏，补不足，利大小肠，通小腹气，止头痛，疗沙疹（麻疹类疾病），豆疮不出（痘疹不透发），主蛊毒，五痔（五种痔疮）。《食疗》说：平。利五脏，补筋脉，主消谷。
Sweet in flavor, cold in nature, non-toxic. It primarily treats erysipelas (acute skin infection characterized by redness), irritability and heat, wind-rash, adverse reactions caused by mineral drugs, and the sensation of qi rushing upward from the lower abdomen to the chest (Ben Tun). Ri Hua Zi stated: It is cold. It benefits qi, eliminates heat-toxic wind, thickens the stomach and intestines, serves as a pillow to brighten the eyes, and treats head-wind headache. Meng Shen stated: It tonifies and benefits, harmonizes the five zang organs, calms the spirit, and unblocks the twelve meridians; this herb is considered superior. Nowadays, people eat it peeled; however, for therapeutic purposes, it must be used with the peel. Additionally, its juice is ground to treat polydipsia (wasting-thirst syndrome), dispel floating wind, and benefit qi strength.
Neutral in nature, non-toxic. It tonifies the five zang organs, benefits middle jiao qi, assists the twelve meridians, regulates the middle jiao, and warms the stomach and intestines. Sun Simiao stated: It is suitable for the Kidney and expels evil qi.
Sour in flavor, warm in nature, non-toxic. It primarily treats the resolution of carbuncles and swelling, disperses water qi, and kills toxic pathogens. Ri Hua Zi stated: It treats postpartum women and injuries, as well as traumatic bleeding with dizziness, directs qi downward, relieves irritability, breaks up masses, treats heart pain in women, enhances the efficacy of other herbs, and kills all fish, meat, and vegetable poisons. Rice vinegar has similar functions. It is said: Commonly known as bitter wine, also referred to as xi (vinegar).
Sweet in flavor, cold in nature, non-toxic. It primarily treats cold and heat disorders of the five zang and six fu organs, emaciation, five types of strangury (difficulty in urination), promotes urination, treats breast milk retention in women, internal obstruction, [text unclear], and promotes muscle growth. *Yao Xing Lun* stated: It acts as an assistant drug. Slippery, neutral. It can treat five types of lin syndrome, primarily addresses breast swelling, and promotes lactation. Root: Treats malignant sores and cases where children have swallowed coins that cannot pass. Leaves: Treat traumatic wounds, lubricates the small intestine, and treats epidemic jaundice. Ri Hua Zi stated: Long-term use strengthens bones and tendons. Scutellariae Radix (Huang Qin) serves as its guiding herb.
Bitter in flavor, cold in nature, toxic. It primarily treats severe edema, facial and limb swelling, promotes diuresis to reduce swelling, kills gu poison (parasitic toxicity), and treats cough with rebellious qi. Ri Hua Zi stated: It treats brain congestion, [missing character] heat, blurred vision, and expectoration. One theory states: It is the stalk of the melon. *Yao Xing Lun* stated: It acts as an envoy drug. Stem: Primarily treats [missing character] nose. Mixed with adzuki beans and cloves and insufflated into the nose to treat jaundice. Flower: Primarily treats heart pain and cough with rebellious qi. Flesh: Primarily treats irritability and thirst, clears heat. Excessive consumption [missing character] primarily treats intra-abdominal accumulation, ruptures pus and blood, and is a crucial herb for gastrointestinal and splenic stagnation.
Pungent in flavor, warm in nature, slightly toxic. It aids digestion, treats the five zang organs, tonifies deficiencies, promotes urination through the large and small intestines, unblocks qi in the lower abdomen, stops headaches, treats sand-rash (measles-like diseases), and conditions where bean-pox does not erupt. It primarily treats gu poison and five types of hemorrhoids. *Shi Liao* stated: Neutral. It benefits the five zang organs, tonifies sinews and vessels, and primarily aids digestion.