（凡十类）
（论一首）
论曰∶胃腑者，主脾也。口唇者，是其候也。脾合气于胃，胃者水谷之腑也。号仓库守
内啬吏，重二斤十四两。迂曲屈伸长二尺六寸，大一尺五寸，径五寸。受水谷三斗五升。其
中当留谷二斗，水一斗五升。广 大颈张胸，五谷乃容而满，上焦泄气出其精微，剽悍滑疾
下焦下溉泄诸小肠。此肠胃所受水谷之数也。平人则不然，胃满则肠虚，肠满则胃虚，更满
更虚。气得上下，五脏安定，血脉和利，精神乃居，故神者水谷精气也。五脏不足调于胃，
故肠胃之中，当留谷二斗四升，水一斗一升，故人一日再至后（《甲乙》作圊），后二升半，
一日中五升，七日五七三斗五升，而留水谷尽。故平人不饮不食七日而死者，水谷精气津液
皆尽，故七日而死矣。
右手关上阳绝者，无胃脉也。若吞酸头痛胃中有冷，刺足太阴治阴，在足大趾本节后一
寸。
右手关上阳实者，胃实也。若肠中伏伏（一作幅幅）不思食，得食不能消，刺足阳明治
阳，
在足上动脉。脉浮而芤，浮则为阳，芤则为阴。浮芤相搏，胃气生热，其阳则绝。
趺阳脉浮大者，此胃家微虚烦。圊必日再行，动作头痛重热气朝者属胃。
胃脉搏坚而长，其色赤，当病折髀。其软而散者，当病食痹。髀痛病先发于胃，胀满五
日之肾，少腹腰脊痛，胫酸。三日之膀胱，背膂筋痛，小便闭。五日上之心脾，心痛闭塞不
通，身痛体重（《灵枢》云∶上之心），三日不已死。冬夜半后，夏日 。
胃病者，腹 胀，胃脘当心而痛，上支两胁膈咽不通，饮食不下，下取三里。
饮食不下膈塞不通，邪在胃脘。在上脘则抑而刺之。在下脘则散而去之。
胃胀者，腹满胃脘痛，鼻闻焦臭，妨于食，大便难。
胃疟令人旦病也，善饥而不能食，食而支满腹大，刺足阳明太阴，横脉出血。
胃中有癖食冷物者，痛不能食，食热则能食，脾前受病移于胃，脾咳不已，呕吐长虫。
厥气客于胃，则梦饮食。
诊得胃脉病形何如？曰∶胃脉实则胀，虚则泄。脾应肉 ，肉 坚大者胃浓。肉 么者
胃薄。肉 小而么者胃不坚。肉 不称其身者胃下，胃下者脘约。肉 不坚者胃缓。肉 无
小果累标紧者胃急。肉 多小果累者胃结，胃结者，胃上脘约不利。
扁鹊云∶足太阴与阳明为表里，脾胃若病实，则伤热，热则引水浆常渴。虚则伤寒，寒
则苦饥常痛。发于风水，其根在胃，先从四肢起，腹满大，通身肿。（方见治水篇中。
胃绝不治五日死，何以知之？舌肿，溺血，大便赤泄。
足阳明之脉起于鼻交 中，旁约太阳之脉，下循鼻外入上齿中，还出挟口环唇，下交承
浆，却循颐后下廉，出大迎，循颊车，上耳前，过客主人，循发际至额颅。其支者，从大迎
前下人迎，循喉咙，入缺盆，下膈属胃络脾。其直者，从缺盆下乳内廉，下挟脐，入气街中。
其
廉，下足跗，入中趾内间。其支者，下膝三寸，而别以下入中趾外间。其支者，别跗上，入
大趾间，出其端也。
是动则病凄凄振寒，善伸数欠，颜黑。病至KT 人与火，闻木音则惕然而惊，心动欲
独闭
是主血所生病者，狂疟温淫，汗出鼽衄，口 唇紧，颈肿喉痹，大腹水肿，膝膑肿痛，
循膺乳气街股伏兔 外廉足跗上皆痛，中趾不用。气盛则身以前皆热，其有余于胃则消谷善
饥，溺色黄，气不足则身以前皆寒 ，胃中寒则胀满。盛者则人迎大三倍于寸口，虚者则人
迎反小于寸口也。
（共十类）
（一篇论述）
论述说：胃腑与脾相表里。口唇是胃的外在征候。脾与胃之气相合，胃是水谷汇聚的腑。它号称“仓库守内啬吏”，重量为二斤十四两。形状迂曲屈伸，全长二尺六寸，周长一尺五寸，直径五寸。能容纳水谷三斗五升。其中应当留存谷物二斗，水一斗五升。胃颈宽大，胸廓张开，才能容纳五谷使其充满。上焦宣发气机，将其中的精微物质输布全身；剽悍滑疾的气机下行至下焦，灌溉并渗泄于各小肠。这就是肠胃所受纳水谷的数量。正常人的情况则不同，胃满时肠子空虚，肠满时胃空虚，交替出现满与虚的状态。气机得以上下通畅，五脏安定，血脉调和顺畅，精神才能安居体内，所以神气是由水谷精气化生的。如果五脏精气不足，可以通过调理胃来改善。因此，肠胃之中，通常应留存谷物二斗四升，水一斗一升。人一天两次去厕所（《甲乙经》作“圊”，即厕所），每次排出二升半，一天共排出五升，七天共排出五七三斗五升，此时留存在体内的水谷便排尽了。所以正常人如果不吃不喝七天就会死亡，是因为水谷精气津液都耗尽了，所以七天而死。
右手关部脉象阳气绝者，是没有胃脉的表现。如果出现吞酸、头痛、胃中有冷感，应针刺足太阴脾经以治阴证，穴位在足大趾本节后一寸处。
右手关部脉象阳气实者，是胃实证。如果出现肠中不适、不想吃东西，吃了东西不能消化，应针刺足阳明胃经以治阳证，穴位在足背动脉处。脉象浮而芤，浮脉主阳，芤脉主阴。浮芤脉象相搏结，会导致胃气生热，其阳气就会隔绝不通。
趺阳脉象浮大的，这是胃家轻微虚弱烦热。大便每天要解两次，活动后头痛沉重，早晨有热气感，这属于胃病。
胃脉搏动坚实而长，面色赤红，应当患髋关节疼痛（折髀）。脉搏软弱而散的，应当患食痹（饮食停滞导致的痹痛）。髀痛病首先发作于胃，腹胀满，五日传变至肾，出现少腹、腰脊疼痛，小腿酸痛。三日传变至膀胱，出现背部脊柱筋脉疼痛，小便闭塞。五日传变至心脾，出现心痛闭塞不通，身体疼痛沉重（《灵枢》说：传变至心），三天不好转就会死亡。冬季死于夜半之后，夏季死于日中。
胃病的人，腹部胀满，胃脘当心部位疼痛，向上支撑两侧胁肋，膈部和咽喉不通畅，饮食难以下咽，治疗应取足三里穴。
饮食不下，膈塞不通，邪气在胃脘。病位在上脘，则用按压并针刺的方法；病位在下脘，则用消散祛邪的方法。
胃胀的人，腹部满闷，胃脘疼痛，鼻中闻到焦臭味，妨碍进食，大便困难。
胃疟使人白天发病，容易饥饿但不能进食，进食后感到支撑胀满，腹部增大，应针刺足阳明、足太阴经，刺横络出血。
胃中有癖积，喜欢吃冷物的人，吃冷物会痛而不能进食，吃热物则能进食。这是脾先受病移于胃，脾咳不止，呕吐蛔虫。
厥气客居于胃，就会梦见饮食。
诊察得到胃脉和病症表现是怎样的？回答说：胃脉实症表现为腹胀，虚症表现为泄泻。脾对应肌肉，肌肉坚实丰满的，胃壁厚实；肌肉细小的，胃壁薄；肌肉细小且无力的，胃壁不坚固；肌肉大小与身体不相称的，胃位置下垂，胃下垂则胃门约束不利；肌肉不坚实的，胃壁松弛；肌肉中没有小颗粒状隆起且紧绷的，胃气急迫；肌肉多有小颗粒状隆起的，胃气结滞，胃气结滞则胃的上脘约束不利。
扁鹊说：足太阴脾经与足阳明胃经互为表里。脾胃如果患病属实，则会伤及热邪，热邪会引致饮水浆，经常口渴。如果患病属虚，则会伤及寒邪，寒邪会苦于饥饿，经常疼痛。如果发于风水病，其根源在胃，先从四肢开始肿胀，腹部胀大，全身浮肿。（方剂见治水篇中。）
胃气绝者不治，五天死亡，怎么知道呢？舌体肿胀，尿血，大便色赤泄泻。
足阳明胃经的经脉起于鼻翼旁，交会于鼻根中，旁边联络太阳经的经脉，向下沿鼻外侧进入上齿中，回转出来夹口环绕嘴唇，向下交会于承浆穴，然后退回沿下颌后下廉，出大迎穴，循颊车穴，上耳前，过客主人穴，循发际至额颅。它的支脉，从大迎穴前下方进入人迎穴，沿喉咙，入缺盆，向下穿过膈肌，属胃，络脾。它的直行脉，从缺盆下乳内侧廉，向下挟脐，入气街中。它的支脉，从缺盆下乳内侧廉，向下足跗，入中趾内间。它的支脉，下膝三寸，别行向下入中趾外间。它的支脉，别行于足背上，入大趾间，出于其端。
经脉变动所发生的病症，恶寒颤抖，喜欢伸展，频繁打哈欠，面色黑。病发时怕见人火，听到木器声音就惊恐心动，想独自关闭门窗静处。
本经主治血分所生的疾病，狂疟温病淫热，汗出，鼻塞流涕或鼻出血，口唇紧缩，颈部肿胀喉痹，大腹水肿，膝髌肿痛，沿胸部、乳房、气街、大腿伏兔穴外侧、足背等处皆痛，中趾不能用。气盛则身体前面皆热，有余于胃则消谷善饥，尿色黄；气不足则身体前面皆寒，胃中寒则胀满。实证则人迎脉大三倍于寸口脉，虚证则人迎脉反而小于寸口脉。
(There are ten categories in total)
(One treatise)
The treatise states: The Stomach Fu (Stomach Organ) is externally-internally related to the Spleen. The lips are its external manifestation. The Qi of the Spleen combines with that of the Stomach; the Stomach is the Fu organ for water and grain. It is referred to as the "Keeper of the Granary," weighing two jin and fourteen liang. Its shape is tortuous and curved, with a length of two chi six cun, a circumference of one chi five cun, and a diameter of five cun. It can hold three dou five sheng of water and grain. Within it, two dou of grain and one dou five sheng of water should remain. With its wide neck and expanded chest, it accommodates the five grains until full. The Upper Jiao (Upper Burner) disperses Qi, sending out the essence and subtle nutrients; the fierce, rapid, and slippery Qi descends to the Lower Jiao (Lower Burner), irrigating and draining into the various small intestines. This is the quantity of water and grain received by the intestines and stomach. In a healthy person, however, when the Stomach is full, the Intestines are empty, and when the Intestines are full, the Stomach is empty, alternating between fullness and emptiness. Qi moves up and down smoothly, the Five Zang Organs (Five Viscera) are stable, and the blood vessels are harmonious and unobstructed, allowing the Spirit (Shen) to reside. Thus, the Spirit is generated from the essence and Qi of water and grain. If the Five Zang Organs lack sufficient essence, they can be regulated through the Stomach. Therefore, within the intestines and stomach, there should typically remain two dou four sheng of grain and one dou one sheng of water. A person defecates twice a day (referred to as "qing" in the *Jia Yi Jing*), expelling two and a half sheng each time, totaling five sheng per day. Over seven days, this amounts to thirty-five sheng (three dou five sheng), at which point the retained water and grain are exhausted. Therefore, a normal person who does not drink or eat for seven days will die because the essence, Qi, and body fluids from water and grain are depleted, hence death occurs after seven days.
If the Yang pulse at the right Guan position is absent, it indicates the absence of the Stomach pulse. If symptoms include acid regurgitation, headache, and cold in the stomach, needle the Foot-Taiyin Splein Meridian to treat Yin syndromes, at the point one cun distal to the base of the big toe.
If the Yang pulse at the right Guan position is excess, it indicates Stomach Excess. If symptoms include discomfort in the intestines, loss of appetite, and inability to digest food after eating, needle the Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian to treat Yang syndromes, at the arterial pulse on the dorsum of the foot. A pulse that is floating and knotted (Kou): floating indicates Yang, while knotted indicates Yin. When floating and knotted pulses interact, Heat generates in the Stomach Qi, causing the Yang to become obstructed.
A Fuyang pulse that is floating and large indicates slight deficiency and irritability in the Stomach. Defecation occurs twice daily. Headache and heaviness after movement, along with morning heat sensations, belong to Stomach disorders.
If the Stomach pulse is firm and long, and the complexion is red, the patient should suffer from hip pain (Zhe Bi). If the pulse is soft and scattered, the patient should suffer from Shi Bi (Bi syndrome caused by food stagnation). Hip pain originating in the Stomach first presents with abdominal fullness. After five days, it transmits to the Kidney, causing lower abdominal, lumbar, and spinal pain, and soreness in the shins. After three days, it transmits to the Bladder, causing pain in the back and spinal muscles, and urinary retention. After five days, it transmits to the Heart and Spleen, causing heart pain with obstruction, body pain, and heaviness (as stated in the *Ling Shu*: transmitting to the Heart). If not resolved within three days, death ensues. Death occurs in winter after midnight, and in summer at noon.
Patients with Stomach disease experience abdominal distension, pain in the epigastrium corresponding to the heart region, upward support to both hypochondria, obstruction in the diaphragm and pharynx, and difficulty swallowing food. Treatment should select the Zusanli (ST36) point.
When food cannot be swallowed due to diaphragmatic obstruction, the pathogen is in the epigastrium. If located in the Upper Wan (upper part of the stomach), use pressing and needling methods. If located in the Lower Wan (lower part of the stomach), use methods to dissipate and eliminate the pathogen.
Patients with Stomach distension experience abdominal fullness, epigastric pain, smelling burnt odors in the nose, interference with eating, and difficult defecation.
Stomach Malaria causes daytime onset of illness. Patients feel hungry but cannot eat; after eating, they feel distended and their abdomen enlarges. Needle the Foot-Yangming and Foot-Taiyin meridians and bleed the transverse collaterals.
Those with gastric accumulations (Pi) who prefer cold foods experience pain and inability to eat when consuming cold items, but can eat when consuming hot items. This indicates the Spleen was initially diseased and transmitted to the Stomach. Persistent Spleen cough leads to vomiting of roundworms.
When Jue Qi (Rebellious Qi) lodges in the Stomach, dreams of food and drink occur.
How do the Stomach pulse and disease manifestations present? It is said: Stomach Excess manifests as abdominal distension; Stomach Deficiency manifests as diarrhea. The Spleen corresponds to flesh. Flesh that is firm and plump indicates a thick Stomach wall; thin flesh indicates a thin Stomach wall; small and weak flesh indicates an unstable Stomach wall; flesh disproportionate to the body indicates a ptotic (drooping) Stomach, where a ptotic Stomach has constrained opening/closing function; non-firm flesh indicates a lax Stomach wall; flesh without small nodules and appearing tight indicates urgent Stomach Qi; flesh with many small nodules indicates knotted Stomach Qi, where knotted Stomach Qi results in constrained and inefficient function of the Upper Wan.
Bian Que said: The Foot-Taiyin and Foot-Yangming meridians are externally-internally related. If Spleen and Stomach diseases are Excess, they injure with Heat, leading to thirst for liquids and constant desire to drink. If they are Deficient, they are injured by Cold, leading to suffering from hunger and constant pain. If manifesting as Feng Shui (Wind Edema), the root lies in the Stomach, starting with swelling in the four limbs, followed by abdominal distension and generalized edema. (Formulas are found in the Water Treatment chapter.)
Stomach Qi exhaustion is untreatable and leads to death in five days. How is this known? By swollen tongue, hematuria, and bloody diarrhea.
The Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian originates beside the nose, intersects at the nasal root, connects laterally with the Taiyin meridian, descends along the lateral side of the nose into the upper teeth, curves out to encircle the lips, intersects inferiorly at Chengjiang (CV24), then retraces along the posterior mandible, emerges at Daying (ST5), follows the Jiache (ST6) point, ascends anterior to the ear, passes through Guanchongzhu (ST7), follows the hairline to the forehead and skull. Its branch descends from before Daying to Renying (ST9), follows the throat, enters the Keyuan (supraclavicular fossa), passes through the diaphragm, belongs to the Stomach, and connects with the Spleen. Its straight branch descends from Keyuan along the medial aspect of the breast, passes alongside the umbilicus, and enters the Qichong (ST30) area. Another branch descends from the medial aspect of the breast to the dorsum of the foot, entering between the toes of the second digit. Another branch descends three cun below the knee, diverging to enter the lateral space of the second toe. Another branch diverges on the dorsum of the foot, entering between the big toe and emerging at its tip.
Disorders arising from movement of the meridian include aversion to cold with trembling, frequent stretching and yawning, and dark facial complexion. Upon onset of the disease, the patient fears people and fire, startles easily upon hearing wooden sounds, experiences palpitations, and desires to close doors and windows to stay alone.
This meridian governs diseases generated in the Blood level, such as manic malaria, warm pathogenic infections, sweating, rhinorrhea or epistaxis, tight lips, neck swelling, and throat obstruction. It also involves large abdominal edema, painful and swollen knees and patellae, pain along the chest, breast, Qichong, thigh (Futu area), lateral leg, and dorsum of the foot, with inability to use the middle toe. When Qi is abundant, the anterior body feels hot; excess in the Stomach leads to efficient digestion and easy hunger, with yellow urine. When Qi is deficient, the anterior body feels cold; cold in the Stomach leads to distension. In Excess conditions, the Renying pulse is three times larger than the Cunkou pulse; in Deficiency conditions, the Renying pulse is smaller than the Cunkou pulse.