颅囟青筋 虚不荣 颅囟常陷 泻无停 颅囟虚软 颠痫不免 颅囟扁阔 暴泻易脱 颅囟肿起 风痰不已
颅囟久冷 吐泻青青 颅囟歪长 风作即亡 颅囟连额 惊风易得 颅囟未充 怕热怕风 颅囟缓收 胎气不周 颅
囟
动数 神气昏弱 颅囟宽大 受疾恐害 颅囟未合 筋骨软弱
小儿随母呼吸，母安则子安，母病则子病，此必然之理也。凡择乳母，须要婉静寡欲，无痼疾并疮疥者。且儿禀父
母之精血，化育而生。初离胞胎，血气脆弱，凭乳母之乳而生养焉。乳母肥实，则乳浓浓，儿吮之则气体充实；乳母瘦
瘠，则乳清薄，儿吮之则亦清瘦体弱。壮实肥瘦，系儿终身之体格非小故也。强悍暴戾，和婉清静，亦习随乳母之性情，
稍非其人，儿亦随而化矣。犹泾渭之分焉，源清则派清，源浊则派浊。又有体气者，儿吮此乳，则腋下狐臭不免。又有
生过杨梅疮者，儿吮此乳，即生此疮。如出痘症，十难全一。父母有此疮者，胎中受毒，出痘亦然。余目击非药所能救
者，择乳母可不慎欤。
巢氏曰∶将养小儿，衣不可大暖，热则汗出，而表虚风邪易入。乳不可大饱，则胃弱而易伤，积滞难化。千金论云∶
夏不去热，乳儿令呕逆。冬不去冷，乳儿令咳痢。葛氏云∶乳者，奶也。哺者，食也。乳后不可与食，食后不可与乳。
小儿曰芽儿者，犹草初生之芽。脾胃怯弱，乳食易伤，难以消化，初得成积，久则成癖。自我致寇，又何咎焉。张焕曰∶
小儿周岁，膝骨成乃能行，此乃是定法。若襁褓不令占地气藏之，房帐之中使之不教见风日，致令筋骨缓弱，过岁不行，
诚非爱护之法。譬如草木，生于山林容易合抱；至若园囿异果奇花，常加培植，秀而不实者有矣。
颅囟（婴儿头顶骨未合缝处）部位出现青筋，是虚证，因气血不能荣养所致；颅囟经常凹陷，多见于腹泻不止的情况；颅囟虚软无力，难免发生癫痫；颅囟扁平宽阔，暴泻时容易发生脱证；颅囟肿胀突起，风痰之症难以痊愈；颅囟长期发冷，伴有呕吐、腹泻且大便色青；颅囟歪斜狭长，一旦发作风病即有生命危险；颅囟延伸至额头，容易患惊风；颅囟发育未充实，孩子怕热怕风；颅囟闭合迟缓，说明胎气不周全；颅囟跳动急促，表示神气昏沉虚弱；颅囟过于宽大，患病恐怕会有危害；颅囟尚未闭合，筋骨软弱。
小儿随着母亲的呼吸而生存，母亲安宁则孩子安宁，母亲生病则孩子生病，这是必然的道理。凡是选择乳母，必须性情温婉安静、寡欲，没有顽固性疾病以及疮疥等皮肤病。况且婴儿禀受父母的精血，化育而生。刚离开胞胎时，血气脆弱，依靠乳母的乳汁来生养。乳母身体肥壮结实，乳汁就浓稠浓厚，婴儿吸吮后气体充实；乳母身体瘦弱干瘪，乳汁就清稀淡薄，婴儿吸吮后也会变得清瘦体弱。乳母身体的壮实或肥瘦，关系到孩子终身的体格，影响不小。性格强悍暴戾或和婉清静，也会习染跟随乳母的性情，稍微不是合适的人选，孩子也会随之变化。这就好比泾水和渭水的区别一样，源头清澈支流就清澈，源头浑浊支流就浑浊。还有体质气味的问题，婴儿吸吮这种乳母的奶，腋下狐臭便不可避免。又有曾经患过杨梅疮的，婴儿吸吮这种乳母的奶，就会生出这种疮。如果是出痘症，十个人里难得保全一个。父母如果有这种疮，孩子在胎中就会受到毒邪感染，出痘也是如此。我亲眼目睹那些非药物所能救治的案例，选择乳母怎么能不谨慎呢？
巢元方说：调养小儿，衣服不可穿得太暖，太暖则会出汗，导致表虚，风邪容易侵入。喂奶不可喂得太饱，否则胃弱容易受伤，积滞难以消化。《千金方》论述说：夏天不避暑热，喂奶会使婴儿呕吐逆乱。冬天不避寒冷，喂奶会使婴儿咳嗽腹泻。葛氏说：乳，就是奶；哺，就是食。喂完奶后不可立即给食物，吃完食物后不可立即喂奶。小儿被称为“芽儿”，就像草刚发出的嫩芽。脾胃怯弱，乳食容易受伤，难以消化，刚开始形成积滞，久了就会变成癖积。这是自己招致疾病，又有什么可责怪的呢？张焕说：小儿满周岁，膝骨长成才能行走，这是固定的规律。如果在襁褓中不让接触地气以藏养精气，在房帐之中不教其见风日，导致筋骨缓弱，过了岁数还不会走路，这确实不是爱护的方法。譬如草木，生长在山林中容易长得粗壮合抱；至于园林中的异果奇花，虽然常加培植，但秀而不实的也有。
Cranial fontanelle displaying blue veins indicates deficiency, where Qi and Blood fail to nourish; a frequently sunken cranial fontanelle is often seen in cases of incessant diarrhea; a soft and flaccid cranial fontanelle makes epilepsy inevitable; a flat and broad cranial fontanelle predisposes to collapse during sudden severe diarrhea; a swollen and protruding cranial fontanelle suggests that wind-phlegm disorders are difficult to cure; a chronically cold cranial fontanelle accompanied by vomiting and green-colored diarrhea indicates internal cold; a tilted or elongated cranial fontanelle carries a risk of fatality upon the onset of wind disorders; a cranial fontanelle extending to the forehead makes the child prone to convulsions (Jing Feng); an underdeveloped cranial fontanelle leads to aversion to heat and wind; delayed closure of the cranial fontanelle indicates incomplete prenatal Qi; rapid pulsation of the cranial fontanelle reflects dullness and weakness of Shen Qi; an excessively wide cranial fontanelle suggests vulnerability to disease harm; an unclosed cranial fontanelle is associated with weak bones and sinews.
Infants breathe in sync with their mothers; when the mother is peaceful, the infant is peaceful, and when the mother is ill, the infant becomes ill—this is an inevitable principle. When selecting a wet nurse, one must ensure she has a gentle and quiet temperament, few desires, and suffers from no chronic diseases or skin conditions such as sores and scabies. Infants inherit Jing and Blood from their parents and develop through transformation. Upon leaving the womb, their Qi and Blood are fragile, relying on the wet nurse’s milk for nourishment. A robust and well-nourished wet nurse produces thick and rich milk, leading to substantial Qi and vitality in the infant who suckles it; conversely, a thin and emaciated wet nurse produces thin and watery milk, resulting in a frail and weak infant. The physical constitution of the wet nurse significantly impacts the child’s lifelong physique. Furthermore, a fierce and violent temperament versus a gentle and quiet one will be imitated by the child; even a slight mismatch can cause the child to transform accordingly. This is akin to the distinction between the Jing and Wei rivers: if the source is clear, the tributaries are clear; if the source is turbid, the tributaries are turbid. Regarding body odor, if an infant suckles from a specific wet nurse, axillary osmidrosis (fox odor) may inevitably occur. If the wet nurse has previously suffered from syphilis (Yangmei Chuang), the infant may contract this disease through breastfeeding. In cases of smallpox, fewer than one in ten infants survive. If the parents have this disease, the fetus receives toxic influence in utero, leading to similar outcomes in smallpox manifestation. I have witnessed cases that could not be saved by medicine; thus, how can one not be cautious in selecting a wet nurse?
Chao Yuanfang stated: In nurturing infants, clothing should not be too warm, as excessive warmth causes sweating, leading to exterior deficiency and susceptibility to wind pathogens. Breastfeeding should not lead to overfullness, as this weakens the stomach, causing injury and making stagnation difficult to resolve. The *Qianjin Fang* states: If summer heat is not avoided, breastfeeding induces vomiting and reflux in infants; if winter cold is not avoided, breastfeeding induces cough and dysentery. Ge Shi said: "Ru" refers to milk, and "Bu" refers to food. One should not give food immediately after breastfeeding, nor breastfeed immediately after feeding. Infants are called "Ya Er" (sprout children), resembling the first shoots of grass. Their Spleen and Stomach are delicate; milk and food easily injure them and are hard to digest. Initial accumulation of food stagnation can, over time, develop into fixed masses (Pi Ji). This is inviting disaster upon oneself; what blame can there be? Zhang Huan stated: At one year of age, the knee bones mature, enabling walking; this is a fixed rule. If infants are kept away from ground Qi to conserve essence within cradles and tents, deprived of exposure to wind and sunlight, they may suffer from weak bones and sinews and fail to walk past the age of one. This is indeed not a method of care. It is like plants: those growing in mountains and forests easily become sturdy and large; whereas exotic fruits and rare flowers in gardens, despite constant cultivation, may bloom without bearing fruit.