味苦，寒，根大寒，子微寒，无毒。主五内邪气，热中，消渴，周痹，风湿，下胸胁气，
客
劳、嘘吸，坚筋骨，强阴，利大小肠。久服坚筋骨，轻身，能老，耐寒暑。一名杞根，一名
地骨，一名枸忌，一名地辅，
一名羊乳，一名却暑，一名仙人杖，一名西王母杖。生常山平泽、又诸丘陵阪岸上。冬采根，
春、夏采叶，秋采茎、实，
阴干。
今出堂邑，而石头烽火楼下最多。其叶可作羹，味小苦。俗谚云∶去家千里，勿食萝摩、
枸
强盛阴道也。萝摩一名苦丸，叶浓大作藤生，摘有白乳汁，人家多种之，可生啖，亦蒸煮食
也。枸杞根、实，为服食家
用，其说乃甚美，仙人之杖，远自有旨乎也。
味甘，温，无毒。主辟恶，杀鬼精物，温疟，蛊毒，痫 ，去三虫，除邪，不梦，忤魇
，通神明，久服轻身长年。
生中台川谷。
俗传云是狮子屎，外国说不尔，今皆从西域来，真者难别，亦不复入药，唯供合好香耳。
〔谨案〕此香从西域及昆仑来，紫赤色，与紫真檀相似，坚实，极芬香，惟重如石，烧
之
灰白者好。云是狮子屎，此是胡人诳言，陶不悟之，犹以为疑也。
味辛，温，无毒。主胸中瘕热逆气，利水谷，下气，止呕咳，除膀胱留热，下停水，五
淋，利小便，主脾不能消谷，
气冲胸中吐逆，霍乱，止泄，去寸白。久服去臭，下气通神，轻身长年。一名橘皮。生南山
川谷，生江南，十月采。
此是说其皮功耳，以东橘为好，西江亦有而不如。其皮小冷，疗气乃言欲胜东橘，北人
亦用之。以陈者为良。其肉
味甘、酸，食之多痰，恐非益人也。今此虽用皮，既是果类，所以犹宜相从。柚子皮乃可食，
而不复入药用，此亦应下
气。
〔谨案〕柚皮浓，味甘，不如橘皮味辛而苦，其肉亦如橘，有甘有酸，酸者名胡甘。
今俗人或谓橙为柚，非也。
案《吕氏春秋》云∶“果之美者。有云梦之柚。”郭璞曰∶“柚似橙而大于橘。”孔安国云∶“小
曰橘，大
味苦，性寒；根大寒；子微寒，无毒。主治五脏邪气、热中（体内积热）、消渴（糖尿病样症状）、周痹（全身性风湿痹痛）、风湿，能降下胸胁之气，治疗客劳（虚劳）、呼吸急促，坚固筋骨，强壮阴精，通利大小肠。长期服用可坚固筋骨，使身体轻健，延缓衰老，耐寒暑。又名杞根、地骨、枸忌、地辅、羊乳、却暑、仙人杖、西王母杖。产于常山平泽及各地丘陵坡岸上。冬季采挖根，春夏采集叶，秋季采集茎和果实，阴干。
现在出产于堂邑，而石头城烽火楼下最多。其叶可做汤羹，味道微苦。俗语说：“离家千里，勿食萝摩、枸杞。”（意指思乡之情）。枸杞根、实，被服食家（修道养生者）所用，说法非常美好，所谓“仙人之杖”，自有深意吧。
味甘，性温，无毒。主治辟除邪恶，杀灭鬼精物（迷信中的致病灵体），治疗温疟（一种疟疾）、蛊毒（寄生虫或中毒性疾病）、癫痫，去除三虫（肠道寄生虫），驱除邪气，防止多梦、惊魇，通利神明，长期服用可使身体轻健，延年益寿。
产于中台川谷。
民间传说是狮子屎，外国人说不是这样，现在都从西域传来，真品难以辨别，也不再入药，只供制作合香（混合香料）之用。
【考证】此香从西域及昆仑山传来，呈紫赤色，与紫真檀相似，质地坚实，极芳香，重量如石，燃烧后灰烬为白色者为好。说是狮子屎，这是胡人的谎言，陶弘景未悟透这一点，仍存疑。
味辛，性温，无毒。主治胸中瘕聚发热、逆气，利水谷，降气，止呕咳，清除膀胱余热，排除停水，治疗五淋（五种排尿困难病症），通利小便，主治脾不能消化谷物，气冲胸中导致呕吐，霍乱，止泻，去除寸白虫（绦虫）。长期服用可去口臭，降气通神，身体轻健，延年益寿。又名橘皮。产于南山川谷，江南也有，十月采收。
这里说的是橘皮的功效，以东方的橘为好，西江也有但不如东方。橘皮性微冷，治疗气滞功效据说胜过东橘，北方人也使用。以陈久的为佳。橘肉味甘、酸，吃多了生痰，恐怕对人无益。现在虽然用皮，但既然是果类，所以仍应归在一起。柚子皮可以吃，但不再入药用，这也应该具有下气的作用。
【考证】柚皮厚，味甘，不如橘皮味辛而苦，其肉也像橘，有甘有酸，酸的叫胡甘。
现在俗人有时把橙称为柚，这是不对的。
Bitter in flavor, cold in nature; the root is greatly cold; the fruit is slightly cold, non-toxic. It primarily treats evil qi in the five zang organs, heat accumulation in the middle jiao (internal heat), xiaoke (wasting-thirst syndrome resembling diabetes), generalized bi-syndrome (generalized rheumatic arthralgia), wind-dampness, descends qi in the chest and hypochondrium, treats external labor (deficiency-labor) and dyspnea, strengthens sinews and bones, tonifies yin essence, and promotes urination and defecation. Long-term consumption strengthens sinews and bones, lightens the body, delays aging, and enhances resistance to cold and heat. Also known as Qigen (Cortex Lycii Radicis), Digujie (Radix Lycii Chinensis), Gouji, Difuzi, Yangru, Qieshu, Xianrenzhang, Xiwangmuzhang. It grows in Changshan flat marshes and on hillsides and banks elsewhere. The root is harvested in winter, leaves in spring and summer, stems and fruits in autumn, and dried in shade.
Currently produced in Tangyi, with the largest quantities found below the beacon tower at Shitou City. Its leaves can be made into soup, with a slightly bitter taste. The folk saying goes: "Traveling a thousand miles from home, do not eat Luomo or Gouqi." (Implying homesickness). The root and fruit of Gouqi are used by fushi practitioners (cultivators seeking immortality), and their descriptions are very beautiful; the term "Staff of the Immortal" surely has profound meaning.
Sweet in flavor, warm in nature, non-toxic. It primarily repels evil, kills ghostly essences (superstitious pathogenic entities), treats wen-nue (warm malaria), gu-du (parasitic or toxic diseases), epilepsy, removes three worms (intestinal parasites), dispels evil qi, prevents excessive dreaming and night terrors, opens the mind and spirit, and long-term consumption lightens the body and prolongs life.
It grows in the valleys of Zhongtai.
Folk legend claims it is lion feces, but foreigners say otherwise. It now comes from the Western Regions; genuine specimens are hard to distinguish and are no longer used in medicine, serving only for making mixed incense (He-xiang).
[Verification] This incense comes from the Western Regions and Kunlun Mountains, appearing purple-red, similar to Zizhentam (Pterocarpi Santalinus Lignum), solid and extremely fragrant, heavy as stone. Those that turn white ash when burned are good. Claiming it is lion feces is a lie by Hu people; Tao Hongjing failed to realize this and remained skeptical.
Pungent in flavor, warm in nature, non-toxic. It primarily treats heat and rebellious qi associated with mass formations in the chest, promotes digestion of water and grain, directs qi downward, stops vomiting and coughing, clears residual heat from the bladder, eliminates retained fluid, treats wu-lin (five types of strangury), promotes urination, addresses the spleen's inability to digest food, rebellious qi rushing to the chest causing vomiting, huoluan (cholera-like disorder), stops diarrhea, and removes cunbai (tapeworms). Long-term consumption removes bad breath, directs qi downward and opens the spirit, lightens the body, and prolongs life. Also known as Jupi (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae). It grows in the valleys of Nanshan and Jiangnan, harvested in October.
This section describes the efficacy of the peel. Peels from Eastern oranges are considered best; those from the West River exist but are inferior. The peel is slightly cold in nature; its efficacy in treating qi stagnation is said to surpass that of Eastern oranges, and northerners also use it. Aged peels are preferred. The flesh is sweet and sour; consuming too much generates phlegm and may not be beneficial. Although the peel is used here, since it belongs to the fruit category, it should still be grouped together. Pomelo peel is edible but no longer used in medicine; it should also have the effect of directing qi downward.
[Verification] Pomelo peel is thick and sweet, unlike the pungent and bitter orange peel. Its flesh is like that of the orange, both sweet and sour; the sour variety is called Hugan.
Currently, laypeople sometimes confuse cheng (sweet orange) with you (pomelo), which is incorrect.
According to the *Lüshi Chunqiu*: "Among the finest fruits are the pomelos of Yunmeng." Guo Pu stated: "The pomelo resembles the sweet orange but is larger than the mandarin orange." Kong Anguo said: "The small one is the mandarin orange, the large one..."