曾音层，其青层层而生故名。形如蚯蚓屎者真。
酸小寒，无毒。
《本经》主目痛，止泪出风痹，利关节，通九窍，破症坚积聚，久服轻身不老。
发明 曾青治目，义同空青，以其并出铜矿，与绿青同一根源，曾青则绿青之祖气
也。
古方太乙神精丹用之。扁鹊治积聚留饮有曾青丸，并见《古今录验》方。曾空二青，近世绝
罕。《千金》云∶当取昆仑绿代之，即绿青也。
俗名石绿
微酸，小毒。
发明 痰在上宜吐之，在下宜利之。绿青吐风痰眩闷，取二三钱同龙脑少许调匀，
以生
薄荷汁合酒温服，便卧，涎自口角流出乃愈。不呕吐而功速，故着之。
俗名石青
甘平，无毒。
《本经》主目痛，明目，折跌痈肿，金疮不瘳，破积聚，解毒瓦斯，利精神。
发明 石青走肝磨坚积。故《本经》所主皆肝经积聚之病。时珍用吐风痰，研细温
水灌
下即吐，肝虚易惊多痰者宜之。形如缩砂者名鱼目青，主治与扁青无异。
俗名胆矾
酸辛寒，有毒。产泰州嵩岳及蒲州中条山出铜处有之，能化五金，
以之制汞，则与金无异。
《本经》主目痛，金疮，诸痫痉，女子阴蚀痛，石淋，寒热，崩中下血，诸邪毒瓦斯。
发明 石胆酸辛气寒，入少阳胆经。性寒收敛，味辛上行，能涌风热涎痰，发散风
木相
火，又能杀虫。《本经》主目痛，金疮，痫痉，取酸辛以散风热痰垢也。治阴蚀崩淋寒热，
取酸寒以涤湿热淫火也。又能为咽齿喉痹，乳蛾诸邪毒瓦斯要药。涌吐风痰最快，方用米醋煮
真鸭嘴，胆矾末醋调，探吐胶痰即瘥。又治紫白癜风，胆矾、牡蛎粉生研，醋调摩之。风犬
咬伤，胆矾末水服，探吐，蜜调敷之立愈。胃脘虫痛，茶清调胆矾末吐之。走马牙疳，红枣
去核入胆矾， 赤研末敷之，追出痰涎即愈。百虫入耳，胆矾和醋灌之即出，《千金方》也
。
曾青，读音为“层”，因为它青色层层生长而得名。形状像蚯蚓粪便的是真品。
味酸，性微寒，无毒。
《神农本草经》主治目痛，止流泪，治疗风痹，通利关节，疏通九窍，破除症坚积聚，长期服用能身体轻健、延缓衰老。
发明（按语）：曾青治疗眼疾，其原理与空青相同，因为它们都产于铜矿，与绿青同出一源，曾青则是绿青的祖气。
古方太乙神精丹中使用它。扁鹊治疗积聚和留饮有曾青丸，均见于《古今录验》方剂中。曾青和空青这两种药，近代极为罕见。《千金方》说：应当用昆仑绿青代替，也就是绿青。
俗名石绿
味微酸，有小毒。
发明（按语）：痰在上方宜用吐法，在下方便宜用利法。绿青可吐出风痰引起的眩晕闷乱，取二三钱与少许龙脑调匀，用生薄荷汁混合酒温服，服药后躺下，涎水从口角流出即痊愈。不呕吐而见效快，因此记录下来。
俗名石青
味甘，性平，无毒。
《神农本草经》主治目痛，明目，治疗跌打骨折及痈肿，金疮久不愈合，破除积聚，解毒瓦斯，利精神。
发明（按语）：石青入肝经，能磨除坚硬积聚。所以《神农本草经》所主治的都是肝经积聚类的疾病。李时珍用它来吐出风痰，研成细末用温水灌服即可引起呕吐，肝虚易惊且多痰者适宜使用。形状像缩砂仁的称为鱼目青，主治功效与扁青没有区别。
俗名胆矾
味酸辛，性寒，有毒。产于泰州嵩岳及蒲州中条山出产铜的地方，能熔化五金，用它来炼制汞，则与金无异。
《神农本草经》主治目痛，金疮，各种癫痫痉挛，女子阴部蚀痛，石淋，寒热往来，崩漏下血，各种邪毒瓦斯。
发明（按语）：石胆味酸辛，气寒，入少阳胆经。其性寒收敛，味辛上行，能涌吐风热涎痰，发散风木相火，又能杀虫。《神农本草经》主治目痛、金疮、痫痉，是取其酸辛之性以疏散风热痰垢。治疗阴蚀、崩漏、淋证、寒热，是取其酸寒之性以涤荡湿热淫火。又是治疗咽喉牙齿喉痹、乳蛾等各种邪毒瓦斯的重要药物。涌吐风痰最快，方剂用法是用米醋煮真鸭嘴石，加胆矾末用醋调匀，探喉催吐，胶稠之痰吐出即愈。又治疗紫白癜风，用胆矾、牡蛎粉生研，醋调涂抹患处。被疯狗咬伤，用胆矾末水送服，探喉催吐，再用蜂蜜调敷伤口，立即痊愈。胃脘虫痛，用茶清调服胆矾末催吐。走马牙疳，将红枣去核放入胆矾，赤色研磨成末敷于患处，引出痰涎即愈。百虫入耳，用胆矾和醋灌入耳朵即出，出自《千金方》。
Zengqing (Cupri Carbonas), pronounced "ceng," is named so because its blue-green color grows in layers. The genuine product resembles earthworm excrement.
It tastes sour, is slightly cold in nature, and is non-toxic.
The *Shennong Bencao Jing* states that it treats eye pain, stops tearing, alleviates wind-bi syndrome, benefits the joints, unblocks the nine orifices, breaks up mass accumulations (*zheng jian ji ju*), and long-term use lightens the body and delays aging.
Invention (Commentary): Zengqing treats eye diseases with the same rationale as Kongqing (Azurite), as both are derived from copper ores and share the same origin as Lvqing (Malachite); Zengqing is considered the ancestral qi of Lvqing.
It is used in the ancient formula Taiyi Shenjing Dan. Bian Que's prescription for mass accumulation and retained fluid, the Zengqing Wan, is recorded in the *Gujin Luyan Fang*. Both Zengqing and Kongqing are extremely rare in modern times. The *Qianjin Fang* suggests substituting Kunlun Lvqing, which is Lvqing (Malachite).
Commonly known as Shilu (Green Malachite)
It tastes slightly sour and has slight toxicity.
Invention (Commentary): Phlegm located above should be expelled by vomiting; phlegm located below should be drained. Lvqing expels wind-phlegm causing dizziness and oppression. Take 2-3 qian mixed with a small amount of Longnao (Borneolum Syntheticum), blended with juice of fresh Bohe (Menthae Haplocalycis Herba) and warm wine. Lie down after ingestion; recovery occurs when saliva flows from the corners of the mouth. It is recorded here because it acts quickly without necessarily inducing vomiting.
Commonly known as Shi Qing (Blue Azurite)
It tastes sweet, is neutral in nature, and is non-toxic.
The *Shennong Bencao Jing* states that it treats eye pain, improves vision, fractures and dislocations, abscesses, wounds from metal weapons that do not heal, breaks up accumulations, detoxifies noxious vapors, and benefits the spirit.
Invention (Commentary): Shi Qing enters the Liver channel and grinds away hard accumulations. Therefore, all conditions treated in the *Shennong Bencao Jing* are related to Liver channel accumulations. Li Shizhen used it to expel wind-phlegm; when ground into fine powder and administered with warm water, it induces vomiting. It is suitable for those with Liver deficiency, easily startled, and prone to phlegm. Those resembling crushed cardamom seeds are called Yumu Qing (Fish-eye Azurite); their therapeutic effects are identical to Bianqing (Blue Azurite).
Commonly known as Danfan (Alumen)
It tastes sour and acrid, is cold in nature, and is toxic. It is produced in Songyue, Taizhou, and Zhongtiao Mountain, Puzhou, where copper is mined. It can dissolve the five metals. When used to refine mercury, it becomes indistinguishable from gold.
The *Shennong Bencao Jing* states that it treats eye pain, metal weapon wounds, various epilepsy spasms, female genital erosion and pain, lithiasis strangury, alternating chills and fever, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, and various noxious vapors.
Invention (Commentary): Danfan is sour and acrid, cold in nature, and enters the Shaoyang Gallbladder channel. Its nature is cold and astringent, while its acrid taste directs upward. It can induce vomiting of wind-heat and salivary phlegm, disperse wind-wood and ministerial fire, and kill parasites. The *Shennong Bencao Jing* treats eye pain, metal wounds, and epilepsy spasms by utilizing its sour and acrid properties to dissipate wind-heat and phlegm turbidity. It treats genital erosion, metrorrhagia, strangury, and alternating chills/fever by utilizing its sour and cold properties to cleanse damp-heat and excessive fire. It is also a key drug for throat and tooth bi-syndrome, tonsillitis, and other noxious vapors. It induces vomiting of wind-phlegm most rapidly. A prescription involves boiling real Ya Zui Shi (Duck-bill Alumen) in rice vinegar, mixing with Danfan powder, using vinegar to adjust consistency, and stimulating the throat to vomit thick phlegm, leading to recovery. For purple and white wind vitiligo, grind Danfan and Muli (Ostreae Concha) raw, mix with vinegar, and rub on the affected area. For dog bites, take Danfan powder with water, stimulate vomiting, and apply honey paste to the wound for immediate healing. For stomach worm pain, take Danfan powder mixed with tea infusion to induce vomiting. For gan gangrenous stomatitis (Zouma Yagan), remove the pit from a red date, insert Danfan, grind until reddish, and apply to the lesion; recovery occurs when phlegm and saliva are expelled. For insects entering the ear, pour a mixture of Danfan and vinegar into the ear to expel them, as recorded in the *Qianjin Fang*.