俗名月月红
甘温，无毒。
发明 月季花为活血之良药。捣敷肿疡用之。痘疮触犯经月之气而伏陷者，用以加入汤
药即起，以其月之开放，不失经行常度，虽云取义，亦活血之力也。
甘寒，无毒。去壳，纸包压去油用。反乌附。
发明 栝蒌实甘寒润燥，宜其为治嗽消痰止渴之要药，以能洗涤胸膈中垢腻郁热耳。仲
景治喉痹痛，引心肾咳唾喘息及结胸满痛，皆用栝蒌实取其甘寒不犯胃气，能降上焦之火，
使痰气下降也。其性较栝蒌根稍平，而无寒郁之患，但脾胃虚及呕吐自利者不可用。
即天花粉
苦寒，无毒。反乌附。
《本经》主消渴身热、烦满大热，补虚安中，续绝伤。
发明 栝蒌根性寒，降膈上热痰，润心中烦渴，除时疾狂热，祛酒瘅湿黄，治痈疡解毒
排脓。《本经》有安中补虚，续绝伤之称，以其有清胃祛热之功，火去则中气安，津液复，
则血气和，而绝伤续矣。其性寒降，凡胃虚吐逆，阴虚劳咳误用，反伤胃气，久必泄泻喘咳
，病根愈固矣。凡痰饮色白清稀者，皆当忌用。
即王瓜根
苦寒，无毒。藏器云有小毒。
《本经》主消渴内疽，瘀血月闭，寒热酸疼，益气愈聋。
发明 王瓜产南方者，禀湿热之气最盛，患疮肿痈毒者食之，为患转甚。产北地者，得
春升之气最先。患消渴内疽者用之，其效颇捷。其根治黄胆消渴与栝蒌之性不甚相远，但不
能安中补虚续绝伤，调和经络诸血也。《金匮》治妇人经水不调，带下，少腹满一月再见者
，土瓜根散主之，深得《本经》主瘀血月闭之旨。方用土瓜根、芍药、桂心、 虫等分为末
，酒服方寸匕，日三服。苏颂治小儿发黄，土瓜根生捣汁，服三合，不过三次效。又治黄胆
变黑，土瓜根汁平旦温服一小升，午刻黄水从小便出。其治寒热酸疼，皆祛湿热之验。南阳
治阳明经热，大便不通，用之为导以下湿热。其子治肺痿吐血，肠风泻血，赤白痢及反胃吐
食，惜乎，世医未知用也。
俗名月月红。
味甘、性温，无毒。
【发明】月季花是活血的良药。捣碎后外敷于肿疡（体表化脓性炎症）使用。痘疮因触犯经月之气而伏陷者，将其加入汤药中服用即可见效，这是因为它像月亮一样按时开放，不失月经的正常规律，虽然说是取象比类，但也确实具有活血的力量。
味甘、性寒，无毒。去掉外壳，用纸包裹压去油脂后使用。与乌头、附子相反。
【发明】栝蒌实味甘性寒，能润燥，适宜作为治疗咳嗽、消除痰液、止渴的重要药物，因为它能够洗涤胸膈中的污垢腻滞和郁结之热。张仲景治疗喉痹痛，以及心肾咳唾喘息和结胸满痛，都使用栝蒌实，是取其甘寒而不损伤胃气，能降上焦之火，使痰气下降的缘故。其药性较栝蒌根稍为平和，没有寒凉郁滞的弊端，但脾胃虚弱及呕吐、自利（腹泻）者不可使用。
即天花粉。
味苦、性寒，无毒。与乌头、附子相反。
《神农本草经》主治消渴身热、烦闷大热，补虚安中，接续绝伤。
【发明】栝蒌根性寒，能降膈上的热痰，滋润心中的烦渴，祛除时行疾病的狂热，驱除酒疸湿黄，治疗痈疡解毒排脓。《本经》中有“安中补虚，续绝伤”的说法，是因为它具有清胃祛热的功效，火热去除则中气安宁，津液恢复，则血气和顺，而绝伤得以接续。其性寒而降，凡是胃虚呕吐逆乱，阴虚劳嗽误用，反而损伤胃气，时间久了必然导致泄泻喘咳，病根更加牢固。凡是痰饮颜色白且清稀的，都应当忌用。
即王瓜根。
味苦、性寒，无毒。陈藏器说有小毒。
《神农本草经》主治消渴内疽，瘀血闭经，寒热酸痛，益气治愈耳聋。
【发明】产于南方的王瓜，禀受湿热之气最盛，患有疮肿痈毒的人食用它，病情反而会加重。产于北方地区的王瓜，最先得到春升之气。患有消渴内疽的人使用它，效果颇为迅速。其根治疗黄疸消渴的药性与栝蒌相差不大，但不能安中补虚、接续绝伤、调和经络诸血。《金匮要略》治疗妇人月经不调、带下病，少腹胀满一个月来两次月经的，用土瓜根散主治，深得《本经》主治瘀血闭经的宗旨。方剂由土瓜根、芍药、桂心、䗪虫等分为末，用酒送服一方寸匕，每日三次。苏颂治疗小儿发黄，将土瓜根生捣取汁，服用三合，不超过三次即见效。又治疗黄疸变黑，清晨温服一小升土瓜根汁，中午时分黄水从小便排出。其治疗寒热酸痛，都是祛除湿热的验证。南阳地区治疗阳明经热，大便不通，用它作为导引以排泄湿热。它的果实治疗肺痿吐血、肠风泻血、赤白痢疾及反胃吐食，可惜世间的医生不知道使用它。
Commonly known as "Yueyuehong" (Monthly Red).
Sweet in taste, warm in nature, non-toxic.
[Invention/Commentary] Rosa chinensis (Jiyuehua) is an excellent herb for invigorating blood. It is applied externally after being pounded when used for treating external abscesses (Zhongyang). For varicella (smallpox/chickenpox) that has collapsed due to the influence of menstrual qi, adding it to decoctions yields immediate results. This is because its blooming follows the lunar cycle, maintaining the regularity of menstruation; while this interpretation relies on symbolic association, it also reflects its actual blood-invigorating potency.
Sweet in taste, cold in nature, non-toxic. The shell should be removed, and the seed pressed between paper to remove its oil before use. It is incompatible with Aconitum carmichaelii (Wutou) and Aconitum lateralare preparatum (Fuzi).
[Invention/Commentary] Trichosanthis Fructus (Gualou Shi) is sweet and cold, capable of moistening dryness, making it a key herb for treating cough, resolving phlegm, and relieving thirst, as it can cleanse turbid stagnation and constrained heat from the chest and diaphragm. Zhang Zhongjing used Trichosanthis Fructus to treat throat bi pain, heart-kidney coughing with saliva and wheezing, and Jiechest syndrome characterized by fullness and pain. He utilized it because its sweet and cold nature does not damage stomach qi, and it can descend fire from the upper jiao, thereby causing phlegm and qi to descend. Its nature is slightly milder than that of Trichosanthis Radix (Guai Lou Gen), lacking the risk of cold stagnation, but it is contraindicated in cases of spleen-stomach deficiency, vomiting, or spontaneous diarrhea.
Also known as Tianhuafen.
Bitter in taste, cold in nature, non-toxic. Incompatible with Aconitum carmichaelii (Wutou) and Aconitum lateralare preparatum (Fuzi).
The *Shennong Bencao Jing* states it treats xiaoke (wasting-thirst) with body heat, vexation, fullness, and severe heat; tonifies deficiency and calms the middle; and repairs severed injuries.
[Invention/Commentary] Trichosanthis Radix (Gualou Gen) is cold in nature, capable of descending hot phlegm above the diaphragm, moistening mental vexation and thirst, clearing febrile diseases, expelling jaundice caused by damp-heat from alcohol, and treating carbuncles by detoxifying and draining pus. The *Bencao Jing*'s description of "calming the middle, tonifying deficiency, and repairing severed injuries" is attributed to its ability to clear stomach heat and remove fire; once fire is eliminated, middle qi is stabilized, fluids are restored, blood and qi harmonize, and severed injuries are healed. However, due to its cold and descending nature, it should be avoided in cases of stomach deficiency with vomiting and regurgitation, or yin-deficiency labor coughs, as misuse will damage stomach qi, leading to chronic diarrhea, wheezing, and coughing, thereby solidifying the root of the disease. It is strictly contraindicated for phlegm-fluid retention presenting as white and thin sputum.
Also known as Wanggua Gen.
Bitter in taste, cold in nature, non-toxic. Chen Cangqi stated it has slight toxicity.
The *Shennong Bencao Jing* states it treats xiaoke (wasting-thirst) and internal abscesses, blood stasis with amenorrhea, alternating chills and fever with soreness and pain, and benefits qi to cure deafness.
[Invention/Commentary] Wanggua produced in the south absorbs damp-heat qi most strongly; consuming it by patients suffering from sores, swelling, and carbuncles may exacerbate their condition. Wanggua produced in the north receives the ascending spring qi earliest. It is effective for treating xiaoke and internal abscesses. Its root's properties for treating jaundice and wasting-thirst are not significantly different from those of Trichosanthis Fructus, but it cannot calm the middle, tonify deficiency, repair severed injuries, or harmonize blood in the meridians. The *Jin Gui Yao Lue* uses Tugua Gen San to treat women with irregular menstruation, leukorrhea, and lower abdominal fullness recurring monthly, deeply adhering to the *Bencao Jing*'s principle of treating blood stasis and amenorrhea. The formula consists of equal parts of Tugua Gen (Radix Trichosanthis Kirilowii), Shaoyao (Paeoniae Radix), Guixin (Cinnamomi Ramulus), and Ezhong (Myxoma), ground into powder and taken with wine, one fangcun bi per dose, three times daily. Su Song treated infantile icterus by administering fresh juice of Tugua Gen, 3 he per dose, with efficacy within three doses. For jaundice turning black, a small sheng of warm Tugua Gen juice taken at dawn causes yellow fluid to exit via urination by noon. Its treatment of alternating chills and soreness demonstrates its efficacy in dispelling damp-heat. In Nanyang, it was used as a guiding agent to drain damp-heat for yangming meridian heat with constipation. Its fruit treats lung萎 (fei wei) with hemoptysis, intestinal wind with bloody stool, dysentery with red and white discharge, and regurgitation/vomiting of food; unfortunately, contemporary physicians rarely utilize it.