白者名女菀
苦辛微温，无毒。或酒洗，或蜜水炒用。
《本经》主咳逆上气，胸中寒热结气，去蛊毒，痿 、安五脏。女菀治风寒洗洗，霍乱
泄利，肠鸣上下无常处，惊痫，寒热百病。
发明 紫菀，肺经血分之药。《本经》止咳逆上气，胸中寒热结气，取性疏利肺经血气
也。去蛊毒痿 者，以其辛苦微温，能散结降气，蛊毒自不能留。痿 由肺热叶焦，紫菀专
通肺气，使热从溲便去耳。《别录》疗咳唾脓血。《大明》消痰止渴，皆滋肺经血气之效。
《金匮》泽漆汤用以治咳而脉沉者，咳属肺；脉沉则血分之病也。亦治下痢肺痛，与紫参同
功。其性辛而不燥，润而不寒，补而不滞，善调五劳体虚，止咳定喘，疗惊悸，吐衄诸血
。又能通调水道，故溺涩便血单服一两即效。然大泄肺气，阴虚肺热干咳禁用，以其性专温
散而无培养之力也。白者曰女菀，大泄肺气。《本经》主风寒洗洗，霍乱泄利，肠鸣上下无
常处，惊痫寒热百病，一皆气分受伤之病。《肘后方》治人面黑令白，方用女菀三分，铅丹
一分为末，醋浆服一刀圭，日进三服，十日大便黑，二十一日面白，便止。过用则太白矣。
《千金方》用酒服，男十日，女二十日，黑色皆从大便去。三十岁后不可服，以肺气渐减，
不可复泄也。
白色的称为女菀。
味苦、辛，性微温，无毒。有的用酒清洗，有的用蜜水炒制后使用。
《神农本草经》主治咳嗽气逆，胸中寒热郁结之气，去除蛊毒，治疗痿证，安养五脏。女菀治疗风寒引起的恶寒战栗，霍乱泄泻，肠鸣且疼痛部位上下无常，惊痫，以及寒热百病。
发明：紫菀是入肺经血分的药物。《神农本草经》记载其能止咳逆上气、消除胸中寒热结气，是取其疏通利导肺经气血的性质。去除蛊毒和痿证，是因为它味辛苦而性微温，能够散结降气，蛊毒自然无法留存。痿证是由肺热导致叶焦枯槁所致，紫菀专门通调肺气，使热邪从小便排出。《名医别录》治疗咳吐脓血。《药性论》（大明）消痰止渴，都是滋养肺经气血的功效。《金匮要略》中的泽漆汤用于治疗咳嗽且脉象沉者，咳嗽属于肺病；脉沉则是血分的病变。也治疗下痢伴肺痛，功效与紫参相同。它的性质辛而不燥，润而不寒，补而不滞，善于调理五劳体虚，止咳定喘，治疗惊悸、吐血衄血等各种出血症。又能通调水道，所以小便涩痛、便血单服一两即见效。但是它会大泄肺气，阴虚肺热干咳者禁用，因为它的性质专于温散而没有滋补之力。白色的叫女菀，大泄肺气。《神农本草经》主治风寒引起的恶寒战栗，霍乱泄泻，肠鸣且疼痛部位上下无常，惊痫寒热百病，这些都是气分受伤的疾病。《肘后备急方》治疗面色发黑想变白，方子用女菀三分，铅丹一分，研为末，用醋浆送服一刀圭，每天服用三次，十天后大便变黑，二十一天后面色变白，就停止服用。过量服用则脸色太白。《千金方》用酒送服，男性十天，女性二十天，黑色都从大便排出。三十岁以后不可服用，因为肺气逐渐减弱，不能再泄气了。
The white variety is called Nüwan (Female Aster Root).
Bitter, pungent, slightly warm, non-toxic. It may be washed with wine or stir-fried with honey water before use.
*Shennong Bencao Jing* (Divine Farmer's Materia Medica) indicates it treats cough with qi rebellion, cold-heat knotting in the chest, removes gu poison, treats flaccidity syndrome, and calms the five zang organs. Nüwan treats wind-cold causing shivering, cholera-like diarrhea, intestinal borborygmus with pain moving up and down without fixed location, convulsions, epilepsy, and various diseases involving cold and heat.
Invention: Ziwan (Aster Root) is a herb entering the blood aspect of the Lung meridian. *Shennong Bencao Jing* states it stops cough with qi rebellion and resolves cold-heat knotting in the chest, utilizing its nature to unblock and promote the flow of qi and blood in the Lung meridian. The removal of gu poison and treatment of flaccidity syndrome occur because its bitter and pungent, slightly warm nature can dissipate knots and direct qi downward, preventing gu poison from lingering. Flaccidity syndrome arises from lung heat causing the lung leaves to dry and wither; Ziwan specifically unblocks lung qi, allowing heat to exit via urine and stool. *Mingyi Bielu* (Record of Famous Physicians) treats coughing up pus and blood. *Yaoxing Lun* (Discussion on Drug Properties) eliminates phlegm and relieves thirst, both being effects of nourishing the qi and blood of the Lung meridian. *Jingui Yaolue* (Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Cabinet) uses Zeqi Tang (Ze Qi Decoction) to treat cough with a deep pulse; cough belongs to the Lung, while a deep pulse indicates a disease in the blood aspect. It also treats dysentery accompanied by lung pain, functioning similarly to Zishen (Bistort Root). Its nature is pungent but not drying, moistening but not cold, tonifying but not stagnant. It excels at regulating deficiency due to the five labors, stopping cough and stabilizing wheezing, treating palpitations, hematemesis, epistaxis, and other bleeding disorders. It can also regulate water passages; thus, for urinary difficulty or bloody stool, taking one liang alone yields immediate effect. However, it severely drains lung qi, so it is contraindicated in cases of yin deficiency with lung heat and dry cough, as its nature is specialized for warming and dispersing without any tonifying power. The white variety is called Nüwan, which severely drains lung qi. *Shennong Bencao Jing* indicates it treats wind-cold shivering, cholera-like diarrhea, intestinal borborygmus with migrating pain, convulsions, epilepsy, and various cold-heat diseases, all of which are injuries to the qi aspect. *Zhouhou Beiji Fang* (Handbook of Prescriptions Kept in the Sleeve for Emergencies) treats dark facial complexion desiring whiteness using a formula of three fen of Nüwan and one fen of Qian Dan (Lead Tetroxide), ground into powder, taken with vinegar solution, one dao gui per dose, three times daily. After ten days, stool turns black; after twenty-one days, face becomes white, then stop. Overuse leads to excessive paleness. *Qianjin Fang* (Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold) uses wine administration: men take it for ten days, women for twenty days, with darkness expelled via stool. Those over thirty years old should not take it, as lung qi gradually declines and cannot withstand further draining.