苦辛温，有毒。
《本经》主疟及咳逆，寒热腹中症坚积聚，邪气蛊毒鬼疰。
发明 蜀漆即常山之苗，故《本经》治疟及咳逆，寒热积聚蛊毒，功效与之相类。《金
匮》治牝疟独寒不热者有蜀漆散，用蜀漆、云母、龙骨，醋浆水服之。温疟加蜀漆一钱，用
酸浆者，取酸以收敛蜀漆之辛散也。
辛苦寒，有毒。反五参。服之吐不止者，饮葱汤即止。
《本经》主蛊毒，咳逆，泄痢肠 ，头疡疥瘙，恶疮杀诸蛊毒，去死肌。
发明 藜芦服钱匙则恶吐，而《本经》治蛊毒咳逆泄利肠 ，是指积气内盛者而言，
积去则咳与利止矣。又通顶令人嚏。按∶常山吐疟痰，瓜蒂吐热痰，乌附尖吐湿痰，莱菔子
吐气痰，藜芦则吐风痰者也。凡胸中有老痰或中蛊毒，只可借其宣吐，切勿沾口，大损胃中
津液也。若咳逆泄利肠 等证，苟非实邪壅滞，慎勿轻试。不可因《本经》之言而致惑也。
《别录》治喉痹不通、鼻中息肉并为散，吹鼻孔效。
辛热，大毒。反半夏、栝蒌、贝母、白蔹。古方以一两一枚者为力全，近时专取
大者为胜。用盐过多，虽一两五六钱，制熟不及七八钱，且容易腐烂。若欲久藏，须同灶
灰入罐中，置近火处，庶可经久。其性热有毒。必正节、角少、顶细、脐正者为上，顶粗、
有节、多鼠乳者次之，伤缺偏绉者为下。有两岐者名乌喙，此禀气不正，专主大风顽痹。附
子生用则散阴寒，熟用则助真元。生用去皮脐，熟用甘草、童便制。若欲久藏，一味甘草浓
煎汁煮，汁尽为度。入阳虚补剂，用黄连、甘草制。凡中其毒，生莱菔汁及黄连解之。近时
乌附多产陕西，其质粗、其皮浓、其色白、其肉松、其味易行易过，非若川附之色黑、皮薄
、肉理紧细，性味之辛而不烈，久而愈辣，峻补命门真火也。
《本经》主风寒咳逆，邪气寒湿，痿 拘挛，膝痛不能行步，破症坚积聚，血瘕金
疮。
发明 附子气味俱浓而辛烈，能通行十二经无所不至，暖脾胃而通噎膈，补命门而救阳
虚，除心腹腰膝冷痛，开肢体痹湿痿弱，疗伤寒呃逆不止，主督脉脊强而厥，救寒疝引痛欲
死，敛痈疽久溃不收及小儿脾弱慢惊，并须制熟用之。附子为阴证要药，凡伤寒阴证厥逆直
中三阴，及中寒夹阴，虽身热而脉沉细或浮虚无力者，非此不治。或厥冷腹痛，脉沉细，甚
则唇青囊缩者，急须生附以峻温散之。《本经》治风寒咳逆，当是阴寒呃逆，亥豕之谬。详
《本经》所主诸证，皆阴寒之邪乘虚客犯所致。其主金疮者，是伤久气血虚寒不能收敛，非
血出不止之金疮也。《别录》又主腰脊风寒，香港脚疼弱，心腹冷痛等病，总取温经散寒之力
耳。附子禀雄壮之质，有斩关夺将之能，能引补气药行十二经，以追复散失之元阳。引补血
药入血分以培养不足之真阴。引发散药开腠理以驱逐在表之风寒；引温暖药达下焦以祛除在
里之冷湿。附子以白术为佐，乃除寒湿之圣药，然须并用生者方得开通经络。若气虚热甚宜
少用熟附，以行参、 之力。肥人多湿亦宜少加乌附行经。附子得干姜、炙甘草名四逆汤，
主少阴经寒证。得桂枝、甘草、姜、枣名桂枝附子汤，治风湿相搏，身体疼烦不能转侧。得
白术、甘草、姜、枣名术附汤，治风虚头重眩极。得麻黄、细辛名麻黄附子细辛汤，治少阴
病发热、脉沉。得大黄、芩连名附子泻心汤，治心下痞而恶寒汗出。得大黄、细辛名大黄附
子汤，治胁下偏痛，发热、脉弦紧。得参、术、苓、芍名附子汤，治少阴病始得之，背恶寒
。得茯苓、白术、芍药、生姜名真武汤，治少阴病腹痛，小便不利，四肢疼痛自利。得干姜
、葱白名白通汤，治少阴病，利下，脉微。若厥逆无脉，干呕而烦，面色赤，加葱白以通阳
气，此皆得配合之神妙，能起死回生于反掌间。生熟各随本方。赵嗣真云∶生附配干姜补中
有发，熟附配麻黄发中有补，宜生、宜熟不出此中妙用也。至于崔氏八味丸用为少阴响导，
后世认为补药，误矣。东垣治阴盛格阳，面赤目赤，烦渴引饮，脉来七八至，但按之即散者
，用干姜附子汤，加人参半斤，服之得汗而愈。时珍云∶阴寒在下，虚阳在上，治之以寒，
则阴气愈盛，治之以热，则拒而不纳。热药冷服，下咽之后，冷性即消，热性便发，病气随
愈，此热因寒用之法也。附子性沉着，温脾逐寒，乌头性升发，温脾去风。若寒疾即用附子
，风疾即用乌头，二药俱走而不守，故堕胎为百药长。然妊娠脉弦，发热，胎胀，恶寒，小
腹如扇，《金匮》用附子汤以安其胎，此神圣之妙用也。若伤寒发热头痛，皆除热传三阴而
见厥逆脉沉，此厥深热深之候证。必先发热头痛七八日或十余日后而见厥冷脉沉，此为阳厥
，大便必不泻而闭。及温疫热伏，厥逆与阴虚内热火郁于内而恶寒者，误用不旋踵告变矣。
附子乃退阴回阳必用之药。近世疑而不用，直待阴极阳竭而用已迟矣。且夹阴头痛，足冷，
上热下寒，阴邪内盛，阳气外衰，急需人参健脉，以益其原，佐以附子温经散寒，舍此不用
，将何救之。
【蜀漆】
味苦、辛，性温，有毒。
《神农本草经》主治疟疾及咳嗽气逆，寒热往来，腹中症块坚硬积聚，以及邪气引起的蛊毒、鬼疰（一种慢性消耗性传染病）。
发明：蜀漆就是常山的嫩芽，所以《神农本草经》记载其治疗疟疾及咳嗽气逆、寒热积聚蛊毒，功效与常山相似。《金匮要略》中治疗牝疟（以寒战为主、发热较轻的疟疾）独寒不热的方剂中有蜀漆散，使用蜀漆、云母、龙骨，用醋浆水送服。温疟加蜀漆一钱，使用酸浆水的原因，是取酸味来收敛蜀漆的辛散之性。
【藜芦】
味苦、辛，性寒，有毒。反五参（人参、丹参、沙参、玄参、细辛）。服用后呕吐不止的，喝葱汤即可停止。
《神农本草经》主治蛊毒，咳嗽气逆，泄痢肠澼（痢疾伴腹痛），头疡疥瘙，恶疮，杀各种蛊毒，去除死肌。
发明：藜芦服用少量即引起剧烈呕吐，而《神农本草经》记载其治疗蛊毒咳逆泄利肠澼，是指体内积气壅盛的情况而言，积滞去除后，咳嗽和腹泻就会停止。另外，藜芦能通顶窍使人打喷嚏。按：常山吐疟痰，瓜蒂吐热痰，乌附尖吐湿痰，莱菔子吐气痰，藜芦则是吐风痰的药物。凡是胸中有老痰或中蛊毒，只可借其宣发涌吐的作用，切勿让药物沾入口腔，否则会严重损伤胃中津液。如果是咳嗽气逆、泄利肠澼等证候，如果不是实邪壅滞，千万不要轻易尝试。不要因为《神农本草经》的记载而产生困惑。
《名医别录》主治喉痹不通、鼻中息肉，制成散剂吹入鼻孔有效。
【附子】
味辛，性热，大毒。反半夏、栝蒌、贝母、白蔹。古方认为一两一枚的附子药力全面，近时专门选取大的为优。如果盐放得过多，虽然原料有一两五六钱，炮制熟透后不及七八钱，而且容易腐烂。如果想要长久保存，必须同灶灰一起装入罐中，放置在靠近火源的地方，才可以经久耐用。附子的性质热而有毒。必须以节段端正、角少、顶端细、脐部正的为上品；顶端粗、有节、多鼠乳（侧根）的为次品；受伤残缺、偏斜皱缩的为下品。有两个分岐的称为乌喙，这是禀受之气不正，专门主治大风顽痹。附子生用则发散阴寒，熟用则助益真元。生用需去皮和脐，熟用需用甘草、童便炮制。如果想要长久保存，单用甘草浓煎汁煮，直到汁液吸尽为止。加入阳虚补益剂中时，用黄连、甘草炮制。凡是被附子中毒，生莱菔汁及黄连可以解之。近时的乌附多产于陕西，其质地粗糙、皮厚、色白、肉松、气味易行易过，不像川附那样色黑、皮薄、肉质紧细，性味辛而不烈，久煮更辣，峻补命门真火。
《神农本草经》主治风寒咳嗽气逆，邪气寒湿，痿躄拘挛，膝痛不能行走，破除症坚积聚，血瘕金疮。
发明：附子气味浓厚而辛烈，能通行十二经脉无所不至，暖脾胃而通噎膈，补命门而救阳虚，除心腹腰膝冷痛，开肢体痹湿痿弱，疗伤寒呃逆不止，主督脉脊强而厥，救寒疝引痛欲死，敛痈疽久溃不收及小儿脾弱慢惊，都必须炮制熟后用。附子是治疗阴证的要药，凡是伤寒阴证厥逆直中三阴，以及中寒夹阴，虽然身体发热但脉象沉细或浮虚无力的，不用此药无法治愈。或者出现厥冷腹痛，脉象沉细，甚至唇青囊缩的，急需生附子以峻温散之。《神农本草经》说治风寒咳逆，应当是阴寒呃逆，这是文字传抄的错误。详细分析《神农本草经》所主的诸种证候，都是阴寒之邪乘虚客犯所致。其中说治金疮，是指伤口日久气血虚寒不能收敛的情况，不是指血流不止的金疮。《名医别录》又主治腰脊风寒，香港脚疼弱，心腹冷痛等疾病，总归是取其温经散寒的力量罢了。附子禀受雄壮之质，有斩关夺将的能力，能引导补气药行于十二经，以追复散失的元阳。引导补血药入血分以培养不足的真阴。引导发散药开腠理以驱逐在表的风寒；引导温暖药达下焦以祛除在里的冷湿。附子以白术为佐使，乃是除寒湿的圣药，但必须并用生者方能开通经络。如果气虚热甚宜少用熟附，以行参、芪之力。肥人多湿也宜少加乌附行经。附子得干姜、炙甘草名为四逆汤，主治少阴经寒证。得桂枝、甘草、姜、枣名为桂枝附子汤，治疗风湿相搏，身体疼烦不能转侧。得白术、甘草、姜、枣名为术附汤，治疗风虚头重眩极。得麻黄、细辛名为麻黄附子细辛汤，治疗少阴病发热、脉沉。得大黄、芩连名为附子泻心汤，治疗心下痞而恶寒汗出。得大黄、细辛名为大黄附子汤，治疗胁下偏痛，发热、脉弦紧。得参、术、苓、芍名为附子汤，治疗少阴病始得之，背恶寒。得茯苓、白术、芍药、生姜名为真武汤，治疗少阴病腹痛，小便不利，四肢疼痛自利。得干姜、葱白名为白通汤，治疗少阴病，利下，脉微。如果出现厥逆无脉，干呕而烦，面色赤，加葱白以通阳气，这都是配伍的神妙之处，能起死回生于反掌之间。生用熟用各随本方。赵嗣真说：生附配干姜补中有发，熟附配麻黄发中有补，适宜生用还是熟用不出其中的妙用。至于崔氏八味丸用附子作为少阴向导，后世认为是补药，这是错误的。东垣治疗阴盛格阳，面赤目赤，烦渴引饮，脉来七八至，但按之即散的，用干姜附子汤，加人参半斤，服用后得汗而愈。时珍说：阴寒在下，虚阳在上，用寒药治，则阴气更盛，用热药治，则拒而不纳。热药冷服，下咽之后，冷性即消，热性便发，病气随之痊愈，这是热因寒用的方法。附子性质沉着，温脾逐寒，乌头性质升发，温脾去风。如果是寒疾就用附子，风疾就用乌头，两种药都走而不守，所以堕胎为百药长。然而妊娠脉弦，发热，胎胀，恶寒，小腹如扇，《金匮要略》用附子汤以安其胎，这是神圣的妙用。如果是伤寒发热头痛，都是除去热传三阴而出现厥逆脉沉，这是厥深热深的候证。必须先发热头痛七八日或十余日后才见厥冷脉沉，此为阳厥，大便必不泻而闭。以及温疫热伏，厥逆与阴虚内热火郁于内而恶寒的，误用不旋踵告变矣。附子是退阴回阳必用的药物。近世怀疑而不用，一直等到阴极阳竭时才用已经迟了。况且夹阴头痛，足冷，上热下寒，阴邪内盛，阳气外衰，急需人参健脉，以益其原，佐以附子温经散寒，舍此不用，将何救之。
[Shuqi]
Bitter, acrid, warm, toxic.
*Ben Jing* (Divine Farmer's Materia Medica) indicates it treats malaria and cough with reverse qi, alternating chills and fever, hardness and accumulation in the abdomen due to pathogenic factors, gu poison, and ghostly affections.
Invention: Shuqi is the sprout of *Dichroa febrifuga* (Changshan), therefore its efficacy in treating malaria, cough with reverse qi, cold-heat accumulations, and gu poison recorded in *Ben Jing* is similar to Changshan. In *Jin Gui Yao Lue*, the formula Shuqi San for Pin Malaria (malaria characterized by predominant chills without fever) uses Shuqi, Yunmu (Cloud Mother), and Longgu (Dragon Bone), taken with vinegar-rich water. For Wen Malaria (warm malaria), add one qian of Shuqi; the use of sour plasma water aims to utilize the sour flavor to astringe the acrid dispersing nature of Shuqi.
[Lilu]
Bitter, acrid, cold, toxic. Incompatible with Wu Shen (the five Ginsengs). If vomiting persists after ingestion, drinking scallion soup will stop it.
*Ben Jing* indicates it treats gu poison, cough with reverse qi, dysentery and intestinal discharge, head sores, scabies, malignant ulcers, kills various gu poisons, and removes dead flesh.
Invention: Lilu induces severe vomiting even in small doses. The indications in *Ben Jing* for gu poison, cough, dysentery, and intestinal discharge refer to cases of excessive internal accumulation of qi; once the accumulation is expelled, the cough and diarrhea cease. Additionally, Lilu can open the nasal orifices to induce sneezing. Note: Changshan expels phlegm from malaria, Gou Ti (Melon Peduncle) expels hot phlegm, Wufu Jian (tip of Aconite) expels damp phlegm, Laifu Zi (Radish Seed) expels qi phlegm, while Lilu expels wind-phlegm. For old phlegm in the chest or gu poisoning, one may only borrow its property to promote expectoration/vomiting; do not let it touch the mouth, as it severely damages stomach fluids. For conditions like cough with reverse qi, dysentery, and intestinal discharge, if there is no excess pathogen stagnation, do not try it lightly. Do not be confused by the statements in *Ben Jing*.
*Bie Lu* (Additional Records) indicates it treats throat obstruction and nasal polyps; when made into a powder and insufflated into the nostrils, it is effective.
[Fuzi]
Acrid, hot, highly toxic. Incompatible with Banxia (Pinellia), Gualou (Trichosanthes), Beimu (Fritillaria), and Bailian (Liriope). Ancient formulas consider one liang of a single piece to have complete potency; modern times favor larger pieces. If too much salt is used during processing, although the raw material weighs 1.5–1.6 tael, the processed product yields less than 0.7–0.8 tael and is prone to rotting. To store it long-term, it must be placed in a jar with ash from the stove and kept near a heat source to ensure durability. Its nature is hot and toxic. The best quality has straight segments, few horns, a fine tip, and a centered navel; those with thick tips, many segments, and multiple lateral roots are secondary; those that are damaged, missing, slanted, or wrinkled are inferior. Those with two branches are named Wu Hui (Black Beak); these possess abnormal Qi and specifically treat severe wind-bi syndrome. Raw Fuzi disperses yin-cold, while cooked Fuzi assists true Yuan Qi. Raw Fuzi requires removal of skin and navel; cooked Fuzi is processed with Gancao (Licorice) and Tongbian (Child's Urine). For long-term storage, boil alone in concentrated decoction of Gancao until the liquid is fully absorbed. When added to tonics for yang deficiency, process with Huanglian (Coptis) and Gancao. For Fuzi poisoning, raw Laifu Zi juice and Huanglian serve as antidotes. Modern Wufu mostly comes from Shaanxi; its texture is coarse, skin thick, color white, flesh loose, and its flavor acts quickly and passes easily, unlike Chuan Fuzi which is black-skinned, thin-skinned, tight-grained, with an acrid but not fierce taste that becomes spicier with prolonged cooking, strongly tonifying the Mingmen True Fire.
*Ben Jing* indicates it treats wind-cold cough with reverse qi, pathogenic cold-dampness, flaccidity and spasms, knee pain preventing walking, breaking up masses and accumulations, blood stasis, and traumatic injuries.
Invention: Fuzi has thick aroma and flavor with acridity, capable of circulating through all twelve meridians without restriction. It warms the spleen and stomach to relieve dysphagia, tonifies the Mingmen to rescue yang deficiency, eliminates cold pain in the heart, abdomen, waist, and knees, opens bi-dampness and flaccidity in limbs, treats persistent hiccups in typhoid, addresses stiffness and reversal of the Du vessel, rescues from painful cold hernias, consolidates chronic non-healing abscesses, and treats slow convulsions due to weak spleen in children; it must always be used after processing. Fuzi is a crucial herb for yin-patterns. In typhoid yin-patterns with reversal leading directly to the three yin meridians, or cold invasion with yin involvement, even if there is body heat but the pulse is deep-thin or floating-empty and weak, this herb is indispensable. Or if there is cold reversal with abdominal pain, deep-thin pulse, or even blue lips and contracted scrotum, raw Fuzi is urgently needed for strong warming and dispersal. The statement in *Ben Jing* regarding "wind-cold cough" likely refers to yin-cold hiccups, a textual error. Analyzing the indications in *Ben Jing*, all are caused by yin-cold pathogens invading due to deficiency. The mention of treating traumatic injuries refers to wounds where qi and blood are deficient and cold, preventing healing, not active bleeding wounds. *Bie Lu* further indicates treatment for wind-cold in the lower back and spine, podagra pain and weakness, and cold pain in the heart and abdomen, generally utilizing its power to warm meridians and dispel cold. Fuzi possesses a heroic quality and the ability to breach gates and capture generals. It guides qi-tonifying herbs to circulate through the twelve meridians to recover scattered yuan yang. It guides blood-tonifying herbs into the blood level to nourish deficient true yin. It guides dispersing herbs to open the interstices to drive out exterior wind-cold; it guides warming herbs to reach the lower jiao to eliminate interior cold-dampness. With Baizhu (Atractylodes) as an assistant, Fuzi is a supreme remedy for cold-dampness, but raw forms must be used together to unblock meridians. If qi deficiency with intense heat exists, use small amounts of cooked Fuzi to assist Renshen (Ginseng) and Huangqi (Astragalus). Obese people with dampness should also use small amounts of Wufu to move meridians. Fuzi combined with Ganjiang (Dried Ginger) and Zhi Gancao (Honey-fried Licorice) forms Sini Tang (Four Reversal Decoction), treating shaoyin channel cold patterns. Combined with Guizhi (Cinnamon Twig), Gancao, Jiang (Ginger), and Zao (Jujube), it forms Guizhi Fuzi Tang (Cinnamon Twig and Aconite Decoction), treating rheumatism with conflicting wind and dampness causing body pain and inability to turn. Combined with Baizhu, Gancao, Jiang, and Zao, it forms Zhufu Tang (Atractylodes and Aconite Decoction), treating dizziness and heaviness from wind-deficiency. Combined with Mahuang (Ephedra) and Xixin (Asarum), it forms Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Tang (Ephedra, Aconite, and Asarum Decoction), treating shaoyin disease with fever and deep pulse. Combined with Dahuang (Rhubarb), Qin (Scutellaria), and Lian (Coptis), it forms Fuzi Xiexin Tang (Aconite and Heart-Purging Decoction), treating epigastric fullness with aversion to cold and sweating. Combined with Dahuang and Xixin, it forms Dahuang Fuzi Tang (Rhubarb and Aconite Decoction), treating unilateral hypochondriac pain, fever, and string-taut pulse. Combined with Renshen, Baizhu, Lingzhi (Poria), and Shaoyao (Peony), it forms Fuzi Tang (Aconite Decoction), treating early-stage shaoyin disease with aversion to cold on the back. Combined with Fuling (Poria), Baizhu, Shaoyao, and Shengjiang (Fresh Ginger), it forms Zhenwu Tang (True Warrior Decoction), treating shaoyin disease with abdominal pain, difficulty urinating, limb pain, and spontaneous diarrhea. Combined with Ganjiang and Congbai (Scallion White), it forms Baitong Tang (White Connective Decoction), treating shaoyin disease with diarrhea and faint pulse. If there is cold reversal without pulse, dry retching, irritability, and red face, add Congbai to unblock yang qi. These are all miraculous combinations that can revive the dying instantly. Use raw or cooked according to the formula. Zhao Sizhen stated: Raw Fuzi with Ganjiang has tonification within dispersion; cooked Fuzi with Mahuang has dispersion within tonification. The choice between raw and cooked lies in these subtle applications. Cui Shi's Eight-Ingredient Pill uses Fuzi as a guide for shaoyin; later generations mistook it for a tonic, which is incorrect. Dongyuan treated yin-excess repelling yang (red face/eyes, thirst, rapid pulse that disperses on pressure) using Ganjiang Fuzi Tang plus half a jin of Renshen, curing via sweating. Shizhen stated: Yin-cold below, empty-yang above. Treating with cold herbs increases yin; treating with hot herbs causes rejection. Taking hot herbs cold allows the cold nature to dissipate upon swallowing, releasing the hot nature to cure the disease; this is the method of "hot treatment using cold administration." Fuzi has a sinking nature, warming the spleen and driving out cold; Wutou (Aconite Root) has an ascending nature, warming the spleen and removing wind. Both move without staying, hence they cause abortion and are called the chief of hundred drugs. However, in pregnancy with wiry pulse, fever, distended fetus, aversion to cold, and cold sensation in the lower abdomen like a fan, *Jin Gui* uses Fuzi Tang to calm the fetus, demonstrating divine efficacy. Regarding typhoid fever with headache, these indicate heat transmitting to the three yin meridians presenting with reversal and deep pulse, signs of deep reversal and deep heat. Fever and headache precede cold reversal and deep pulse by 7-10 days, indicating yang reversal with constipation. In epidemic heat潜伏, reversal combined with yin-deficiency internal fire郁结 causing aversion to cold, mistaken use leads to immediate deterioration. Fuzi is essential for retreating yin and restoring yang. Modern practitioners doubt and avoid it, waiting until yin is exhausted and yang is depleted, which is too late. For headache with yin-involution, cold feet, upper heat/lower cold, internal excess yin, and external deficient yang, Renshen is urgently needed to strengthen vessels and replenish origin, assisted by Fuzi to warm meridians and dispel cold. Without this, how can one save the patient?